Biology Study Guide: Animal Kingdom and Characteristics of Different Phyla - Prof. Charles, Study notes of Biology

Download Biology Study Guide: Animal Kingdom and Characteristics of Different Phyla - Prof. Charles and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Bio Study Guide  Animalia: kingdom; monophyletic with choanoflagellates o Porifera: sponges; multicellular; no germ layers (only epithelium)  Benthic – live at bottom of aquatic environments  Assymetrical, some are radially symmetric  Suspension feeders, sessile; asexual o Cnidaria: jellyfish, sea anenomes  Diploblasty; radial symmetry  Sessile polyp and free-floating medusae forms in life cycle  Cnidocytes – point of diversification in phylogenetic tree; eject cnidocyst (have toxins to kill)  Sexual (budding, fission, fragmentation) and asexual; jet propulsion o Ctenophora: comb jellies  Diploblastic; radial symmetry  Self-fertilization  Bilateria: triploblastic; bilaterally symmetrical; cephalization o Acoelomorpha:  Acoelomates; worms  Predators; asexual  Protostomes: coelom develops; spiral cleavage; mouth develops first; mesoderm develops separate from gut o Lophotrochozoans: grow by extending skeleton incrementally; most have lophopore (feeding structure) and trochophore (type of larva); monophyletic  Rotifera: first lophotrochozoans  Pseudocoelomates ; part of plankton  Corona – cluster of cilia at anterior end used for feeding/movement  Sexual or asexual  Platyhelminthes: flatworms  Acoelomates; unsegmented; diffusion of gases  Flat, so high SA  3 groups: Turbellaria, Cestoda (tapeworms), Trematoda (flukes)  Annelida: segmented worms, evolution of segmentation  Have coeloms  Two major lineages: Polychaeta (mostly marine, have chaetae, extending from parapodia), Clitellata (earthworms, leeches)  Can be parasites; can suspension or deposit feed  Mollusca: snails, clams, squids  Most morphologically diverse and species rich (in loph.)  Body plan: have muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle  Bivalvia: clams and mussels o Two shells; suspension feeders o Gas exchange through gills o Move by foot and clapping shells o Only sexual reproduction  Gastropoda: slugs and snails o Large muscular, dorsal foot o Radula (used for feeding)  Polyplacophora (chitons) o 8 CaCO3 plates along dorsal side o radula for feeding  Cephalopoda: Nautilus, Cuttlefish, Squid, Octopus o Well-developed head; arms modified to tentacles o “Cephalo” means head o Intelligent predators with radula and beak o Jet propulsion: draw water into mantle and eject through siphon o Ecdysozoa: monophyletic; 7 phyla; molting  Nematoda: roundworms  Pseudocoelmates (1 of 2); unsegmented; no appendages  Some parasitic; tube-within-a-tube  Arthropoda:  Most successful eukaryotes  Segmentation; exoskeleton  Hemocoel  Compound eyes (many lenses); antennae  4 subphyla: o Myriapods: millipedes, centipedes  Detritivores or carnivores o Chelicerates: spiders, ticks, mites, horshoe crabs  Chelicerae – mouth appendages used for feeding, copulation, defense, movement, and sensing o Insecta:  Deuterostomes: radial cleavage; anus develops first; mesoderm pinches off from gut o Echinodermata: sea stars; bilateral in larva, radial in adult  Asteroidea: sea stars  Predators of bivalves; sexual; use tube feet to move  Echinoidea: sea urchins and sand dollars  Use mucus-covered podia for feeding; crawl o Chordata: have notochord, jaws  Urochordata (Tunicates):  Have tunic; gills for suspension feeding; most sessile