Sleep and Dreaming: Stages, Theories, and Disorders - Prof. Catherine Crooks, Study notes of Psychology

Download Sleep and Dreaming: Stages, Theories, and Disorders - Prof. Catherine Crooks and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Crooks Exam 2 study guide 02/08/11 Sleeping, dreaming, and hypnosis. Circadian rhythm: your 24 hr biological clock. Sleep cycles: Each sleep cycle is about 90 mins. Stage 1: transitional stage: gradually disengaging from the world. You can easily be awakened. 1-7 mins. Hypnogogic hallucinations, vivid sensory sensations that make you feel as if you are dreaming but you are not. Stage 2: Rapid, high peaking brain waves (sleep spindles) considered the true onset of sleep. last about 10-25 mins. Stage 3: Low frequency delta waves. Difficult to awake the person. Lasts about 30 mins. Stage 4 Very deep sleep: delta wave activity. Sleep walking and sleep talking occurs in this stage. 10-20 mins. About 70 mins into your first cycle. REM stage: associated with dreaming: brain activity is the same as if we’re awake. Voluntary muscles are paralyzed. 10-20 mins. Why we sleep Restoration theory: we sleep to promote physiological processes that restore and rejuvenate the mind and body. Circadian or Adaptive theory: sleep is a result of evolutionary adaptation. Sleep disorders Insomnia: problems in getting adequate sleep. Treatments: exercise, relaxation training. Sleep apnea: when the sleeper repeatedly stops breathing during the night. Nightmares: anxiety arousing dreams. REM stage. Night Terrors: an abrubt awakening from non-REM sleep, usually with feeling of panic or anxiety. Sleep walking: occurs during non-REM sleep. Occurs during stage 4 Narcolepsy: a neurological disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness during the day. REM sleep disorder: when your muscles don’t paralyze during REM. 02/15/11 Psychoanalytic theory Freud believes: We dream to express unconscious wishes conflicts and desires. Our behavior is primarily influenced by the unconscious. Every symbol in a dream is meaningful. Problem-focused theory: We dream to express concerns or to resolve problems that are occurring in waking life. Activation-Synthesis theory: dreams don’t really mean anything; they are the result of neurons that spontaneously fire in the Pons. Hypnosis: not about mind control, a heightened state of sensibility. Two explanations Dissociation theory: the hypnotized person is in a special state and consciousness is divided into two parts: the hypnotized part and the unhypnotized part. The unhypnotized part is called the hidden observer (the part that’s more aware). Hypnotized part is the part that actually complies with the hypnotists suggestions. Sociocognitive theory: (stage hypnosis) hypnosis is a result of creating powerful pressures that make people want to conform. 02/22/11 Gestalt principles Figure ground: identifying a figure which has more detail standing out against a background which has less detail Proximity: things near to each other tend to be grouped together as a whole. Like words. Closure: we’re able to fill in missing parts of a figure to see it as complete. Similarity: elements that are similar of size shape or color tend to be grouped together Continuity: the tendency to group elements that appear to follow in the same direction. Following a curve