Biology Exam II: Membranes, Metabolism, and Energy Production - Prof. Steven W. Hutcheson, Study notes of Biology

Download Biology Exam II: Membranes, Metabolism, and Energy Production - Prof. Steven W. Hutcheson and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 1997 Hutcheson Exam II Outlines These are the outlines for material presented in lectures 11-21. Use them as a guide for studying your notes. Lecture 11 Outline INPUT, OUTPUT, AND THE GATEKEEPERS IV. Membrane permeability A. Role of phospholipids B. Semi-permeability V. Diffusion A. Definition B. Osmosis 1. Definition 2. Effect on cells 3. Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic C. Facilitated diffusion 1. Definition Lecture 12 Outline The real microeconomics I. Review II. Facilitated diffusion (cont.) B. Channels and Carriers 1. Definitions 2. Types of carriers III. Active Transport A. Need for energy B. Types of active transport 1 .Metabolic conversion 2. Pumps IV. Bulk transport A. Types of bulk transport B. Role of the membrane Lecture 13 Outline Your basic laborer: Enzymes I. Review II. Introduction to metabolism B. Anabolism and catabolism 1. Definitions 2. Energy requirements © 1997 Hutcheson BiollOS III. Chemical Reactions A. Reactants and Products B. Conservation of mass C. Reversibility and equilibria D. Rules of operation 1. Conservation of energy 2. Disorder E. Free energy 1. Definition 2. Relationship with reaction progress F. Activation energy Lecture 14 Outline Enzymes (Cont.) I. Review II. Enzymes A. Role in cellular activities B. Structure C. Biological catalysts 1. effect on rate 2. effect on equilibrium 3. chemical function D. Nomenclature III. Mechanism of action A. Binding sites B. The active site C. Reaction progress 1. Substrates and Products 2. Effect of substrate cone. D. Helpers 1. Cofactors 2. Coenzymes Lecture 15 Outline Production Line I. Review II. Enzymes (cont.) E. Inhibitors 1. Competitive 2. Noncompetitive III. Coupled reactions A. Definition B. Free energy transfer C. Role of enzymes © 1997 Hutcheson BiollOS V. Light harvesting A. Properties of light 1. What is it? 2. Energy Lecture 20 Outline Energy Conversion I. Review II. Light Harvesting (cont.) B. Absorption of light 2. The excited state 3. Mechanisms of relaxation C. Pigments 1. Effect of covalent bonds 2. Absorption spectra 3. Light harvesting complexes D. Process 1. Sequence of events 2. Special chlorophylls 3. Light-driven electron flow III. Energy conversion A. Photosystems B. Photosynthetic electron transport 1. Role of Photosystems 2. Electron flow C. Noncyclic photophosphorylation 1. Pathway 2. Products 3. Energy recovery Lecture 21 Outline The Ultimate Mint: Carbon Fixation I. Review II. Energy conversion (cont.) B. Photosynthetic electron transport 1. Role of Photosystems 2. Electron flow C. Noncyclic photophosphorylation 1. Pathway 2. Products 3. Energy recovery © 1997 Hutcheson BiollOS D. Cyclic photophosphorylation 1. Pathway a. Role of ferredoxin 2. Products III. Carbon Fixation A. Experimental Approach B. Phases of carbon fixation 1. Initial step a. acceptor/product b. RuBISCO 2. Formation of Triose Phosphate a. Energy requirement 3. Regeneration reactions a. Energy requirement b. Multiplication factors © 1997 Hutcheson BiollOS 1 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE Use the following as a guide to study the material for this exam. While it is intended to cover most of the important topics for this exam, the ultimate source for exam questions is the material presented in lecture and I reserve the right to ask any questions related to this material. MEMBRANES Function of membranes Explain semipermeability of membranes Explain the diffusion of molecules what is the driving force? Understand osmosis and influence on cells Define and be able to use isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic Explain what is meant by facilitated diffusion What is the role of channels and carriers in this process define uniport, symport and antiport carriers Explain active transport Why is energy needed? Be able to diagram an active transport process What is meant by large scale movement of molecules Explain the role of membranes and vesicles in this process Define endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis. METABOLISM Define the term as well as anabolism and catabolism Compare and contrast anabolism and catabolism Chemical reactions What is the role of chemical reactions in metabolism Define reactants, products, equilibrium, free energy, exergonic, endergonic, activation energy. What is meant by conservation of mass during a reaction? What is happening during a chemical reaction at equilibrium What is the relationship between equilibrium and free energy change. Understand the graphs describing energy changes during a chemical reaction. Enzymes Be able to explain how enzymes operate. What are the key structural features of enzymes? What accounts for the specificity of enzymes?