Study Guide in Questions Form - Final Exam Preparation - Microbiology | BSCI 223, Study notes of Microbiology

Download Study Guide in Questions Form - Final Exam Preparation - Microbiology | BSCI 223 and more Study notes Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! Study Questions • •Lecture 1 • •Why study microbiology? • •Define a “microbe” • •Why is the study of microbiology relevant? • Lecture 2 • Why are microbes important? • Why would we call this the planet of bacteria? • Where are microbes found on earth? • In relation to other life forms on earth describe the diversity of prokaryotic microbes, consider environments found and metabolic capabilities. • Consider the microbes that can be cultured in the lab. What limits the possibility of culturing bacteria in the lab? How do we know that more bacteria exist beyond those that have been cultured? • What is the value of rDNA analysis? • What are the 3 domains of life? How does this classification scheme differ from the 5 kingdom scheme? • Who is Carl Woese? • What role to microbes play in contributing to the ecology of our planet, consider microbes in element cycles? • What is the value of phenotypic characterization? • Give some examples of how bacteria are characterized phenotypically • What is the value of phylogenetic characterization? • How are bacteria named? • How are Bacteria differentiated from Archeae? • How long have bacteria inhabited our planet? How long have we known about bacteria?? • Who is Leewenhoek? Pasteur, Koch? • How is microbiology reflected in history? How does the understanding of microbes explain images in 15th century and 16th century art work? • How did they contribute to microbiology as we know it today? • Your roommate is convinced that the milk in your refrigerator has spontaneously generated bacteria – “it is spoiled and I never opened it!” • Explain how this is not so (talk about Spontaneous Generation and compare and contrast Sterilization and Pasteurization) • Streptococcus pneumoniae – what can you tell from this name?? • Study Questions- 3 • •Compare and contrast the basic differences of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells – what is found in both types? • •What are some structures found in all prokaryotes that are not found in any eukaryotes? • •How do bacteria and archeae differ? (look up and read about this!) • •What are some characteristics that are found in some bacteria but not all? (consider the outer membrane for example) • In relation to other life forms describe the survival characteristics of prokaryotic microbes, look up and read about endospores. • •The Gram stain is a crucial stain as it divides Bacteria into two classes. For the stain the classes appear two colors – what are the colors? What are the steps of the staining procedure that allow you to reveal the two colors? • •When you look at gram-positive cells and gram-negative cells it can be seen that there are differences that account for their differential staining. What are the structural differences between a gram-positive cell and a gram-negative cell? • •Are there any functional differences between a gram-negative cell and a gram- positive cell? (see what you can find by reading about this..see about endotoxin, see about antibiotics..) • •Think about the challenge of finding microbes in an environmental sample (from outer space or from the sea or from Antarctica or from a fish gut) how would you proceed??? Lec 6/7 2008 How do various types of bacteria differ? Compare and contrast the cell anatomy of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria? How are they similar? How are they different? Given a picture of a bacterium, could you determine if it were gram-positive or gram-negative? Could you label the various components/structures found in a bacterial cell? How do bacteria move? What is the difference between a flagellum and a pilus? What is taxis? What are the different types of taxis? •Differentiate a pure culture from a mixed culture. •What techniques are used to isolate a pure culture from a mixed culture? •What are the characteristics of a pure culture? How can you determine if a culture is pure using the microscope? Using culture technique? •Why are the cells in a colony all identical?? •How do prokaryotes replicate? •How do we define bacterial growth? •Consider the growth of cells in a batch culture. What is a batch culture? First the cells are inoculated into a flask of media– then you will monitor the number of cells over time. If you graph the number of cells vs time – you will see exponential growth. To make the curve easier to study, we graph the log of the number of cells vs time. Now graph the Normal Growth curve for a batch culture. Label the phases of growth. What happens in each phase? •Define population doubling (generation) time. •What effects how fast cells grow ( think about growth conditions)? How are bacteria characterized with respect to growth conditions? What “qualities” define a bacterium that grows in oxygen? What metabolic pathways would you expect to find in an aerobe? (think forward ) Why? •Consider a culture of cells that are capable of sporulation. How would the normal growth curve look for this culture? •Consider a culture that is growing in a chemostat. How would the growth curve look for these cells? Study questions set 7/2008 • •How can we can we control microbial growth? • •What physical treatments are used to kill microbes? • •What physical treatments can be used to preserve bacteria? • •How does a vegetative cell differ from an endospore? • •Are all types of bacteria capable of sporulation? • •What conditions trigger sporulation? • •What conditions trigger germination of an endospore? • •Why is an endospore called an ENDOspore?? • •Why are endospores called “dormant” structures? • •Why is it important to consider endospores when designing sterilization methods? • •What is an autoclave? Why is it used? • •How does sterilization differ from disinfection? • •What is a disinfectant? Antiseptic? • •What types of chemicals would be found in a disinfectant? How do alcohols affect cells? • •What is similar about biocidal chemicals and antibiotics? How are these different? (think forward) • What are the essential components that bacteria need to grow? • What molecules can serve as a carbon source? • What molecules can serve as an energy source? • What is the difference between an essential element and a trace element? • In media #2 from PAK question 1.3, what is each component providing to ETPUM? • What are the properties of enzymes? • How do they function in a biochemical reaction? • What is the importance of the active site of an ezyme? • How does the active site differ from an allosteric site? • What environmental factors influence enzyme function? • Why is it important for bacteria to be able to secrete enzymes? • What are metabolic pathways? • How do bacteria grow? • What factors affect growth? • Given a set of environme ntal conditions, could you app ropriately classify organisms found in those con ditions? • At what temperature would a psychrophile grow best? A mesophile? A thermophile? • Where would you find an extreme thermophile? • What is an endospore? • When/why is it produced? • Is sporulation a form of replication? • How do cells deal with oxygen? • What d oes the pre sence of sup eroxide d ismutase in a ce ll tell us about its physio logy? • How the presence of oxygen can harm some bacteria? • Why can't anaerobic organisms tolerate the presence of oxygen? • What are the types of environments that bacteria can grow in? • Where would you find a halophilic organism? • How does osmotic pressure affect the growth o f bacteria cells? • Which would have a greater impact on a Gram positive cell - a hypertonic (excess salt concentration) or • hypotonic (too little salt) environment? W hy? • What nutritional factors do bacteria need to grow? • How can bacteria be classified on the basis of their nutritional requirements? • What function do trace elements serve in cells? • Why are photoautotrophs so important? • How would you characterize E. coli with respect to temperature requirements for growth? psychrophile? • mesophile? thermophile? • What is the significance to this optimal temperature for growth? • What is a chemoheterotroph exactly? • How does a chemoheterotroph differ from a chemoautotroph? • What molecule might a chemoautotroph use for a carbon source? • How would energy be evolved by a chemoautotroph? • How does temperature effect bacterial growth? • Can you draw a bacterial growth curve? • What are the labels/scales of the axis? • If a change in growth conditions resulted in an increase or decrease in the generation time, how would this be • reflected on the growth curve?