Interpersonal Behaviors and Self-Presentation: Dominance, Proximity, and Self-Disclosure -, Exams of Psychology

Download Interpersonal Behaviors and Self-Presentation: Dominance, Proximity, and Self-Disclosure - and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Interpersonal Relationships Test 2 Notes 09/25/2014  Our default response is to like another person and disliking turns to repulsion only when dissimilarities surface o We tend to like strangers more if we are similar to them rather than ones that are dissimilar o Rosenbomb: there was no difference in liking in no information condition and similar condition and they liked the one they had no information person better than the one with dissimilar attitudes  No information condition: people assume that others hold similar attitudes and opinions as they do  False consensus effect – if you do not give them any information a person will assume you are similar to them  When you don’t know how the other person thinks then 73% of the time you think people think the same you do  Complimentary: Do opposites attract? o Complementarity is more important when it comes to personality characteristics to make a relationship work (Dominant vs. submissive or introvert vs. extrovert) o Winch 1958: similarity is more important for meeting somebody in the first place - once people do meet whether or not the relationship succeeds or not depends on how well they meet each other’s needs o Murray’s Needs that Winch looked at:  Need for achievement  Need for Autonomy  Need for Dominance  Need for Submissiveness o Two types of complementarity  Type 1 – exists when one person is high on a need and the other person is low on the same need  Type 2 - when one partner is high on one need and one partner is high on another different need that compliments the partners need o Winch looked at 25 married couple attending the university he taught at  Classify most all of the couples on two dimensions  Nurture/Receptor  Dominant/Submissive o Ibsenian: Husband is nurturing and wife if receptive then husband is dominant and wife is submissive  Husband is protector and caregiver of his wife and the wife plays the role of a passive and somewhat incompetent doll- child  Name comes from Ibsen’s play: A Doll House o Thurberian: husband nurturing and wife receptive and also husband is submissive and wife is dominant  Husband has latent that is only expressed under great provocation (Charlie Brown and Lucy) o Master-Servant girl: Husband receptive/ Wife Nurturing and Husband dominant/wife submissive (traditional western marriage)  Wife is perceived as competent who takes care of the husband and children’s needs  Husband is dependent on his wife for emotional support o Mother-son: Husband is receptive/ wife is nurturing and husbands is submissive while wife is dominant  Wife takes care of the husband as if she was his son o Interpersonal behaviors are “styled” - the way we relate to others invites people to respond in a certain way but does not cause them to response in a certain way  If a dominant person acts in a dominant way then a person will be more satisfied with that if they act in a submissive way  Study:  Assessed levels of dominance and submissiveness on participants then interacted with a confederate which acted in the way of either a dominant or submissive and got the participants to rate their satisfaction of the interaction at the end of the study o Results: when dominant participants interacted with a submissive confederate then they were more satisfied and vice versa o Phenomenon  Proximity (closeness and propinquity); marrying the boy/girl next door  1932: looked at the first 5000 marriages in a city-found that 1/3 of brides and grooms lived with 5 blocks of one another and a little more than half lived within 20 blocks o People were marrying people that lived close to them  People that are thrown together randomly as roommates often become good friends - Mere exposure effect  Study: participants were exposed to others that were either dissimilar or similar to them – exposed 1, 2, 4, or 8 times o The more the participant was exposed the more they liked them, but the ones they were similar to and exposed to most they liked more  Playing hard to get (do we love those we cannot have?)  If you make yourself a little hard to get you will be more desirable than if someone throws themselves at you  Two theories: o Dissonance: when you have to expend a great deal of effort (resources) to achieve a goal then the goal will increase in value in order to justify the effort you have put in o Personal equity theory  Study: vary how difficult it was for men to get a date with women – the participants did not prefer hard to get or easy to get o Each of the women both had their own sets of assets and liabilities o Easy to get: friendly, warm, and flexible but also unpopular and unselected o Hard to get: unfriendly, cold, rigid but popular and selected o The girl that was hard to get for every male except the participant she was seen as friendly, warm, flexible and popular and selected o Hard to get does work if you do it right 9/30/2014  The allure of secret relationships o Arousal causes response facilitation o Cognitive: it takes energy to suppress thinking about another person and that is what you have to do when keeping a relationship secret  When suppressing a thought it gets stronger o Behavioral Matching: if the other person you are trying to impress is being boastful then behavioral matching states you should be boastful to impress them but if they come over modestly then you should be modest as well o Consistency: if you tell someone something and time passes you say the same thing (do not lie or exaggerate because you could get your stories mixed up)  General Self-Presentational Strategy o How can you tell someone is lying to you about their self-presentation?  Look at their nonverbal – do they look you in the eye?  