Botany and Horticulture: Fruits, Vegetables, and Plants - Prof. Berle, Study notes of Gardening and Horticulture

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Simple Fruit = 1 ovary of 1 flower ex. apple, cherry, soybean Compound Fruit = multiple ovaries Aggregate = of 1 flower ex. raspberry, blackberry Multiple = of many flowers ex. pineapples Berries = simple fruit and seeds created from a single ovary ex. tomato Pome = some or all of the flesh is not derived from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue ex. apples and pears Drupe = anything with a pit; outer fleshy part surrounds a shell (pit or stone) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside ex. olive, peach, apricot, cherry Achene = aggregate fruit like strawberry; what appears to be seeds are achenes, of fruit containing the seed; are also formed by one carpel and don’t open at maturity Tomatoes, peppers, eggplant = fruit, vegetable, annual Self-Pollination = pollen transferred from anther to the stigma on the same flower OR from another flower on the same plant OR from a flower on another plant of the same variety Self-unfruitful = many plants cannot produce fruit from their own pollen and are considered self-unfruitful or self-sterile; require polled from related cultivar ex. apples, pear, blueberries, most muscadine grapes Pollinators: bees, butterflies, moths, flies, beetles, birds, bats, mice Cross pollination: transfer of pollen from anther of the flower of one plant to stigma of flower of another plant Plant Hormone = a naturally occurring substance that affects plant growth and development and is at very low concentrations; growth, development, cell elongation, cell division and differentiation -auxin (development, etc.) -ethylene (stimulates fruit ripening) -gibberellin (germination, sex expression, etc) -cytokinin (promotes cell division) -abscisic acid Frost -frequent, site-specific -No wind, clouds, low between 30-32 F, heat radiated from surface -frost protection = irrigation (thickness of ice does not insulate plant), blankets -irrigation for frost control = when the ice has melted off the flowers the following day Freeze -not site-specific -Wind and clouds, could be lower than 32 F, invasion of cold air mass Components of Soil -Inorganic Material = 45% -Air = 25% -Water = 25% -Organic Materials = 5% Soil Provides: -support, air, water, nutrients Particle Size determines texture -Sand = beach balls; silt = frisbee; clay = dime CEC = cation exchange capacity (high CEC = high plant fertility) -cations absorbed by the roots -related to nutritional holding capacity -function of texture Fertility -clay = higher in natural fertility -high permeability in sand -highest water retention with clay Greenhouse materials -#1 Polyethylene (4-5 years) -glass = lets most light in, permanent , $$$ -Polycarbonate-rigid plastic, 90% light transmission, 7-10 years, diffuses light and reduces condensation Greenhouse Soil -termed soil less or media, artificial mix -various mixes available (custom or premixed) -peat moss and pine bark Characteristics of container media -lightweight -anchorage -reservoir for nutrients -hold water but drain well -gas exchange -far less problems with disease Primary Nutrients (N-P-K) -Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium -3 #s on fertilizer bag shows % of each Secondary Macro-Nutrients Common Commercial Crops in GA = onions, potatoes, melons, asparagus, lettuce, spinach, cauliflower Planting methods -direct seed: fairly inexpensive and keeps well; pelletized/gel/plain; negative: weather, birds -vegetable transplant: bare root/cell pack Basic Flower Parts sepals: modified leaf, wraps around bud to protect it, located at base of flower petals: to attract pollinators; doesn’t contribute directly to pollination (advertises location) stamens: male organ; consists of anther and filament; anther produces pollen pistils: female organs (stigma, style, ovary) stigma: catches pollen style: pathway to ovary ovary: contains egg Fertilization Asexual = entire plant or plant parts form the next generation Sexual = specialized cells, gametes Perennial -plant that doesn’t have a life cycle within a season; may create seeds but doesn’t die out; it will remain and grow back year after year (ex. most turf grass, oak tree) Annual -plant that completes its life cycle in one year (one growing season) Biennial -plant that takes longer than a year, but less than 2 years to complete its life cycle (ex. cabbage) Photoperiod = short day vs. long day plants; can be manipulated (like in a greenhouse - day can be lengthened or shortened to promote growth, like with poinsettias) Vernalization = the requirement that a plant must have a cold period prior to bud initiation Dioecious vs. Monoecious (imperfect) vs. perfect flowers Dioecious: male and female flowers on separate plants (ex. holly shrubs); staminate and pistillate flowers borne on different plants Monoecious: male and female flowers on same plant (ex. cucumbers); same plant but different structures Perfect flowers: both stamen and pistils (carpels); flower has both male and female parts Vascular tissue = “vascular bundle” consists of the xylem and phloem together which run through the plant like a network Xylem = conducts water and mineral elements from soil and moves them upward (soil to leaves) Phloem = takes what the leaves manufacture (from photosynthesis) and sends the sugar/water products down to lower parts of plant that are actively growing (flower, seeds, root) Cambium Layer = ring around tree, grows one annually when wood dies, layer between bark and wood Georgia Horticulture Crop Rankings Pecans = 1st, but compete with NM and TX Greens = 1st Peaches = 3rd behing CA Lawns Warm vs. Cool Season -Cool season -no warmer than zone 7 -Fescue-most popular in Piedmont and Mountain areas of GA -Warm season -goes dormant during winter -no colder than 7 -80-95 F -Bermuda -Zoysia -St. Augustine -Centipede -Mowing Heights -no more than 1/3 of leaf -Seed -Cheap -takes longer to establish -varieties/hybrids -most fescue in south is done by seed -Sod -Bermuda grass is a good sod -expensive -instant -requires lifting capabilities -Sprig -cheaper than sod -faster than seed -resolves hybrid/variety issue Grafting = taking roots from one plant and connecting to those of a different plant (line up xylem and phloem so they will hopefully grow together) Scion - top portion Rootstock - bottom portion Used for height control (apple trees), compatibility, and for plants with low rooting potential Tissue culture = creating new plants from plant cells instead of plant parts -routinely used commercially -clonal, asexual reproduction Hybrid = plant offspring Clone = exactly same as parent plant Scarification = seed coat contains a barrier to germination that must be removed (must be scratched, abrasively rubbed, go through digestive tract, etc. before germination can occur) Stratification = seed must experience a period of cold before it can germinate; helps ensure seeds germinate AFTER winter is over Irrigation Timing = less often and longer for more dense and deep root systems Application Methods Furrows-trophs Central pivots-turns in a circle; lose water through evaporation because it is dropped from overhead Drip-saves time and $, cuts water use by 50-70%, applied directly to plant/ media Field Capacity-when a plant is completely saturated Wilting point-point where plant collapses and won’t come back Nurseries often use overhead watering and water-soluble fertilizer Cyclic irrigation -water several times a day Dripline -area under the branches Disease/Insects/Weeds -Host---Environment---Pathogen -Fungus main disease (85%) -Insect Types -Chewers: Caterpillars, grubs, beetles -Piercers: Weevils, bugs -Suckers: aphids, lace bugs, mites -Vectors: cause disease in plants -Weeds -Petunia in tomato field = weed -they compete with crops for sun, water, nutrients