Influence of Latin's Deponent & Middle Verbs on Spanish, Lecture notes of Spanish

Download Influence of Latin's Deponent & Middle Verbs on Spanish and more Lecture notes Spanish in PDF only on Docsity! THE HISTORICAL DEVE.1'..0PMENT ·oF THE REFLEXIVE. July l, 1929 IN SPANISH by Maok Singleton \- . A. B.j PHILL!PS UNIVERSITY• 1928 Submitted to the Department of Spanish and -Portuguese and the Faculty of the Graduate · School of. the Uni vera 1 ty ;of' Kansas 1n partial fUlf'lllment ot the requirements for the de- gree of· Me.a.tar of Arts• Approved by: I take this opp<?rtunity to express my appreo1at16n . . to Professor Arthur L• Owen for his kindness and patience 'i whioh he has shown to me in the preparation or this thesis and throughout the. entire _·year; and to Mr. John Brand. \ . who has assisted me greatly 1n the final writing of the book• THE' HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT ~OF THE REFLEXIVE IN SPANISH CHAPTER I Introductort~ 'The reflexive idea. Al·l action may be divided into four classes: 1. -. The : subject· performs ~n .action which does not atteot an external object butbenetita through the action per- formed~ J.~, ! ~· The verb in euoh a case is termed in- t.rans! t 1 ve • 2. The subject performs an action which arfeota an ·external object. I.~!!!!!!•! write!!:~~· The verb- 1n this case is transitive.· 3. _An external force acts upon the_ subject. The letter !§. belns written.Bi the correspondent. 4. The subject acts upon itself and.in turn is acted upon by ltaelf. ! wash myself•!!!!! washed~. myself'. Such a case is both active and passive. From the meeting-place of the two ex- tremes, the active· and the passive ~oloe.s, arises a complicated and int~restjjngngroup or oonstruotiona which will be considered i.' • in the treatment or the reflexive which follows~. The expression l ~ myself is purely reflexive. This purely retlex1ve·1dea contains in ·1tself'~ ·however, the meaning .! !!.! washed {by myself). which is purely ·passive. If', however, the speaker says ·I ~ washed after the action haa ceased, we have neither a pure active nor a pure passive (since no action actually occurs): the verb, which is now,!·§,~ alone, is 1ntrans1- -2- ti ve and the expression is parallel to ! !!!. rich,. .! !!!! .lli. Now ordinarily one says simply.! washed ~,morn1ng1 for example, o~itting the reflexive, since· because one as a rule washes one's own· self, the refl~xive appears to be·· superfluous. If 1t ia necessary to· make olea.r .that ~he speak~r. did not. for. instance, wash clothes, he .must ~se. either the r+eflexive or some equivalent expression; •. .! .,!!!h is purely trans1t.1ve • . In summary: ! wash:~ .. .!!!!! myselt=l _!! washed#!_· ain clean: an active ·verb ~ha.des into a reflexive, which in ·turn 'shades' into a passive verb, which in· 1ta turn beoomes intranait1.ve. The . \ . intrans! tive .I ·am· washed 1mplie.s that· something. has washedmme . !:,...... .... -- . '. ·.. . , . " . ( t~a.nai ti ;e) ; · the:. ~·rans1 ti ve :! ~· 1mpl1~s: ~hat· tr shall ]2!!1 · clean ( 1ntrans1t1ve). --These oons~ructions go ·hand ln hand. · If',' It is of no· great importance,. at time's·, to .know who· washed me. ' : ' i ' ,~' • " ! I ' " ~ ' ; ' ' I ;. > ' '." ' ' . , .. That I am·olean is the important thing. From such a oonruaion has aria~n the reflexive-passive in the Romance languages. The confusion existing among these ideas i:s as old as written language itself~ Indo-German1c had an active voice, a pas.sive- voice, and 'a middle voice. ·The aotive voice.could be made reflexive if necessary. Besides these·existed the peculiar deponents which survived in Greek and Latin. The original purpose .of the middle vo'foe was to exp.reas the action of the ··subject on itself. ·in several languages, where the Indo-Garmanic middle either dwindled or died out. its place ·wa·s filled by a 1 combination of'·the aotivet an obliqueoa.se of the pronoun.- l- Brugmann, Karl: Comparative Grammar Q..t t~ Indo-Germanic Languages, London. 1888 •. IV• 579. -3- This roundabout idiom was probably gen.era.l, even when the Indo-Germanio middle was still 1n use, especially in any case when obscurity might. be involved. In Italic and Keltic the 2 middle ... J;ecame::~rn:txed with the· r-deponent'~- · In Gothic middle tor.ms rem:it:ic.1 c.l '!JitTt .. ind passive meanings. In Norse the reflexive . 3 was uae4 as a passive•- In Lithuanian all the old middle forms which were used passively dropped out of use, and the reflexive . 4 with -s1 only partially did for tha passive.- --The middle . 5 1n Indo-Germanic was often confused with the passive~- Sommer states that from the middle corresponding to Gk. ;\ovoµ..CAL (I wash\ §.. myself) developed the passive. 6 Q-reelthad active, middle, and passive votcea. Middle,, ex •. A.ovoµ~i. I wash myself•· The middle represented the eubjeot doing something 1n which .he was int'e'?'ested.. The middle m1ght'take as object (l) a part or the body, propertyt I Aotfauat 1'q.r X..eipgf ~ wash my hands; (2) it might be removed ·from the sphere ot the,eubjact: ~'jj'ob/boue;i.lli, o(KtctJ I·gell my ! house., The direct reflex1v·e middle represented the. subjeo~ as direotiy acting upon himself: )lvµ. .J,{ (Grfi~exeroise (one' a self). r . . Its use ,,w~a extended to other verbs: L(d"tf~ (:Jr;.. c. stand (of. eatarae), 2,~ ; Ibid' •. 580 3- Ibid• 581 4- Ibid. 451. . - 2-.-... Meringer: Indogermaniache ·sprachwtseensaha.ft~ Leipzig, 1903, 123. o Sommer, F. • lie.ndbych dar. La,te1ni· aohQn. ·taa.Y:tt- und. Formen-Lehre, Heidelberg; 1902, 507. Smythe: {!reek G:rammar .tQ1' Colleges, New York, 1916• 390~ -6- 2. Action in one's self: angry; spa. tior I walk about·· mor1or I die, irascor I get 3• Action. for one's salt: obl1v1scor I blot out for myself1 .rorget, mereor I earn for myself. 411! Beginning: domlnor I act the lord, interpretor I .aotthe .interpreter• , 5. ·\Engagement in .a mutual action: osaulamur we kiss, , _£om1tor J: accompany (make myself an a.t·tendant?) • Soma d.eponenta a.re descendants or. Indo•European middles: '.. *ae.q~ -· (Old Indian s~aa.