Study of Plants - Botany - Lecture Slides, Slides of Botany and Agronomy

Download Study of Plants - Botany - Lecture Slides and more Slides Botany and Agronomy in PDF only on Docsity! What is botany? -. The scientific study of plants a us ee (al i a 143 4 "4438 “ 10204 Peaen Een. ne. bling as Bein Cunnios. What is a plant? What distinguishes a plant from other forms of life? Docsity.com Why is knowledge of plants important? We are dependent on plants Docsity.com Plants are producers Quarternary consumer Great horned owl Tertiary t consumer Striped skunk _ Secondary consumer Vagrant shrew . Primary consumer Field cricket 4 Primary producer & White clover : on Education, inc... publishing as Benjamin Curnmings. Genesis 1: 29-30 Then God said, “I give you every seed- bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food. And to all the beast of the earth and all the birds of the air and all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has the breath of life in it—I give every green plant for food.” And it was so. Docsity.com Cacao - chocolate Docsity.com Plants & the carbon cycle reservoir | processes/locations _ trophic levels _ COgin atmosphere ry soil bacteria and detritus eu feeders Photosynthesis and oxygen Docsity.com Beverages Docsity.com Coffee - $65B retail US sales (2001) – 25 million coffee producing family farms – Provides for non-intoxicating social interaction Docsity.com Wines Docsity.com Spices  $2 billion retail sales (U.S., 1994) U.S. – largest producer & consumer of spices Docsity.com Plants & health Natural compounds – Lycopene – Yohimbine – Medicines taxol Docsity.com Saponins Ginseng – Stomach disorders – Nervous disorders Docsity.com Phenolics Salicin – Aspirin precursor Docsity.com Essential oils -- Menthol (Eucalyptus) Menthol New antibiotics Oregon grape – Berberine & 5-methoxyhydnocarpin Docsity.com U.S. wood consumption Per capita consumption (1999) – 250 boardfeet Lumber – 51 billion board feet (1999) Industrial roundwood – 17 billion cubic feet (1999) Wood imports – 19.9 billion boardfeet (1999) Canada (93% of imports) Docsity.com Paper 10.3 million tons wood pulp (US, 2003) Docsity.com Textiles Docsity.com Worldwide peat distribution , I ‘ T a _— ———-—}— ‘ i i | se sl tet | / COON nn “| j RES < 5%. SOOT - \ | SETS ~ — 2 WETLAND. AREAS ci ES > 10% OF LAND AREA ii (97) weranns in pays ano, Dsési yon Horticultural peat US, Canada, South Africa top producers >100,000 HA >800 companies Docsity.com Coal U.S. production (2004): 1.07 billion tons U.S. consumption (2004): 1.09 billion tons Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/quarterly/qcr_sum.html World coal stats Docsity.com Musical instruments Docsity.com Plants and sports Docsity.com Personal care products Docsity.com Docsity.com Conservation biology & plant resources How do we better maintain worldwide natural resources, in the face of increasing global demand and exponential human population growth? Docsity.com Plants, food and population growth World Per Capita Grain Production, 1950 - 1999 (kg per person) 360 300 apenas 260 200 160 400 5a a 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2040 Worldwide land resources All Other 34% Arable Land -10% Agricultural Land Pasture & 35%, Meadowland — 24% Permanent Crops — 1% Forests & Woodland 31% e | Equator BB Arable land | Figure 2.8 Wold Distribution of Arable Land. Notice that most of the arable land is ed States, Europe, Russia, Western Asia, India, and China,  Docsity.com The Dust Bowl : y Denver _ is —{ i 7 — 4 > Kansas _ | Coloradis FOklahumal ) __ * Oldahoma City] yO |New Mexico a) | —_—— Texas a. Austin} . \ Santa Fe Sprawling over croplands Urban sprawl has been grabbing headlines because it lengthens commutes, creates heat islands, and alters local weather (SN: 3/27/99, p. 198), Less attention has focused on what the cities sprawl over. Satellite surveys now indicate that the best croplands are disproportionately giving way to ce- ment and asphalt, At NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., Mare L. Imhoff has been probing the impacts of urban develop- ment on photosynthesis. He hunted down developed areas in the United States by examining nighttime illumination as recorded by a military satellite. Imhoff mated these data with daytime satellite images recording surface greenness, an index of plant cover. His group then overlaid these two maps on a third. Prepared by the United Nations, it ranks a location's soil ona $-point scale denoting its potential to support crops. Overall, just 