Study Sheet Questions on Plants Society for Exam 1 | PBIO 3400, Study notes of Botany and Agronomy

Download Study Sheet Questions on Plants Society for Exam 1 | PBIO 3400 and more Study notes Botany and Agronomy in PDF only on Docsity! PBIO 3400-FIRST EXAM STUDY SHEET, Spring 2010-D. Giannasi Who was the “Father of Botany”? Theophrastus Who was Karl Linnaeus? What were two of his major contributions to plant taxonomy? What were two of his major publications? Swedish botanist/ “father of taxonomy” who came up with the dichotomous key and the binomial plant name for the classification system. He published Species Plantarum(starting point of binomial nomenclature) and Serratula. Who wrote the book De Materia Medica? How long was this plant text accepted in Europe? What events forced its abandonment in search of more comprehensive botanical texts? Discorides. 1400 years. closed spice trade routes promoting maritime exploration What are the three basic types of cells in plants? What is vascular tissue and how is it created? What is secondary stem growth and how does it work? What are the basic cell types of vascular tissue and what is their function? Parenchyma (photosynthesis, storage), collenchyma (support), and sclerenchyma (fibers and sclereids). Vascular tissue is made from the vascular cambium, and the 2 main types are xylem (water flow) and phloem (organic compounds). Secondary stem growth is the growth of the vascular tissue starting with the cambium. For yourself, draw and label all the parts of a typical flower? The main purpose of a flower is? What is a fruit? From what does a fruit arise? The main purpose of a fruit is? What are the basic types of fruits? Basic parts – carpels, stamen, petal, sepal, pedicel and parts of carpel are the stigma, style, ovary, and ovule. The main purpose is sexual reproduction. A fruit arises from the ovary, and it is also for reproduction but also protects the seed and aids in dispersal. Basic types of fruit are simple fleshy (berry, hepseridium, pepo, drupe, pome), dry dehiscent (follicles, legumes, and capsules like cotton or poppy), and dry indehiscent (achenes like sunflower seeds, samaras, grains, nuts) What are three basic crops derived from the Solanaceae? Where did they originate? Why did it take so long for these crops to be accepted in Europe? How did they evolve as major crops in Europe? What was the effect of one of these crops on Irish society in the 1800s? Why were the Irish forced to depend on one of these crops so much? Some Solanaceae crops are tomatoes (Mexico), potatos (Andes), peppers (South America), and tobacco (South America & Australia). They were toxic, but after people breeding plants they tasted better or less harmful, they're not toxic like before. Potatoes though mostly only did well in Ireland. They were used in monocultures everywhere, but many died off from a fungus causing the Irish potato famine. What are two toxic plants of the nightshade family? What are the main toxic chemicals of the deadly nightshades? What were several ways extracts of these compounds used medicinally? What is the Doctrine of Signatures? What are two horticultural plants from this family? Atropa belladonna (atropine = tropane alkaloid) used as hallucinogen, poison antidote, antispasmodic, heart stimulant, etc., henbane used as antispasmodic, hallucinogen, and muscle relaxant, Jimson weed used as sedative, hallucinogen, and potatoes (steroidal type – tomatine- terpenoid derived glycoalkaloid), Doctrine of Signatures – shape of plant mimics body part to be treated, 2 horticultural plants (for food) are tomatoes and potatoes What is a grass? What is the basic structure of the grass flower and its arrangement within the grass inflorescence? What are the two possible names of the grass family? Why are they accepted? What is the basic grass fruit called both generally and specifically? What are its parts and what is their function or utility as a consumable product? Monocot family or Poaceae, flowers have spikelets with 2 florets each suspended by 2 glumes, and lodicules taking place of sepals and petals, 2 possible names are Poaceae or monocot family, the basic grass fruit is called a grain (dry indehiscent fruit) or caryopsis, the parts are the bran (high fiber content outer wall), the aleurone layer (high protein, provides enzymes to break down carbs in endosperm tissue), the germ (actual embryo), and the endosperm (high in carbs) What are the four main geographic areas in which our current grass crops evolved? Name one or more grass crops from each of these areas. What are the three major grain crops grown in the world? Turkey (wheat, rye) Mexico (corn) China/India (rice), others Fertile Crescent (barley), Africa (sorghum, millet), New Guinea (sugar) First wheat was einkorn/Triticum from Turkey and it led to durum and Emmer wheat with goat grasses, 3 major grain crops grown in the world are durum and bread wheat, corn, rice How did primitive wheat evolve into the modern wheats that we use commercially? What are the basic wheat flour types we use commercially and for what products are they used? What characters make some wheats better for bread making and what causes their baking abilities? Modern wheats are durum (high gluten, semolina flour, good for pastas) and bread(best for bread and baked goods, hard wheat – more gluten (protein), grown in dry areas, and good in breads, soft wheat – grown in moister areas, softer, less gluten Where did corn arise? What did primitive corn look like and what was it called? What are several steps that are hypothesized took place to give the modern large eared corn of today? Modern corn is closest to what contemporary species and subspecies? Name six modern uses of corn products today. Mexico, Zea mays by Linneaus, kernels/grains naked with no bracts and ear covered with bracts/ husks, one belief by Beadle is that teosinte (grass like corn but with multiple stalks, ears, and kernels) is ancestor of corn and that it became corn by mutations to a nonshattering spike and a soft or reduced fruit case, and the other belief by Mangelsdorf is that teosinte and corn are descended from an ancestral wild corn now extinct and another teosinte, modern corn is closest to teosinte/ Zea mays parviglumis, corn is used for animal feed, gasohol, exported, industrial and pharmaceutical products, alcoholic beverages, food products, seed corn Where is rice thought to have originated? Where is rice grown today? What are two basic types of rice lines and how and where are they grown? What is the significance of the aquatic fern, Azolla in the growth of rice? Describe a rice line that would be of great health use in Asia if it would be accepted by the indigenous peoples? Eastern China and northern India, today grown mostly in China, indica is oldest, long-grained, non-sticky, and tropical grown in China and japonica is short-grained, sticky, and subtropical grown in US, Azolla is a weed, a small aquatic fern that fixes nitrogen, a mutual relationship, golden rice would be useful in Asia since it has more Vitamin A What are two differences between rye and oats as sources of flour for breads and other products? Why are they not as popular as wheat as sources of cooking flours? Rye (Secale cereale) grains are good for leavened bread but gluten content is lower (breaks apart in kneading) than wheat and bread is soggy and heavy, and oats (Avena sativa) is highly nutritious with more protein and soluble fiber What was the effect culturally and historically of the cultivation of sugar cane on human history in the New World? Why did sugar cane production finally decline over the centuries since its first cultivation until recent upsurges in the 20th century? What are several major products of sugar cane? Where is most sugar cane grown currently? Sugar was introduced to Europeans who continued to use mostly honey, but it was reintroduced to the New World by Columbus and grew with the African slave trade when the Europeans began to depend on it with honey eliminated, it declined due to overproduction and growth of sugar beets to compete, some products are bagasse, molasses, rum, mostly grown today in South