-te • Gk• k~0i.)J.CM ) ts in La tin sequor • . ·aequ1 t'llr•. · 4i!any deponents lost :all idea. of the O');'ig1nal passive · (middle) from wh1oh they were derived: >' Gk·•~" , Lat. ~: puto_.·· Through th1a :f'luotuat1on many verbs not deponent became· ,. .'de:ponent and vioa versa: Old La.tin a.dJutor, Clasaloal adJuto; o. L·. oontemplare, o. oontemola.r1; . asaent1o, asaent1or•' etc; New doponenta'· were occasionally made·• espeaially .in Late Latini nunguam 12oeto~ nis1 . .Q!m ;eodager (Enne1us .• cited bit Lindsay, . Sil!.!. cit~ t:· 521) ~ Uncertainty, as to the use of middle or 2· active is noted by late grammarians.- ( 11 somn1~ dioendum, non l somnior0,) Draeger- gives' a list ,of wh1oh the following -·~, are especially interesting: i~maginor. memoror·• rhetorioor,. 3 !ed.1oor., suspecto?'. Grandgent- mentions Petronius' use of r1der1.· Middle ~ reflexive. Middle anr.\ reflexive ,.,,,,ra often used interchangeably. .C1oero uses obl1gar1 for obl1gare 1 Celsius __,...._ ___ _ !- Q.E.• ill•• I, ·156. g- L~ndaay, QE·· ill•• 522 . ,2· Grandgent, a •. H.: Introduction to Vulgar Latin• New York, 19071 171·. ~1- purgarifor !!!!,·purgare. The middle is at times used with 1 the reflexive: coverti !,! in fugam.- Passive and deponent (e. g. vereor a.be te). A deponent . ~- used a.s a passive 1a_round. oooas1onally.- Aotive and· reflexive -and middle (passive). Reflexives and.~iddlee often o~me to be used as simple intransitives: ~. mutare, mutar1·, mutare are found side by side meaning the same thing. er. ~ 12raec1p1tare::IJraec1p1~ir1::::p<!!'aec1p1- ta.re; emerso, aac1ngo• penetro• purgo, verto. ,.,, .r, .. . 4 , The-entire .r-pass1ve fell in Romance.- It is replaced by (1). ~um. t past participle: . ..fil! amado, 'il ·est aim~, and (2) by the reflexive: -~·dice, ~ liVIJe _se publie a Paris. The Latin passive·, ease i" past participle -ourv1ves in !!Q.I amado, .J.!!. au'is a1me. Passive and reflexive (middle) verbs were confused in .2 Vulgar Latin. Mover! · wna felt to be equivalent to ~ movido., moverse. Thia is easy to understand. Mover1 (middle). had a pa.salve ending but a reflexive _(middle) meaning~ Since !marl. was every~'fhere replaced by ee~ !Lmado, @tre a1m6', etc. , mover! with .1ts passive ending was fzlt.to be equal to~ movido• · But its meaning was felt to.be reflexive (er. se _!!!utaretiO.ta.ri) '· henoe moverse. Movetur g1vee se mueve but .motus ~gives!.! mov1do (~~ muevo 1hen me mov{)• l- 2- i: ~- R1ohterj ~~r,E~~w1cklung der refiex1ven Ausdruck in Rcmanischen, · ?.J1taohr1ft XXXIII, 135· Li~~ s~y r Q.2. ill• ; 522. Draeger: 0£!. .Q.il.e• _I, 143. Gra~dgent:·....Q.2·. o1t., 51. .Haneaen~ F.·: Gramat1c~ H1st6r1ca -~ la Lengua Castellana, Halle a. s., 1913, 23Q· -8- Deponents, impersonal passives, and middles are treated in .old.er Romariee almost entirely a·a passive in form. though the influence or transit:l.ves !'~qu1r1ng:habere. past participle was at t1mes".strong enough to ·swing many· intransitives to the same construction (O. Fr. ID oouruz, est. fJ!ll, .MC'd. Fr. 1 ll !. oo.uru,. .11 ~ tu!). - . In Italian• impersonals are still oonJugated with esseret ! ;e1ovuto (11 ! plu). In French ' ' " ' ' many intransitives o'r rest are still used w1 th. '€ttra: 11 est . ' demeure (also il ~ demeure); It. e rimasto. Cf'. Lat. morar1 (deponen~). · Intransitives of motion in French and Italian generally require ~: It. !QBQ. venuto, Fr. ·JS! au1a· ~·· l Other common remnants of' Latin deponents: ~--sp. ~ muero, Fr. J~ !.!:!.!.!! ~; Obliv1so1--Sp. ~ olvidoi rem1n1ec1-- '. Sp • .!!!!. aouerdo, Fr. J! .!'!!! aouviens; 12rot1cis.Q!--Sp. 1~, 2 Fr. s'en.'aller, Prov. a'anar, It. andarsene; rideri-"'."-Sp • . re!rse. It. riders!~. Fr. fil? ploguer. --Reflexive verbs in French are still conjugated with .~!~~h' showing· thtir oonrua1on with the passive: J!l·~ eu!s lava. Lavor j~ l!!! ~; lavatus !Um,.J.!!. auls lave, which might mean quelqu.'un m'a lave. The two constructions were confused, j!_ !!! !Bil lave being the result. · In Old Spanish we find (XIII century) no se era . ' 3 ' --- levantado, (Pa.tranuelo l49b)- for older!!Q. era levantado. At the same time appears tornado !!! h!!,, which survives. l- 2- ~- ------------------------------ Zauner: Romaniaohe Sprachwissensohaft, Berlin and Leipzig• 1921 1 192~, II, .112, Cited by Grandgent, .Q.E•. ill•,, 171. Hansijen: .Q..E.Qll•, 231. -11- Lusitania (Pliny)-•Lusitania.·extenda along the nobthern ·ii ba.nk of the Bae.t1oa .~ II. '~.,The reflexive used.' to express a. condition resulting rromian aotion.·extends'.to many. othe~ .. verbs: fundirse,. a.ooetumbrarse, .. human1zarae, orga.nizarse: · La proces1on .se orsan1za.ba (Par.do Bazan); enoenderee: El roetro de . Zoraida. S!3 enoend16 !e :a"epep.te ( Eapronceda); parali zarae • oallsreet' jC,lleee· va.! C,ct. Ambos oallaron algunos. momentos) (Palacio Valdes) • a... Customary, repeated action,. w1 th reference to apeci:al aot1ona: · oomerse~ beberae, .tragarse. These are oomparat1valy rare in Spanish• though or' frequency in La.tin: loquor, veaoor,·· sradior. s12atior (of. pasearse. ~ promener). . '' " '. I ~ ' ~ b• Mental ata.tea. resulting froin:i.~ def'1n1 te change : ,,' ~ ~ in the ~~otions: hoj;-ror1zarse, .alegrarse..1. holga.rae, atormentareet· I ' '\ oorttenerse ·, oontentarae·,, tt1.rbarse; aao~bra l'"S!~ .. . . ct. Equivalents ·of fieri: haoerse, ·ponerae, . convertiree. §.!. h1c1ern fil! padre z · ~ amigos.· •• muy ri co a• Qui J • I, 12. '. I'II. · Mental actions. not stressing the idea of becoming: adll11rarse ,. 1mae;1narae, estremecerse • J ao tarse 1 preoiarse, reirse, gue.1arse, molestarae, ~oorda.rse, o.lvldarae, enganarse, £_trevex•se. These verbs are• of course. closely connected w1 th. those like turba.ree, ale5rarse. · The difference is ma.1:ply that 1n the latter the reflexive merely places the sub~eot at the p~ginning of' a oondit1on. In relrae, for· example, an acttqn ocours and. although,1t is ro:i1owed by a mental etate1 ti:1s latter is o:f.little importance to US• !