Study Notes In Different Subjects, Study notes of Contemporary History

Download Study Notes In Different Subjects and more Study notes Contemporary History in PDF only on Docsity! GLOBAL DIVIDES Global Divide – the gap between global north and global south country. Brandt Line – showing the poor and richer nations. (Willy Brandt) North – developed • United Kingdom • Canada • Japan • Germany • France • Italy • Russia • United States • South Korea • Australia • New Zealand • Singapore • Israel South – developing • Philippines • Malaysia • Haiti • Lebanon • Chad • Brazil • India ASIAN REGIONALISM Regionalism – defined as political ideology that favors a specific region over a greater area. It usually results due to political separations, religions geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic regions and managerial divisions. DIFFERENCES a. Regionalization – a process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. Globalization – a process which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. b. Regionalism – is the theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic cultural or political affiliation. Regionalization – division of a nation into states or provinces. * They form regional organization as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization. ASIAN REGIONALISM – product of economic interaction between Asian countries. 1. ASEAN • August 8, 1967, the ASEAN was born with 5 original members: Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore • The first summit meeting was held in 1976 2. APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) – Regional economic forum established with the United States’ strong support. 3. ASEAN Plus Three • 1997, Japan, South Korea, and China was instituted • In 2000s, Japan and China competed over how to adapt to the relentless tide of globalization via the politics of membership. 4. East Asian Summit – a regional forum held annually by leaders of 16 countries in East Asian, Southeast Asian and South Asian regions. - In 2010, the East Asian Summit decided to add 2 more members, the United States and Russia - Members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, China, the Republic of Korea, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Russia and the United States GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA Media – a means of conveying something such as a channel of communication STAGES 1. Oral Communication - language allowed humans to communicate and share information 2. Script – the written means to human communication (Sumerian) 3. Print (Printing Press) - allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of print materials 4. Electronic Media - The wide reach of these media continues to open up new perspectives in the economic, political, and cultural processes of globalization 5. Digital Media - relies on digital codes. It can be created, modified, and stored in any digital electronic device. Digitalized content is transmitted over the internet and computer networks. FUNCTIONS 1. Technological Determinism – technology shapes society 2. Social Determinism – social shapes technology Culture - refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations CULTURAL FLOWS 1. Cultural Differentialism – cultural difference as immutable. 2. Cultural Hybridization - globalization spawns an increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures 3. Cultural Convergence - the globalization engenders a growing sameness of cultures Deterritorialization - is a cultural feature that blurs the lines between culture and place and thus transcends territorial boundaries 2 ASPECTS OF CULTURE 1. Material Culture – physical pieces that make up a culture. It is created by human 2. Non-Material Culture – the abstract ideas and ways of thinking that make up a culture SYMBOL CULTURE Symbol – an object, word, or action that stands for something else with no natural relationship that is cultural defined. Language Culture – important parts of any culture Values – a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society. Beliefs – the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Cultural Norms – the unwritten rules of a society Cultural Practices – patterns of social behavior Cultural Socialization – the process through which youth learn about a culture and develop a sense of belonging to the cultural group. Cultural Exchange – globalization contributes to the exchange of cultural values of different countries. Acculturation – the process of learning and incorporating the values, beliefs, language, customs, and mannerisms of the new country. Accommodation – involves making adjustments for people to allow for differences. Integration – providing equal opportunity for participation of different groups in society Assimilation – the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION • Migration • Globalization of Food • Interpenetrate – the exposure of members of one culture to another through direct experience &/or indirectly through the media or the experiences of others • Glocalization – used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market. 4 DISTINCT GLOCALIZATION 1. Vernacularization - refers to the blending of universal religions with local languages 2. Indigenization - transforms a universal religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethnic group 3.Nationalization - constructs a link between the nation and church 4. Transnationalization - focusing groups on identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined national home lands Access Media – a west coast-based media consulting and sales firm that helps digital print & broadcast media build revenue through creative, integrated marketing programs. Media Culture – a society or culture that has been heavily influence by mass media Production – an easy flow of capital, movement of labor, trade, etc. the production of goods in more than one location Consumption – the process by which goods and services are put to final use by people Inclusion – valuing diversity Cultural Integrity – the practice or respecting and honoring the ownership of materials, traditions, knowledge’s that originate from a particular culture or community GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Globalization refers to the historical process by which a ll the world’s people increasingly come to live in a single social unit. It implicates religion and religions in several ways. ROLE OF RELIGION IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD • Religion teaches people moral behaviour and thus helps them learn how to be good members of society. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, the Ten Commandments are perhaps the most famous set of rules for moral behaviour. • Islam has 10 Etiquette. Religion is a set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that most often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling force, such as a personal god or another supernatural being. 