The pitch of their voice – variation (the pitch of the liar’s voice goes up)  Sentence repair - trying to fix sentences as they go, the sentences are not smooth  Research has found that men are to some extent better at detecting and confronting lies than women because women are socialized to be more polite in our society  Women are socioemotional specialists so they should have better abilities in detecting lies  Self-disclosure o Relationships cannot survive on first impressions alone o Self-disclosure: what an individual verbally reveals about himself/herself to others – intentional (thoughts, feelings, experiences, history, etc.) o Models  Social Self-disclosure  Concentric circles: the outer level of the circle is surface stuff and the closer to the middle are the deeper things about yourself  Breadth (wide range of topics) and Depth (how deep you go into the topic)  Mutually transformative: It is a two way street – relationship development affects self-disclosure and increases as you develop a relationship (reciprocal causality)  Predicts there is an even development of breadth and depth but in real life it does not work this way o Real life relationships: breadth develops more rapidly at first then depth increases sharply (once breadth is maxed out then intimacy increases because you have to go deeper to still have things to talk about) o There is a gradual development of intimacy – intimacy does not level off, couples disclose less the longer they are together o Research: established married couples became less disclosing after just one year of marriage (people change so people need to continue disclosing more to know who you are with) o Deceased Ole Miss Researcher (Burg): Love at first sight research  Found that in such relationships disclosure develops almost immediately and increases sharply and also found that couples who show this pattern are more likely to stay together than couples with the more gradual pattern  Also, couples are more likely to show this pattern of self- disclosure when they think the relationship they are in fits the ideal relationship they want 10/9/2014  Self-disclosure reciprocity o This is the way people manage their way of self-disclosure o Give and take o People increase or decrease the level of intimacy of their self-disclosure.  Matching o Positive or negative  You say something positive and they respond with something negative  1st impression function o Regulates how people disclose to one another  Berg & Archer o Looked at relationship of reciprocity and attraction o Study:  Stranger- disclose something low in intimacy o Stranger liked more when intimacy was matched. This supports reciprocity and self- disclosure increase attraction. o Important because not only self-disclosure leads to attraction. o What leads to attraction is matching.  3 Aspects of Self-Disclosure o Descriptive Intimacy:  People convey factual info about themselves o Evaluative Intimacy  People express strong emotions and judgments o Topical reciprocity  Most important  People convey they are responsive and flexible by sticking on the same topic  This leads a person to make a person make positive attributions about your personality and this leads to an increase in attraction o Switch topics person makes negative attributions o Why isn’t he listening? o Makes people think we are unflexible, unresponsive. Makes negative attributions decrease in attraction and think they are self absorbed.  Ex: Talking about dogs and he/she switched the subject to football  Gender o Most men and women differences in self disclosure o Men more closed off o Women express emotions freely more likely to self-disclose more than men o We have different expectations for men and women in self disclosure. o Women given role of socioemotional. o Men and women expect women to disclose more than men o Males who fail to disclose as better adjusted than males who disclose about personal problems. o Women tend to be better adjusted if they do disclose about personal problems. It is expected. o Ex: Muskee  Candidate democrate for President. He cried on national TV and went down in the poles o Ex: Democrats nominee Hilary and Obama  Clinton more masculine she got emotional in one of the debates. Increase in the poles o Men who are high in masculinity less to disclose intimates info. Especially to other men. o Men who are more feminine disclose more intimate info more time spent disclosing. Expect intimate disclosure especially when disclosing with women.  Gender Role Identity o Bem o 3 types of gender identity: o Masculine  Strong silent type  Clint eastwood  Superman  John Wayne  These are persons of action, get the job done  Female example with masculine role: Angelina o Classical Masculine types are instrumentally focused o Worked focused o If you are a work alcoholic is a masculine type o Lots of women moving into this o Classically Feminine  Socioemotionally focused  Person who stays home  Cares for the needs of kids and their spouse  Relationship focused  In touch with their emotions  Tend to be willing to express their emotions  Androgynous o STRONG characteristics of both masculine and feminine identities o Person can be both work and relationship focused o Person can relate to other people o Act decisively and be sensitive to the needs of others o EX: brave heart  Male Gibson  Felt deeply for both women emotionally and verbally No Class 10/14/2014 10/16/2014  Self Monitoring o High self monitors tend to adapt their behavior to the demands of the current social situations  Look for cues as to what would be appropriate behavior by looking at the behavior of the other person  Tend to act differently in different situations and with different people  More likely to reciprocate in terms of intimacy, emotions, and descriptive content of the other person’s self disclosure than are the low self monitors o Low self monitors do not modify their behavior based on the current social interaction  Guided more by their “true” attitudes, beliefs, and feelings  Usually do not change what they say or do to please another person in an interaction o Research  High self monitors match their partners level of high disclosure only when they expected to meet the person again and it does take energy (why bother if you are never going to see the person again)  Self consciousness – related to self monitoring o Our tendency to focus inward on our feelings, goals, and values (inner self) and we compare our current behavior to our inner self and if there is a discrepancy (behavior does