- cited by Richter: 21!• ill• •12- e.. Datives or interest come properly under this head;ng: oreerse '· · aproveoharse, valerse (~) , · mereoerse, _!!berse ("sin aa.berse lo que hab{a pasado," Quij. It; 3). Riohter ·states that all 1d1omat1o reflexive pronouns· (e. g • .!!!! muero) are without doubt accusative. And further, that,datives of the reflexives exist only by analogy· with those verbs which require. datives of external persona. ~he tormer id.ea is not·generally accepted. IV. · .Physical aotion. Mar{a. foroeja.ba a desaairse (Palacio Va.ld6s). esoapa.rs.~ 1 apretarse, lastimarse, 1nol1- .narse• apretarse. fat1garee~ aanarse, etc •. b • Extension of the action to a:· part o t the body, clothing. or belongings: ~ le ealtaben las l~grimae ·(Palacio Valdes),· ~ llev6 el panuelo a loe ojoe (Id.)• mas tarde don Quijote en habla:r que en aoaba!:!! la oena . ' . . / ' ( Qu1J. I, 11) • El abuelo Joffre ~! los metera en el boleillo (Blasco)~ --In ·Latin we have lavor veatem. ·~ ·~YQ. .~ rOI?S.• '" v. Verbs of effort: empenarae {~), esforzarse. absteneoerse, someterae. oponerae,. proponerse• "·VI. Passive. a. or objeats. P1nt6se en el roatro del marquee la sorpresa (Pardo Bazan), El aderezo se devolvera ( Pa.lac1o Valda a) • · b. or· persona. Nadia se vela ( no ae veia a nad1e) (San oho · Saldana ·II, 66) ; dilo que ae llamaba la Tolosa .. ;. -13- (Q.u1j. I, 3); por loco se 11bra.r.!a aunque los matase a.todos (QuiJ. ·1, 3) 1 --que el aeffox- del.daatillo era un fo116n y mal naoido caballero. puee de tal manera consent!a qua se tratasen· los caballeros ~ndantes (Qu1j. I, ·3). Thia use of the reflexlve 1-s oompe.ratively rare in contemporary Spanish,· being usually replaced by; o. An impersonal reflexive direct object: H1zo Sancho lo qua se le mandaba. ( Q.uij.· I, 11) , Si alguno se le podia oomparar (Qu1J. I, 1). VII •. Impersonals: _puede afirmarse que cantaba (Palacio V8:ld(s)J~ qu1zaa se debe a que .en esta.s anda _prod1gada en dema.s.{a. .Por 1gles1as {P~laaio Valde~ 1 ), ea habl6 del n1no Fadr1que ,y .de lo craoido qua estaba (Valera) •. -Hola, f'< • ,.' T ,.. ;· ... ··-'. .. ~enore·a~ .dijo el_ paje, pa.race qua se pasa el tiempo alegre- mente (Espronceda). a.. . impersonal 1nd1reot obj eot: : ae l:e vino a. la 1mag1na.o16n (Quij. I., 4) • asentosele de tal modo en la ~ -... ~ i ' ...... ' .' ' .... ,\. ';, ~ ,,- 1mag1nac16n (Quij. I, 3) ,·, se me olvida algo (Alvarez Q.uin- i J : -----....;; taro). These seven·groupa will now be considered separately in detail. -16- Note the f'ollow1ng: · Levat se.epieoop~~.et omn1s populus, porro 1nde de eummo monte ··01yet1 totum pedib~s itu:r. (~eregr~!Q. !!£! looa eanata •.. quoted from Aroh1v !Y) Note that ~·m1ght·very easily be· taken as predicate or .~21soopus ~ omn1s. popu~us, wh19h. :takes a .singular verb···in'!Olauf.u:r 1-.: Itur might .have been writ.ten to mean "~·. \., .. \ proficisa1·tur::vaditu~~v.:"tdit .!~:=!! .!.!• The form vadunt J!! .ts '.fou~d:alraady iri the Pe~egr1na.tio• :It will .be e.ek~d: Why.· must, :we .. seek the origin· or .!..!:!.!, . , . ) ' ... veniraet ·estareerln the::.,,1mpersonals? Is not analogy with . '"". the '.deponents sufficie_nt? · ·· : '.,·;:To:; account· ror :·tbaee '·tormEk by·· analogy alon.e seems t~ '.be:~ weak ~.ElXplanat1on •. · 'It' tne.',,1nt'r~ns1t1ire '.!Q. ma:'.·never . ·hafL:'.aj ~o:rm ··wtth· 'a '/pa;sa1ve· ending' 11.i .• 1.s· extremely unlikely . , · that: it,: WOUid-';ever .he.Ve· been lilt~ned tt? proficisoitur. · Fr~m.;-Drof1c1sc1tur to P.<2 !!! is to~ broad a jtimp ~1thout the· .1nterven1ng *~ ll=1tur •. Itur.g1ves,,us ~!!!=people go• : (Mor1tur<g1ves ~ mueret ls:va.tur:> .!!! lava, hence any '-t·:).:. f, ·passive ending 1·a felti to , reflex! ve.) I~ ae·e~s not t·oo ,; , nlUOh<to·. ·.aelt· .it to g~ye us th.e oersonal se va. !~ - - _...._ ............ Th.k impersonal . •" . ~ . ,,. ·pasf:31Va~ .'>rere too ,f'requently~u~ed. ~o ;be di~r~garded- entirely. •1 ·; . T The <;1sapt".earance .. of. such· _a strong . and us.efUl word ' ' ,!B,'- prof1c1ecor· can ·ba·:aocoun~e! for, I' think,i.·by the po.ptll!\~1 ty ·of. ·,!! vadere. · People ·ha.d come. to. use vadere to.r , many forms ·of '..!!:!!; Theh moment .!!! vade1.,e, comes to be 'eqU.1 valent ot profi02 sci. the la.t te'r w1 th' :1t9, pass! ve ending 1e nQt remade into.wa :grof1olscere,but ', ie .,dropped entirely .in favor- of the shorte~ and more. colloquial word~ -17- Intransitives ot motion aceroarse. (oerca). or. a.proximarse (to make one's se~r near), a.lejarse {to make one's self far away); enoaminarse (to put one's self on the road). Suoh verb~• formed on the nucleus of some other part or speech, offer little d1ff1oulty. Aoercar to "near~ trans1 tive; aaeroarse to 0 netl,?'~' one' a eel~, reflex1ve-1ntrans1t1ve. Since the ohief,diffioulty in the ~ determination or the reflexive of verbs-lies. not in these formations, but in verbs coming directly from the Latin; little note will be ta.ken or them in this study. A short list of auoh formations is not out of pla'oe, however: adelantarae ( adela.nte) , apresurarae (pr1sa.<Eressua) !Pro21nouarse lpropinquus) arrinoonarse (r1nc6n) geaviaree (v:!a) . revoloarae (voloar) ' .J ' ~eteneree (teneo) extraviaree (extra-via.) · situaree (s1t1o) 'tx:anspgrtarse · (trans-porto) ,. etc. ~oogerae. ( *a.o-oolligere). · ':1 andarse• grandee yentes sele aoojen esea noohe de todae partes~ c' 395 ao6gensele oiiinea. c~ 1391 ·or~. oolligere: collecto'Omni populo; se colligere. · Pere6r1nat1o (Arch1v· I!• 262) . (ambulare) of'• BEatior1 gradior• aquella moza que ea anda en h'bito de pastora por esos andurrales• Quij~ 1• 12 Andar was posailily felt in Vulgar Latin to be deponent -through analogy'w1th·spat1or and 5radlori a.partarse~ (*ap~parto· from pars)• apartaronse a un logar._ Cr6n1ca General (in Ford: Old Spanish Readings, New York, 1911, 43). OQge,rse ~ l aol1tgere) o irse ,, ju'n~arsa oon" • ooj6s Sal6n aylflso., con ioa sos abuelta anda• o. 589 , entrarse. (1ntrare') •. Latin,!ntrare ,to go, wal~ into, penetrate, force a wa~n 1ntrat in praaa1d1a (Caesar). Ingr-ed.to:r means,1n the main the same as intro: ingre a sue, vere (Lucian) 1 . when, spring has come. Cf'. el lharoo qtiiere ·entra.r• a,. 