Study of Brain and Behavior in Physical Activity of Psychology | KNES 350, Study notes of Sports Psychology

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Knes 350 Chapter Notes Chapter 1 : Exercise Psychology Definition: The study of brain and behavior in physical activity and exercise settings - A multidisciplinary field of study, not a sub-discipline of psychology PARENT DISCIPLINES: 1) Psychology- the study of mental processes people experience & use in life 2) Exercise Science- Study of all aspects of sport, recreation, exercise/fitness, and rehab behavior Sister Disciplnes: 1) Rehab psychology- relationship b/w psychological factors and physical rehab process 2) Health psychology- Psychological processes related to health and health care WHY STUDY Exercise Psychology?? 1) To understand the psychological antecedents of exercise science, given that physical activity adoption and adherence rates are low - Only 1 in 13 of physical activity objectives in Healthy People 2000 were met 2) To understand psychological consequences of exercise in order to introduce physical activity interventions capable of - reducing acute (short term) and chronic (long-term) negative psychological/emotional states, -promote positive acute & chronic psychological/emotional states Benefits of Exercise: - Lowers morbidity and mortality rates - Reduces risk of developing diabetes,hypertension, colon cancer, and heart disease - Reduces feelings of depression, anxiety, and negative mood - Improves positive self image - Helps control weight - Social contacts, relationships, and support groups - Enhances ability to perform activities of daily living - Enhances cognitive function Common barriers to exercise: 1) Convenience/availability: Lack of transportation, facilities, equipment. - Perceived convenience unrelated to actual proximity of facilities; often excuses for failing to be active 2) Environmental/Ecological: Climate, neighborhood, location. - Cold weather can inhibit outdoors activities 3) Physical Limitations: - Injury, disease, fatigue Common Perceived Barriers: 1) Lack of time 2) Boredom/ Lack of Enjoyment: view exercise as vigorous acitivites, rather than leisure Emergence of Exercise Psychology: - Industrial Revolution of the late 1700’s- early 20th century, physical fitness - Paved way for “fitness craze” of 1970’s and 1980’s; aerobics, weight training, jogging, racket sports, etc.. - Increased emphasis on physical physique; “thin is in” over thick women - Increased stress led to importance; link between mind and body (biophysical approach) - Shift in society’s views to people taking control of own health as opposed to medical model - In summation, gained value to relieve stress, improve health, enhance physical appearance GRANDFATHER OF EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY: WILLIAM P. MORGAN: Founded Ergopsychology lab @ UWisconsin-Madison Other contributors: - Daniel Landers, Ph.D- Penn State & Ariz. St.- work at Olympic Committee in Colo. - Gunnar AV Borg- Psychophysics chair @ Stockholm Univ. Occupational Opportunities w/ Exercise Psychology - Teaching: University level 4 types of events can follow behavior and alter likelihood of recurrence: 1. Positive reinforcement- Ex: money, praise Effect: increase exercise 2. Neg. reinforcement- Reduce a negative (Pain, depression) Effect: inc. exercise 3. Punishmnent- add a negative (injury, embarrassment) Effect: decrease exercise 4. Extinction- take away positive (opportunity to socialize) Effect: decrease exercise Limitations of Operant learning: - Doesn’t consider role of cognition - Some outside factors are unethical/ difficult to manipulate to test Integrative Approaches - Pull concepts from multiple theories Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change - Stages of Change Model- models intentional behavior change 1. Precontemplation- No intention 2. Contemplation- Intentions to start within the next 6 months 3. Preparation- intention to start in immediate future 4. Action- Exercising 5. Maintenance- Exercising for 6 months Processes of Change: Experiential processes: -consciousness raising, self- reevaluation Behavioral processes: stimulus control, reinforcement management Influences on behavior change: - Decisional balance: pros of exercise increase and cons of decrease, costs/barriers vs. benefits to self and others How to know people are moving through stages? - More pros than cons appear for exercising - Increase in self-efficacy to overcome skipping temptations Changing Environments to change constructs - Social environment o Increased spousal and peer support, especially w/ older adults - Physical environment o Overcome barriers, increase facility access (parks, nature trails) - Personal Environment o Cognitive re-structuring - Behavior environment o Provide opportunities for success o Self-selected pace, from low intensity to start Steps to increase self-efficacy: 1) Success 2) Remove barriers to participation 3) Increase accessibility to physical activity environments - Self- efficacy does not always influence behavior; only assumed person has the skills and motivation to carry them out Efficacy expectations influence behavior when: - Challenging circumstances - Sufficient skill - motivation Chapter 5: Social Influences Social influence- real or imagined pressure to change ones behavior, attitudes, or beliefs Social support- the perceives comfort, caring, assistance, and information that a person receives from others - Measured as: social network size; amount and type of social support provided Social support types: - Instrumental support - Emotional support - Informational support - Companionship support - Validation Exercise Support Sources The family: Spouse, parent, bf/gf - Among youth, parental support is one of the most important factors - Families can also deter exercise, through behavioral reactance, and overprotectiveness Family vs. important others: - Adherence (others> family) - Intentions (family> others) - Attitudes (others> family) Physician support: - Is a source of information for those starting out - Activity counseling only occurs during less than half of all patient visits Exercise class leader!! - Often the MOST important determinant of an exerciser’s continued participation in an exercise program - LEADERSHIP STYLE is very important: Socially supportive > bland o Produces Greater: Self-efficacy, energy and enthusiasm, and enjoyment