Memory: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, and Forgetting, Study notes of Psychology

Download Memory: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, and Forgetting and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter Six I. Remembering A. Introduction 1. Encoding-transformation of information into form that can be stored 2. Storage-Keeping and maintaining information 3. Consolidation-physiological changes in brain to store information 4. Retrieval- info brought to mind A. Atkinson-Shiffrin Model 1. Sensory memory-George Sperling and the letter experiment 2. Short term memory -7 + 2 bits of info a. Displacement loosing information b. Chunking c. Associating STM with LTM d. Rehearsal- 1. Counting backwards by three experiment 3. Allan Baddeley-working memory a. Maintainance rehearsal-repeating over and over b. Elaborative rehearsal relating new information to something you already know 4. Long term Memory No limits a. Declarative memory stores facts, info, and personal life experiences that can be brought to mind and declared or stated 1. Episodic Memory-Mental diary 2.Semantic memory-objective facts or info 3.Two types work together b. Non-declarative memory-stores motor skills, habits, and CR G. Context and Memory 1. Return to the living room 2. Godden and Baddeley-University diving club 3. Same interviewer 4. State-dependent memory effect-recall info better if in the same state (psychological or pharmacological) it was learned in. III. Biology and Memory A. Hippocampus and Hippocampal Region 1. Hippocampal region-contains ability to use working memory to store info into long-term memory 2. Anterograde amnesia B. Nueronal Changes and Memory 1. Sea snail 2. Long term Potentiation C. Hormones and Memory 1. Fight or flight and memories 2. Cortisol-stress hormone –interferes 3. Estrogen IV. Forgetting A. Ebbinghaus 1. Nonsense syllables 2. Forget more in first 24 hours B. Causes of Forgetting 1. Forgetting-inability to recall what you were able to recall previously 2. Encoding Failure 3. Decay Theory 4. Interference-either before or after a. Proactive interference b. Retroactive interference 5. Consolidation Failure-loss of consciousness retrograde amnesia 6. Motivated forgetting a. Suppression-still aware of event b. Repression c. Amnesia d. Prospective forgetting-dentist’s office 7. Retrieval Failure V. Improving Memory A. Overlearning B. Massed practice C. Spaced practice