1619~· sio contra ·eat, 1ng1.,ede>u.a Venus· (to speak, . understood) (Virgil) • · Cf. ahGes que entrassen a cantar. O. 2250 • in ballum ingred1· (Catullus). ·Ct. · entrar en batalla. 0 •, 2321. ' ' ...... ~. When 1ngred1o.r. disappeared f'Dom the common . . ' . language many . of 1±.s meanings were taken over _))Y ·v. '·L.· 'intrare,_ .. as shown above. The reflexive idea is very likely due to 1n3red1or~ Note the following example.a: obispo don Jex:-ome adele.nt se entrava..· c. 1579 el rey Farez ·en Terrar sa (fo) entrar. c-: 7.73 .entr6 sobra Bau1eoa.·. c. 1745 entraronse a la cibdad- o.~96 · · entre los dos es entrado:· c:--1066 cf. · o. Fr.: . As porz d' Espe1gne-9Ten eat entre. (R,olant •. Cited by L1ttr_~ •. a. v. _entrer) In M(')derp Spanish entrarse 1mpl1ee. that a special ' effort 'is}being made ,by the subject to _get in or force his w,ay .1nt_u ::s~~eth1ng. (See Ram_sey, . ·sm·, 01 t.,. A pesar ,de las gtiardias la gente se entra.ba,-- • ' • I the people kept get.ting 1n~J · .~o .. te ·also the eapreasions l~entrarse. por ~as puerta.a £!.! ™ ( meterae sin mas \ . pi ~as) 1 Sntr<>;me a.ea , que llueve ( n <?On~ que ee denota la osadfa y deeenfado de,los que se introducen ' . ' ' i . .' . en caea a.jenasin otro:titulo qua su.m1sma desoaro0 ). Entrar is or course al~o-tr~nsitive. '-21- ' lrse • (ire i va.der~) • !rs~ le, generally equivalent to English .f5Q. away• Lat-in prof'1o1scor: para ca.ta.luyuth . quarito puede se va. • ~ 775 el Oampaa.dor.·se va. ·. Q.!. 875 · . · · . el rey le _pag6 e quito ee va Mfnaya .2.!_ 1539 : son 1dos. c. ·~;;6· · · · · · · No.a imos otross1• ·Auto ·~ los Reies Magos (in ·' Ford• .Ql?• ill•• p~J · · · .. tu~ronae por el.l .herma.no• (in Ford, 42) · vo!v16 l.a ·rterida por ·frsele del aampo•' .sh 765 It will ·be noted that the reflex1 ve/1s already used. 1nd1scr1m1nataly with a:ll forms. of .!.!:' 'regardless of their or1g1ri: irselei ·ae van, ·rueronea • . Common Latin verbs for departure are: vado. · ·vad!te, et haeo ~and.ate· referte · (VcJ:rg1i) prof1o1soor . ille Id1bue a me profeotus .eat (01cero) abeo . . ~ . · disoedo . (S1o111an ased1r1) exeo ( sp. ·~· see below) egred1or prog~d~r . . In·a11 these verbs but ~o it w111·be noted 'that the idea. of departure is strongly stressed (ab,, ex~ e, pro).· ~ · originally stressed the manner· of going (to go swiftly)• · Any verb ~qu1valent to SQ. naturally means ths..t· some object leaves one place to move to another; but it. is generally necessary to specify the manner of the mot'ion, 1 ts length~ 1ta apeedt d1rect1o~. eto. ·..;.....;Vado weakens to simply -~·SQ~ T.\).e other verbs listed d1,sappear with the exoept!on of exec·· . ' -22:;.. · ~ gradua+lY··weakened also, at ·t1mes being no stronger than 1r. Aparte ea1eron amos. O.' .191 ( se apa.rtaron ·para deairse a.lgo, se sobrentiende sin necesidad d~ que aalieran de la p1eza donde· ea·taban .·.Menendez ·.P1dals opi · o1t, II, 678 ) • ~ . . . However the ex ot ex1:r· .. made 1t clear at ... an earlY' date. that ' , ......... ; : ................ . . . . ' ' .. '. the idea. of departure.was' ~~e.~lement stressed and the verb took no. reflexi ye. ';'"/h~n the word weakens. and do~s n~t .. dlalt" the refls xive, 1 t· .. drops from the language. The dialect form ~. found. ~specially in, South·.Ameriiia, may be 1nflue~oed ·by dieoedo• de.~, det1r:1rae. Exir ln the Oid: exir de la posa.da . 200 exir a la batalla· 662 ya me exoo de tierra 156 (This is the only· case :or'·exirse I have found.) It may be due to the Cid's claiming ·voluntary exile. ·. · · · · ex16 la aangre 353 el; 1v1erno ea exido 1619 etc. k alone vad.ere weakened to !!: were not appareritly strong enough to stress ·the idea of complete departure· from a place. Unable to use prepositions as English and German do {go orr,. abgehen). d1s~iking prefixes, which often weakened to no~hing (witness ex1r), 'and unable to form new words, the language resorted to the already prevalent deponent-middle represented oh1etly by pror101so1. or. Fr, s'en aller, It • .!!19:a.rsene, a.ndare1, · Ptg. ~, Pl"OV. e' ana(r2. · "The general tend.ency or Vulgar. La.tin to form new deponents, at t1u1ea ·when they a.re out o~: place. has; 'been noted by ··Draeger, Lindsay, and Richter~ Perhaps Ea.rt1r~~. 11bra.~. l1.esped1rse, mudarse, etc~, wh1c rightly deserve the reflex1ye• helped to fix the' retlex!ve with !!:• -23- (a} .ltinta.ree• ( *ad-junota.:re remade on Jungo, · aunotus.) • . gentes se. ,jUnt·arorf sobejanas de grandee~ ~ 652 junt6s oon sue· mesnada.s (See 1 below) . cf. also un1eronee por el muy de grado. Cronioa Gemeral. (in Ford. 2.2• cit., 44) Latin •. i. leg1onea se cum. Ca.~aare, junoturae (Velleius) •·· 2. · .V1ctores Germani junotur1 ee Pa.nnonius ( Stie.ton1Us) •• l1bra!'se. (libe~are)' libf)r~vanee del oampo'todos a derredor. ~.~ ("qui taba.nse del oaqipoJ ' . ' . ', '. Latin. debitores oap1t1s dem1nut1one liberantur (1. '.·e. ·from debt) (L1'\Ty). . . . allege.rse; also lle5arse (applioare \!Tohl von Applioare Navem aus''J=Ueyer•Lubke• .Q.B•·. oit.J. · · - The expression a.pplicare na.vem (to ,bring !'.lo ship to port, 1. e. to arrive), was common in Vulgar Latin. For navem•·.fil! could be substituted, although .at an early date allege.r was felt to .be 1ntrana1t1ve. (Of'. Eng •. we anchored the eh1p in harbor, we ~nchored (1. e. arr1v~d) at 4 P. M.) a prieasa.llegandos.van.c. 967 a la puerta se llegeva C: 37 Eato van d1z1endo e las gentes se allegando a. 2344 (w1thout--reflex1ve) . a. las bodaa legaron. ~ 2261 leg6las a.l coracon. ~ 276 (where legar has .1ts or1g1nal meaning ~ j!Q.. put ~ ~) • .Minaya era legado son legados ~ ~347 Lapin •. ap;plionre join, attack, bring;. put near, · steer, land • . navem:ad naurragurn.appl1oarunt (C1oero) se applicare ad flammam (approach the fire) applicor 1n terras (arrive) (Ovid) ad Heraeum naves ·adplH~unt (Livy) ; .