3 percent of U.S. surface area turns out to be ur- ban by Imhoff's definition—that is, Inhabited at a density of at least 10 people per hectare, which is about the area of a foot- ball field. However, sprawling urban development has been en- croaching on some of the best soils. In California, one of the nation’s biggest agricultural produc- ers, 16 percent of the best soils now underlie urban areas, as do nearly 9 percent of the next-best soils. Another 55 percent of the state's best soils reside in areas not classified as urban but “already seen as lit [at night] by satellites," Imhoff observes. No more than a tenth as populated as urban regions, these zones run along transportation corridors that are showing early signs of development. “They will be urbanized,” Imhoff predicts. His group's analyses “not only confirm something people had suspected,” Imhoff says, “but add a measure of quantifica- tion to help people understand [sprawl's] impacts.” For in- stance, Miami's spread onto area grasslands has cut the re- MARCH 4, 2000 gion's annual photosynthesis productivity by an amount equal to 22 days of plant growth, he found, “It’s like turning the lights out in a greenhouse for 22 days,” Imhoff says. Nor is sprawl strictly a U.S. phenomenon. Rapid urban devel- opment has preferentially targeted agricultural lands in China's Pearl River Delta—that nation's fastest-growing region. High- resolution satellite images from 1988 and 1996 show that the urban area more than tripled over the period. Karen C. Seto of Boston University reports that some 1,500 square kilometers of this sprawl consumed farmland—almost four times the amount of natural land cover lost to urban development, With collaborators from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Seto visited 150 sites and determined that her team’s satellite analysis had been 93.5 percent accurate in tracking urban sprawl. That's rewarding, she says, since aerial detection of ur- ban expansion in China can be difficult. With far smaller patch- es being built up than tend to occur in North America, very fine-resolution satellite data proved a necessity. Imhoff says that society can’t afford to lose its best agricul- tural land, However, development on nonfarm lands could hike biodiversity threats, warns Andrew Dobson of Princeton Uni- versity, because natural lands tend to harbor more species than cultivated fields do. But moving agriculture out of the path of urban development is no panacea, he argues, because most of the best land Is already farmed. IR SCIENCE NEWS, VOL. 157 155  State 4th nationally in farmland gobbled up by sprawl By RICHARD STRADLING STAFF WRITER North Carolina lost more productive farmland to homes, roads and shopping centers than all but three states between 1992 and 1997, according to a report re- leased Thursday by American Farmland ‘Trust, a conservation organization. Using federal estimates, the trust says the state lost more than 168,000 acres of farm- land to development during those years, an area nearly the size of Durham County. ‘Only Texas, Ohio and Georgia lost more. Nationwide, Americans developed 6 mil- lion acres of farmland, an area nearly the size of Maryland. The rate of develop- ment nationally was 50 percent higher be- tween 1992 and 1997 than during the pre- vious 10 years, according to the trust's report, “Farming on the Edge.” In North Carolina, the pace of farmland development remained steady compared with the 1980s at about 35,500 acres a year. That means other states are catch- ing up with North Carolina, said trust spokeswoman Betsy Garside at the group's Washington headquarters. “The sheer numbers for North Carolina are really, really high in each reporting pe- riod,” Garside said. “You were already bad.” DISAPPEARING FARMLAND Loss of farmland to development, 992 to 1997: 1. TEMAS: 392.800 acres 2. OHIO: 212,200 acres 3. GEORGIA: 184,000 acres 4, NORTH CAROLINA: 168, 300 acres 5. ILLINOIS: SOURCE: AMERICAN FARMLAND The General Assembly moved to protect some of the state’s farmland five years ago by creating a trust fund for conserva- tion easements for farms. But after the fund peaked at $1.5 million in 2000, the legislature cut it to zero this year. American Farmland Trust used estimates froma survey the federal government con- ducts about every five years. It decided to use the 1997 data rather than wait a cou- ple of years for the government to release the next set of numbers, Garside said. “I don’t think we can look around our neighborhoods and look out over