1. Christianity • Deity / God: Jesus Christ, Holy Trinity, Jehovah & God • Teaching of The Holy Bible • Types: Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptists, Lutherian, Jehova’s Witnesses, Pentecostal, etc. 2. Islam • Deity/God: Allah • Teaching of Quaran • Types: Sunni Islam & Shia Islam 3. Hinduism • Deity / God: Brahma (the creator) Vishnu (the protector) Shiva (the destroyer) Many Gods • Afterlife • Karma the conditions or job opportunities in the migrant's own region are insufficient. 3. Refugees – someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Advantage • More flexible labor market • Larger pool of skills Disadvantage • Crowding • Congestion • Increase demand for public services due to immigration TOP 5 EASIEST COUNTRIES TO IMMIGRATE TO IN 2023 1. United States 2. Canada 3. Germany 4. Australia 5. Portugal Top 10 Cause of Migration 1. Education 2. Career Enhancement 3. Overpopulation 4. Social & Religious reasons 5. Poverty 6. Better Healthcare 7. Political Cause 8. War or Conflict Zones Sustainable Goals for Migration Goal 3: Good Health and Well - Being Goal 4: Quality Education Goal 5: Gender Equality Goal 8: Decent Work & Economic Growth Goal 11: Sustainable cities & community Goal 13: Climate Action Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions Goal 17: Partnerships for the goals Goal 10: Reduce Inequalities SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • considering the costs and benefits of developmental and environmental policies. It also signifies focusing on meticulous economic analysis in order to reinforce environmental protection. APPROACH AND PRACTICE TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT A. 5 Principles Approach by UK Government • Living within Environmental Limits • Ensuring a Strong, Healthy and Just Society • Achieving a Sustainable Economy • Promoting Good Governance • Using Sound Science Responsibly B. Millenium Development Goals [MDGs (2000 – 2015)] 1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. To achieve universal primary education 3. To promote gender equality and empower women 4. To reduce child mortality 5. To improve maternal health 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other disease 7. To ensure environmental sustainability 8. To develop a global partnership for development C. UN 17 Sustainable Development Goals (2015 – 2030) Goal 1: No Poverty Goal 2: Zero Hunger Goal 3: Good Health & Well-Being Goal 4: Quality Education Goal 5: Gender Equality Goal 6: Clean Water & Sanitation Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Goal 8: Decent Work & Economic Growth Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, & Infrastructure Goal 10: Reduce Inequality Goal 11: Sustainable Cities & Communities Goal 12: Responsible Consumption & Production Goal 13: Climate Action Goal 14: Life Below Water Goal 15: Life on Land Goal 16: Peace, Justice & Strong Institution Goal 17: Reduce Inequalities CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • Poverty • Income Inequality • Unsustainable Patterns of Production & Consumption • Environmental Destruction • Economic Globalization GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY Food Security - when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. EVOLUTION • 1970’s, food crisis created awareness for food security and led to formal institutional response globally. • 1980’s, concern with increased poverty added access to food as essential as food availability for food security • 1990’s, interest in human development led to absorption of food also as an essential component of food security. • 2000’s, recurring food crises necessitated to include stability as one of the main components of food security. • 2010’s, evidence of increasing malnutrition among the children/females led to inclusion of nutrition also as an essential element of food security. 5 MEANS THING • Food is available in country • It is accessible to people, physically and financially • People are healthy to absorb it • Food Supplies / prices are stable over period • It is nutritious enough to sustain in a human body. 4 DIMENSION OF FOOD SECURITY 1. Availability - Having a sufficient supply of food available on a consistent basis. 2. Accessibility - Having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. 3. Use and Utilization - This means that people make appropriate use of food, based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, and have access to water and sanitation for preparing food and maintaining proper hygiene. 4. Stability - Describes the temporal dimension of food and nutrition security, respectively the time frame over which food and nutrition security is being considered. FACTORS AFFECTING FOOD SECURITY • Food Supply • Food Prices • People Income • Changes & Shocks in Social and Natural Environments COMMITMENTS TO ACHIEVED FOOD SECURITY • To eradicate hunger and reduce undernourished • Millenium Summit in 2000s (MDGs) ➢ Goals: 1. To significantly decrease the number of people with daily income below $1.25; 2. To attain full, constructive, and decent employment for all; and 3. To significantly decrease the number of people suffering from hunger. IMPORTANCE OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY • Access to quality • Nutritious food • Economic growth & Job creation • Poverty reduction • Trade opportunities • Increased global security & stability • Improved health and healthcare GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP Global Citizenship – a term used to describe the social, environmental, & economic action taken by individuals & communities who recognize that every person is a citizen of the world. Citizenship (Roman) • Membership in a political community/ legal member of a sovereign state Advantage of Global Citizenship • Build their own understanding of world events • Think about their values and what’s important to them • Take learning into the real world • Challenge ignorance and intolerance • Get involved in their local, national and global communities • Develop an argument and voice their own opinion • See that they have power to act an influence the world around them Disadvantage of Global Citizenship • Legacy of the current education system • Outmoded curricula ad learning materials • Lack of teacher capacity • Inadequate focus on values • Lack of leadership on global citizenship Characteristics of Global Citizenship • Exploring local & global connections & our views, values & assumptions • Exploring issues of social justice locally & globally • Exploring the complexity of global issues & engaging with multiple perspective • Applying learning to real world issues and context • Opportunities to make informed, reflective action and be heard 4 TYPES OF GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP 1. Political 2. Moral 3. Economic 4. Cultural 3 TYPES OF CITIZENSHIP 1. The Personally Responsible Citizen 2. The Participatory Citizen 3. The Social Justice-Oriented Citizen