· ut plicaremua nos ad montem (Peregr1nat1o, Aitohiv ll· 262) . . plioavimus nos a.d ma.re (ibid) -26- Sp• para.r 1 as well as pa.rare in other Roma,noe language a seems ·.·to come t.rom 120.ro prepare, make ready. Loe oomeres:delant gelos:paravan• .Q..:. 1019 ( 0 set, preparedj me.de ready 0 ) , · • . • . ' . · . . . negras las va pa.rando. . ~ m3~ ("makes' prepares tt) esto qua avemos pa~ado~ Qi-:.:198 . asa1 lo avian para.do que ~ •• ~ 52.!_ 22 From the meaning of ·para.r ''get ready• prepare" the meaning pars.rs~ etop·1s not difficult to follow. In any march or journey travelers were most likely to prepare themselves at evening tor the night against an enemy. " Parar comes then to be 1dent1f1ed·w1th. stopping, assumes a new meaning~ ·or. also: multitudo• qua.mad oap1enda arma paravera.t . . ( Sa.llu .. st) ad proel1umvos parate (Curtius) foro se pa.rant (Seneoa) be llum parar ( Ca.a ear) j uaai a (ml 11 ti bu a.) a~ 1 tar para.re ( L1 vy) • In these examples it 1a to be noted that oarar'.?$ was an especially popular word in military parlance. Note: se eerie corredor o sai abrie buena parada C. 1575 (Mod. Span. garada parade, stop.) .... --e el eatando allyen- a.qµaliha;:.oneva, v1n1en ,muohaa beat.O!As bravaa '.aelyennla . montaflia e .paravansele ::delante la cueva (quoted ·rrom Menendez ,Pidal, 22• "ui tJ,. a. v. parar): 0 a.nd. prepared th0mselv'3s1 made themaelv~13 ready for him• stopped to wait for him"• ' ' Fubthermore• anything prepared is in an actionleas - state. It must reab (atop, atay) in this state until '~omath1ng further happens. --Parar, intrans! tive 1 is found 1n· Modern Spanish. ~art1ree (partirai· partir1) Latin partio, partior to aha.re, part, divide, distribute. (C1oero. Caesar. and Qu:intillian use the finite verb almost exclusively- in the deponent torm; but -27- the pa~t perfect was employed.by them also in the passive : sense.) genus un1versum 1µ species certas partietur·so d1v1dd>t (Cioero) ad opus inter ae ·Petreue atqtie Af'r1oanus part1untur ·(Caesar) It. pa.rtira. Fr• Prov.; Oat., Po~t.· 2art1r •. Cf o. ~Fr.: Jou a.1 vise que nous nous partirona en deus· pars ( Froi_esart); .. .. .· · ·· avant e •en' pa.rti 11 lau de la ehievre (Men deRheims) ;· , le jour ae fu pa.~ti sans bataille (from Li ttre: Dio~1o.nna1re) The use of parti~ as dividing one•s self from (betaking one's self' from) someone 1e easily und~ratood and nee not be ~welt on. In 1'.Aodern Spanish it 1a rarely reflexive, ·· al though the transitive use of. 12a.rt1r 1 s quite common. Examp:ies from Old Spanish: Por ondrad.os se parte.n lbs del buen Campeador. c. 769 Part16s de la puerta. c. 51 lucg6e part16 la cort.--.2.!_· 3522 partir ~e quieren, que entrada era la noohe. Q.:. 347 ealiree. (sallra) sal16s.de sol ~apada. c. 1726 . sa.116s de la red.el leon:-· -0:- 2282, enaiellan le a. Bavieca, myo Cid eal1o aobrel. h 1586 sal1en de Valencia. c. 2009 aa.11eron de la. mgles1~. ·.Q.i 367 Latin. salio to leap,. bound, spring, jump; ambulant al1quae (avea). ut corn1oua, sa.11unt aliae, ut pasaereei merulae, et~. (Pliny); cor sal1t (the heart beats). . L Old French: je veu1l sA1'J.l1r dedana la ·ville Iwiah to enter the 01 ty·. ( Dict.i~nnaire H1stor1£tue de l' i:tnclen langage f'ran9ai.s{La ··Corrie de Sa1nte- Pala.ye] ) ; q~e nuls n' y entro1 t · ne n •en sa1llo1 t · ,(1b1d). Sa1111r does not ~eem to ha~~ be~n ua~d reflexively. · --It will.be noted that in Old French ea.lire comes to mean both enter (Jump into) and go away -28- (jump out)'. The. reaeop for the Spanish verb's having .- come ·to mean SQ. away may possibly· come from such uses .as: I . I . salio s9prel (Bav1eoa). £..!. 1586, where mounting a horse is synonymous with go~ng away,. er. salid al .oampo (mount Y()Ur horses. and go into the field); sa116los reoebir .(he got on hie horse and went out to receive them). Cf, Eng. a sally into 'the enemy's ranks. From this restricted meaning salir ca.ma to mean depart in any sense·, synonymous with ~ and 1rs.e. ··The reflexive may be accounted for in two ways • . ~11r·se '.;may be a. reversion to an old· J'ee11ng that jumping is midQ.t::a voice: Gk. ~ l~to-G{/{, (jump) is middle-deponent • . The tendency has been mentioned under ~ (q. v.) to form unnecessary deponents {middles). Draeger gives the following new fO!'.'ma.tio.ne of Claaaic and poet-Classic wr1 tars: !.seeniculor. agr1oolor, auscultor, belligeror, dlgmor, ~oror, rever!?.or; somn1~v, .1mag1nor. Richter mentions three later formations; .8,?-'lde·or, doleor, uxoror. Most of these formations .a.re based on older and mlioh used ''forms. --secondly. sal,!r may have acquired its reflexive throu~h influence of .profioisoor,, ~. partirse. In th1a connection ' , ,, the followj.ng passage from Menendez P1dal,, !m.i. c1t., II, 836, is of' interest: "Muohas ·veoes t1ene el sentido . vago de tr, sa11d al oampo 3562; y ·este conviene dar caa1 siempre al verbo cua.ndo rige 1nf1nlt1vo: ealiolos reoebir• Lo miamo en la fraae sal1r aparte,. 'a.partaree', par~vtrata.r e.lgo, · 2319 • ain que aea precieo que los qua hablan salgan afuera.. n (or. ex1r:.,) 0 auando el a.parta.rse .... 31- Q-1'!.&eCree que se vienen solita.a las mozas de au oalaiia? (Pardo Ba.z~n) it ("Do you ·think that girls of her stamp oome a.way [from danoes)all alone?u) El d{a. que nos vinimos• {••ca.me awaytt) (Pardo. Bazan)... Despuea. se vino a en tender• Quijote I, 12. · (Af!berward.s he laa:rned•:. • n) volverse. . (volvo) La.t. volvo as a: middle turn one• s self' ( 1 taelf) round, turni ille (a.nguia) inter veates et levia peotora lapsus Volvitur {Virgil); volv1tur Euttyalus leto (Virgil). Revolvo and rsve:rtor were more comruon return. In Modern Span1sh volver is both transitive and intransitive. "Volvi la espalda •. y volvi la eequina, y aun no ha vuelto <l:e ml a.sombro. 0 (Alvarez Qu1nter9) • ~ao~rse. ( ja.oere) Latin.· jaoio to throw, fling, cast. (or. 'ja.oeo 1 11e; Eng. "l threw myself on the bE:3d" I lay down. Ya.zies en un eacano, durmie. ili_ 2280 -:;2- INTRANSITIVES OF REST The verbs estarse, serse, and quedarse offer particular interest. Q.uedarse (Lat. qu1eta.re. qu1etar1 itquetare) may be explained without great difficulty. Serse and estarae offer rather peculiar obstacles. The most logical thing to assume is that these two verbs (sto, l!edeo) became deponent.