the farm- jand and think that the situation is getting better,” she said. Richard Stradling can be reached at 829-4739 or at rstradli@newsobserver.com, Yield increases are declining Average imorease in yield (kg Ha) este secess Rice Wheat Maize What causes reduced crop productivity? Docsity.com Chinvs leads the world in grain pro- duction, harvesting more than 360. million tons each year. The growimg alflwence of its 12 billion inhal ants, however, has fostered # cray- ing for more than China now grows. As a resull, this nation imports grain, As China's population continues to swell so will its demand for im ports leaving less for poorer grain- starved nations, ‘Anew stucty finds that by Cleaning its air, China might eliminate—at least in the near term—its need bor imported grain. pollutants have created a haze over tawch of China's grain belt, This pollu- thon ean significantly depress photo- new study finds. In fact, its cab est that the haze could be mers ol more grain than China now imports Pollution analysts have viewed haze Hates as a visibility ential health nba seys causing parti limiting nulsance and pm threat, “This mew paper lonks at pact that’s never been considered Human activities Sooty Air Cuts China’s Cro Geonsia Tech scientist measures haze in rural Zhejiang Province (ast manuh. The Saile visibility, Typical there, represents ulinust three times the worst haziness in Teressee Smoky Mountains. sooty aie However, Chameides ) because haze is a problem workdwiee, it probably is diminishing crop yields in developing and industrial nations: alltee. ‘Though the new projections represent notes. p Yields “a good effort,” they-remain by ne “4 bit rudimentary,” savs E, Rasenzwelg of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies New York. The harvest models, Jor instance, employ overly simpli- hed relationships between c growth and sunlight. The new study also estimated yleld Insses from haze in the absence of any other problems. In fact, Rosenzweig nates, yields can be limited at least as much by pests, water shortages, or ingullicient nutrients as by haze, ‘The geod news is that China may have begun a transition away from the coal burning that contributes to its serious. haze problems, notes agricultural economist Lester Brown of the Worldwatch Institute in Wash- ton, DLC. Cutting coal subsidies has raised the price of this fuel and limited its use, he say’ Morcover, the nation recently actlvat- ed its first wind farn usable wind to eas national electricity generation," Brawn Ratoft £ jouble ts current oe Disease -» Reduce crop yields 10-20% despite control efforts "Wheat yellow mosaic on wheat. Bacterial leaf blight on soybean. Wheat rust reduces grain yield Docsity.com Insects Docsity.com Mite damage in a bean field Docsity.com Weeds Reduce crop yields 12% despite control efforts Docsity.com c See Oo Oo ¢ Foxtail U.S. Drought Monitor °°b21.28,?05 a we Presi) So 3 °S> Jatensity: (1) DO Abnormally Dry r~ Delineates dominant impacts (1 D1 Drought - Moderate A= Agricultural (crops, pastures, 22 Drought - Severe grasslands) I D3 Drought - Extrame H = Hydrological (water) IM D4 Drought - Exceptional (No type = Both impacts) The Drought Monitor focuses on broad-seale conditions a oragat wn gman Can Local conditians may vary. See accompanying text summary | for forecast statements Released Thursday, October 20, 2005 http://drought.unl.edu/dm Author: David Miskus, JAWF/CPC/NOAA e  Drought Severity Index by Division Weekly Yalue for Period Ending 20 JUL 2002 Long Term Palmer I -4.0 oF less (Extreme Draught) CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER, NOAA, [ -3.0 te -3.9 (Severe Drought) LJ +2.0 te +2.9 (Unusual Moist Spell} O te -2.9 (Moderate Drought) D0 +3.0 te +3.9 (Very Moist Spell) fo +1.9 (Near Normal} HE +4.0 and above (Extremely Moist)  The Dust Bowl : y Denver _ is —{ i 7 — 4 > Kansas _ | Coloradis FOklahumal ) __ * Oldahoma City] yO |New Mexico a) | —_—— Texas a. Austin} . \ Santa Fe Temperature stress Temperature tolerance Enzymatic activity Quality How does temperature influence crop productivity? Docsity.com Plant biology is essential Crop research needed – Resistance to insects, disease – Tolerance to environmental variables Drought, salt tolerance – Improved productivity – Improved nutritional qualities Docsity.com Plant biology is essential Crop research needed – Resistance to insects, disease – Tolerance to environmental variables Drought, salt tolerance – Improved productivity – Improved nutritional qualities Docsity.com