(middal.e) in Vulga,r Latin. Such an assumption·, 1 t will be shown, has 1nterest1ngannd good foundation,. l. we have altteady noted that thez:~ was a tendency in Late Latin and Vulgar Latin (as indeed throughout 'the whole history of the language) to make deponents (middles) . and reflexives when there seems to have been no particular need for them. Oftentimes this new form was a return to Indo-German1o psychology (Gk. fA),ft.e.<r e~" -ealtaroe, sal1rse). Eatarse may be a return. to Gk. ~(q-f~o e~ ... . (stand, stand upright). 2. The modern expressions sentarse, mantenerae .2!! pie ·ahow that the reflexive adds to the verb what the verb 1t·self could not fully express. Eatarse means generally to be (permanently)·, rems.in manten™, guedarse. These modern expression~ may be si~ply substitutes for'!!! stare and ; ae seder\l. r.r. guedarse en pie, alza~ !!:! p~, eatar Eara.do. 3. In very early Romance estarse, ~~- .9.!:!edarse may have entirely replaced the simple verb through analogy 1 with morar1.- (er. It. eaeere1, stara:t) .Morar! has, however, lost 1te deponent in early Spanish and in French, probably through influence of viv1~, vivre, which was never deponent. ( 0 qUi en un lugar mora ·a1empre;~ n Q.:. 948; Fr. demeurer. At a.ny rate. estarse and a"erae, if they were -33- deponent'· soon ceased to be so regularly, especially· when they become substitutes for ~· 4. The.position or the pronoun in ae eatA lavando.is ------ signif'loant. Originally the 'phrase :may have ;been se. ~ lavandoee,, but as in !! dejo v·ena·C9r lt may have been felt that one reflexive sufficed. Other·cases in which the reflexive 1s'found befor~ an auxiliary to the participle a.re: !! gued6 durmiendo; s~ru~ ad.gu1er1endo dlnero, ;etc~·, . where the reflexive' :·occupies the poeiti.on it would occupy ' it the participle were not there. 5~ In Aragonese ser is the regular auxii1ary of ~ and esta.r. (Umphrey; Ara.gonese Dialect~ Rev~ H1spnn1gue ·~, 38} Ex.:· do era eetado la. batalla; eran seydos mue.i.'t~a; .. no bi so etada. This points to an original stari, eedi. er.· Fr. je suis mort. ~ estado may be, however, only an analog·y with soy ~.; etc. estarse •. In the following two expressions ( oi tad by I . Menendez Pldal. op. -cit., I, 341) • Estabaae 1! oondeaa .fill !1:! esoa.no and !Q. ~ eetaba• the use of the reflexive 1a very _old, since both are common beginnings or old· romances and might be oona1dered debris of the old deponent In sue~ expressions as Bieh ae eat' San Pddre . ' ........___... ' and similar proverbs !atarfue is also very· old. In ~ .]ust1c1a .!!! eata.ba. ~ ™ Qroptos ter~inos (Cervantes}. eetuvoae q~edo <~.Qu1.1_ote, I, 16)' aguel hombre~ ~.estaba ~ (1b1d II, l), the reflexive may be explained also through star!, !.§!. stare. f1Juatice maintained itself, kept itself within its proper (own) sphere.". ·36- Additional examples: · Donosa humilda.d., qua me tenga yo al emperador del oielo y de la. t1erra en mi caaa, y por hum1ldad ni le qulera responder, n1 estarme con el. (Santa Teresa) (cited rr·om Cuervo; Lenro,ta,le ~osotano, Bogota, 1876, 170) Cuervo says estarme ,= astar guetoaa.. sed1ea oon su amiga en loa montea. (Juan Ruiz. 746) . sediea~sa sento, se holga.ba• desoanso. ae eetaba. guedarse. ( quietare, *quetare) • Latin. Quietare, be calm quiet (rare), evidently took over many of the meanings of gu1esoo (be calm. rest, sleep, remain). :~iu1eta.r1 {depon~n.t) is also found. Quieeoo w~a often ·used as an impersonal ·passivE=!: quibue quam facile potuerat qulesa1, e1 hio qu1esset. It is very 111tely that that guedar. was felt to be deponent in tl;ulgar Latin, 'possibly 'through 1nr1'uenoe of morar1. Ad,11t1onal notes on :1ntra.naitivcs of position and rest. Other.verbs.of position seem to have contained no idea of the deponent. Morar has loat the reflexive in the Cid. Indeed• the ver'Qmoro (active) is used as early as l Naevius; though this use was apparently not common. ·Fin oar (yo · f 1noare en: Valene la, £.!._ 1470) , · rema.ner ( L. remanere, not deponent), rema.necer• posar (JL •. pauaEeve) are not used in the reflexive. R1maners1 is· found in Italian. The expression fincaredes rema~ .9..!_ 291 ia etJUiValent to Q.! quedareie. · Rasta~·is intransitive: toda esta gananoia en au mano a raetado. .£?. 1733. The following reflexive expressions estar, so common to the Spanish,, aeserve notice; Los baloones de la casa de Elorza· se hallaban entreabiertos (Palacio Valdes). Se vi6 so~o en una estao1dn (B~asco) •.. 1- See Andrew's Freund, e. v. !Q.!:Q.• -37;.. Al verse en el castillo (Blasco). Y asi como ella sallo del lugar, y su herrnosura ~e v16 en p1.lbl1co ( Qu1j. I, 13). Se real1z6 la entrada aolemne en Villabermeja del !lustre Comendador Mendoza (Valera.). ee encontro con su hermano Don Jose (Valera)• ·Content!s1mo ,de verse entre loa com- paiieros de au 1nfanc1a · (Valera). Aco·mpanado se mira Del [conde de]Fox y de Bearn (Morato:,· El ·nesden con el Deaden.) Thq following reflexive expressions' estar, so common to'· Spanish are· slightly differ4ent. ".The Latin model for these is ll~et!,~ latere sfmtent·rionale praetend1 tur Lusitania (Pliny}. fue aquella orden extendiendose y dilatandoee · (Cervantes). el monte Moria, que se elevaba en mediode la plaza {Valera). en el tu eore.zon· se ·albergan el odio, la env1d1a, el temor, la rabia y la desesperacidn (Espronceda). Todo esto se reduce n que note qu1eres tatir conmigo (Esproriceda). al tal estado de cosae se prolo.ngaba.· {Valera)·• S1~1larl~ used, are ·15ualarse t .£Q.n.servarse, deetacarse. We ~hould expedt, on first examination, for example, fil! el eatan alberga-lQ!..:_ todo_ esto eata red~cido,, etc.'·. just as :;e say ·1a caaa esta construida de oiedra. In the first example, elitendiend.ose and d~latandose are clearly reflexive in idea. In el monte MQ.!:ia, gue ~ alevaba, the idea seems to be purely reflexive also. It 1s quite different from.!?..!!~ ~1. llbra (passive), which implies the book 1s '.being read. The 1dea·1n elevarse seems to be this: All th1ri~s continually struggle t~ reach a lower leyel, hills be~ng no exception. The hill Moria has raised itself there at· some past time and is still ra1.s1ng itself to keep from falling. The same applies to conservarse {"ae coneerva la.vocal post6n1ca ,!")• in which something is continually struggling. for preeervaiion. -destaoaree (like elevarse), 15ualarse · (which, be1~g a matter of .trials and balances, 1n)plies an effort), reduoirse (effort implied), albergarse -38- ( ert·ort necessary to w1 thstand external forces), extenderse (process of continual extension'. implied)·. These verbs are due in pa.rt to the lack of corresponding intransitives (or. Eng• !!!!-raise); but the idea of effort involved accounts for them almost entirely, as will be notedin_the following comparison: .§! construye la ~ means simply that sqmebody ls building the house. Houses 'do not struggle to be built. La. casa eata .construida means -- ---- ---- ---------- that the house has been bµilt and no further•activity is involved. · --Thin9s do, however, endeavor to.· preserve themselves and aa·long as they last continue the epdeavor. ~41- the simple active 1s interested only in the fact that no talting is being done. ca.sa.rse. {See ! above) ~c, ~'So (for this and a few other verbs see belo• Inoeptives!). _!ncenderse.~ (Lat •. 1ncend1o (transitive) ''burn"'f· -, . ' 0 El rostro de Zoraida. se encend16 de repente. 0 (Eepronceda) Cf• the equivalent expression: nsalda.fia se puso ·~ncendido de rab1a. u. (Eapron- oeda) huma.nizarse. (humano) informa:rae •. (Lat. 1nformo give an· ide~f 1nstructl ''Durante - ellos ae 1nform6 el co.mendador• •• del valor exaoto de todoe b1enes de D. Valent!n." (Valera) or5a~!~~· (organo) "La procesi6n ee organiza.ba." (Pardo · Bazan) · J2a.ral1zarse• (Gk. 1iCitRC:~1L) . nsus miembros se parali- .. zaban y no· acertaba 'a moverae. 0 (Espronceda) It seems unnecessary· to give further exampleB. such verbs ofrer practically no diff!cultiea. EQUIVALENTS OF FIERI Fio f1er1 factus !!!!!! (be made, become) was used as a. passive of .faoio (make). EiQ has been replaced in Spanish by the reflexives ponerse,, hacerse, volverse, convertirse and llegar !! ser, venir .! ~. eto. Los que foron de pie cavalle:t>os se fazen. c. 1213 por 1r con eataa duetla.a buena compana se faze. · . Ql 1421 ' ae h1o1eron su padre y eus am1goa ••• muy.r1oos. ( Q.u 1 J • I 1 12 ) . por arte de enaantam1ento se conv1rti6 en cuervo. (Qu1j. I, 13) -42- Cuan~o habia grandes lluvias, la vereda se hac!a. in transl table. (Valera) · · · Se ha vuelto usted tan indiferente. (Palacio ValdSs) te has vuelto muy mottal1sta... (id.) ·Saldana se puao enoent!ido de i,ab1a. (Espronoeda) ~Ip os ~ongais oolorada, po·~ .eso •. (id.) · · These· often replace a reflexive verb: er. se puso encendido·de ra.bia. with El roatro de Zoraida se enoend16 de.repente. rNCEPTIVE VERBS In Latin so- (isc) was added to V:erbal· atemo., especially to vowel .stems in -~.; tp glve generally· the special m~aning of begin~ing or 'beoom1ng. Noun stems often added the ·!.£ to form. \rerba (Roby', 2.ll!.· cit., I, p ! 377). Examples of inceptive (1nohoat1ve) verbs: .creaco (Sp. crecer) • consuesco (aooatumbrarse), guiesoo (quedarae). obsolesoo {envejecer) 1 cognoaoo ( conocer)., floresco (floreoer). eva.nesco .{desvanecerse), obdureeco ·{endurecer), obmuteeco (enmudecer), calesco {ca.lenta.r), disco (aprender)~ noctesco ·(anoohecer), ditesco ·(~nr1que­ cer$e)., grandeeco (engrandecerse), teneresco (enternecerse) J etc. Inchoatives were often deponent: ad1piscor (acquire),. rem1n1soor (acordaree), obl1v1aoori (olvida.rse), nascor {nacer). prof1c1scor (irse), vescor (comerse), 1rascor (enfadarse). . . These 1noept1ves have suffered differently· in Spanish. 1. They have remained without change (except, of course, phonet1oa.lly}: florescere,.floreoer; nascor, nacer; cognosoere {conocer); creacere Cerecer).· 2. They have received new prefixes: consuescere, acoa- tumbraree; srandescere, engrandecer; dormiscere,. dormirse; ~escere, adolecer; noctescers, anocheoer. -43- 3. Entirely new verbs have been formed, principally from adjectives end nouns, with the prefixes~(!!!!),~' !!: anveJecer (viejo; ·Lat. obscleeco),. ence.neoer (oano), enoarneoer (carne), eneordecer (sordo), enmudeoer (mudo), '·,' ...... ~ encalveoer (calve)• '~rojeoerse (rojo; Lat. :rufeacere), enternecerse (tierno; Lat. teneresoere), !!medrenta.rae (m1edo; Lat. extimescere), acordarse (cor; Lat. rem1n1scor), ~nfada.rse, a.creoentar,., a.5!,adeaer, amujera.r. Soo as a aign_of the inceptive idea became weakened even 1n Early Latin. Cresco, floresco, cognosco by their meaning have an 1noept1 ve . idea, yet it· 1s ·quite probable that this idea gre~ weaker and weaker as time passed. This 1a showb by the deponent (middle) endings of naecor, obl1v1scor, !,raaoor. In S!?a.nish it is interesting to note that nacer is generally not reflexive. If, however, the verb must indicate a springing up (as of flowers) the reflexive is used. --In .Vulgrir Ls tin .!Q2 became so weak as to be incorporated.into the oonj~gatin of Provencal and Fren·ch verbs w1 thout any meaning whatsoev~r (Fr. finlr, finieaalt, finisae, finiesa~t). Such· a weakening accounts for the assumption of the. reflexive by the great majority of the Spanish descendants of Latin inoeptlvea: enro.lecers·E!, ennegrecerse, entriste- 2er~2· These being felt to mean to become red or lg-make .Q!}~S self red are used a.lso as trans1t1vea .to make red, etc. Those Spanish 1noept1ves referring to bodily functions and to actions of the weather generally do not have the -46- and emotional aot!vity 1s not, I think, out of place. !!.B~in~ abhor adulor flatter a.emulor rival .!.£. , ,g. !rbi tror think !!,!2ern£!: .despise aversor dislike !.£• .£.Q.Btemplor view attentively ~· criminor complain of .!£• of thing, d. of person ·.9-.*sno~ d.eem worthy filor1Q! boast, brag abl., de ill• indlgnor disdain inf~tior deny ac. jnteroretor explain laetor rejoice. acc., abl.t de, in ab1·., poet. with gem. la.mentor bewail meditor meditate miror admire · (miro wonder, also existed (ante-class.)) !.£ • ' de ill· mieeror pity .Q..Qinor think ~Qicq~ suspect ve'neror worship f~!!~,. oonfiteor confess .!~Q.!: fear .!£.£• ,_g. ,2!perg1ecor awake !:r~Q£ enjoy abl. -47-. iraecor get angry d. reminlacor remembe~ 5. E~t1or suffer gueror ·o6mpla1n !£•, ·de ~· ulciscor avenge a~eent1or assent bland1~r flatter }!!nt1or lie · audeo aussus sum dare !!£•, .!!!!· ga.u~ gavisu.@_ sum ·rejoice ~9leo sol1tus !~ accustom !M.Q. fisus ~ trust g·. condfido confieua sdm ~· trust ,', I have added to the moat important the cases ln which a following noun is generally fo_und. An analys1s of tha moat imports.mt verbs will nov1 be made. !£ordarse. (ac-cordo) This verb 1e used chiefly 1n the Cid to mean £9nven1r, eoneree de acuerdo·. This new formation has preserved in th.a· reflexive and in the preposition ~ before a following object the chief oharaoter1at1cs of .tteniniscor: -48- rem1n1soeretur veteris incommodl popu11 Romani. a.labarse.:: (*alapar1) One prais<:?B one's sE~lf' as one would some one else. alegrarse (de) (alegre) "make one's self happy 0 • The influence of laetor or the idea in La.tin verbs of being happy is apparent: (la.etor) de salute oommuni (Cicero). arrepentirae. ( £!_) • (a re poeni tere) poeni tare. ( paeni tare) was used very frequently as impersonal: non paenitereme conail)l de tua· mansione (Cicero). It was also used a~ active and neuter. Such a phrase as ~ arrepiente was perhaps used in early times and became mixed w1 th arrepiento-; me arrep1ento. Thia tendency is discussed under Latin 1mperaonals. !!_Ustarae. ( austo). . .. to frighten one' a self, b~~ome, be frightened". 'rhis fo~m and similar ones --!.!!Q.!!!- brarse (a.sombre), atorrilentarse ( tormenta) • · : . horroriza.rse, molestarse, sofooarae, complacerse, contenarse, desengana.rse offer:no special difficulty. atreverse (a}. {Lat. at'-tribuo [Kort1ng1). The influence of audeo 'aussus sum . seems to be certain. The Classic writers hesitate between atreverse and atrever. Osar (from aus-are) seems, never to have been reflexive. -51- 'In Latin. there were ·a. number of verbs or mental ~ctivity regurta.rly used as ·1mpe.re6na.ls: interest, oonstat (w1 thC>ut personal objec,t• :Qf• 'me cons·ta), ·.placet (cf. · · o. Sp. me place de) , expedi t, .11bet, licet, o portet. Fht.ctua~ion between impe.rsonal and personal .use is noted by ~r~eg~r:(r. ·164 .ff.) 1 who merit!orie the foll6~1ng interesting verbs: " · · Interest was in older Latin onll pe~sorial. Conven1t was used both impersonally and· pel:!sonally (eignum• quod oC?rivenerat). Discrepa.t was used personally by Ltvy. Succedere was used·paeoively by Cicero: succe~etur ill~a. Decet,' oondecet, interest, 'refert, pudet, plge~, poen1tet, mtseret, misereacet, lubet. lucetbecame personal: "~e quidem ha.eo condit1o nunc non poenitet (Flatus). --neque . m1'b1 ven1et in mentem--invidere meque poeni tere (Cicero). ••Intranslt1ves at times ·form~d personal paas~vea·: oredor instead of m,_hi '.Ol"Sditur; 1nv1deor instead Of invidetur milli · persuader!, suader1·, ~'etc_. 'The :span1ah olvidar is cf g.t·s~t 1nterest since 1 t may be ~;~ed in three ways: olvido· lo que. di.lo, ~ olvido de . . lo qu·e diJo. l!.!. ·~ olvida 1£ gue di.lo. Obl1v1scor (ob 11vor; livere to become-darlt; hence, to have the mind darkened) may· have (as ·Lindsay suggests• See Impersonal passives) o;riginally been. m1h1 obl1v1sc1tur it darkens itself to me. ·As happened to· so many impersonale and 1mpersonal-p~as1vee the impersonal becomes :.'perso~al: obl1v1soor." It ~s not too much, I th1nk, .. :to assume that both personal and impersonal us·es existed ·in Vulgar La.tin. m1h1 obl1visc1tur· · ae me olvida, -52- oblivisoor me olvido, and in :the case of olvido the verb has ·devel9ped one step further. 1 (Fr. oubl1er, J'a1 oubl1e. ·er. se souvenir• _JJ! ~ souviena, !! !!!!! souvient). Aoordarae (oor,heart, considered the seat of the memory), being a new formation is middle~reflex1ve and, having no old form like mihi obl1v1sc1tur, has evidently modelled ae me auuerda .---...... ' - ~ ---- on ·~ ~ olv1da. a.nd similar express1ons. --~ !fil!. ocurre is a purely Classical Latin expression: ooourr1tur autem _nob1s (Cicero)_, ooourritur (mihi} (Cicero). ~ le antoJa (ante ojo) is not d1:tf1oult to understand: "It places II itself before his eyes. --orrecers~: opportune te obtu- liste mihi obv1am. For~ 12. vino, fil! ill viene see ven1r. ---Admirar like olvidar is used in three ways. Admiro la fel1o1dad de los ingleses, me admire de •••. , me adm1ra la r .... Lat. m1ror and adm1ror were both deponent but the old form ~ is also found. Admiror took both accusative and de abl. (de Dionysio sum adm1rntua). _M!! adm1ra may be a remnant of an old La.tin use of {!d)m1r~ astonish (m1h1 adm1rat, like m1hl interest, then m1hi·\me) admiro admiror). Thia rather theoretioal treatment of olvidarse and adm1rarse is 1n line w1th the theory paopounded by Lindsay, which I have discussed under ImpersQ.!!!1 verbs. Passive Construction !!..!.1h Verbs 2! Emotion Expressions like the following are met with frequently: cEstas enfadada oonmigo? (Palacio Valdes} -53- Dative of Interest {so-called) aprovecharse de (provecho) creerae. .. Credor is used by Virgil and Ovid for m1h1 cred1 tur ( Draeger I, 168) • todo se lo orey6 don Quijote (I, 3). merecerse, mereo and mereor are both much used in Classical Latin. Sino fuera el respeto que se mereoe una dama (Espronoeda). · · , valerse. Valeo is not usec· as .deponent, middle, or reflexive. Perhaps valesoo (grow st·rong) may not have been w1thout·1nfluence. (See Inoept1ves) Valeaoo is not used by Cicero but Ta.citus'uses it frequently. Valer could, of course, as many other verbs take on a reflexive to acquire the idea or becoming. El Alt!simo, ademas, se vale a menudo de los . debilea para sua g~andes victorlas (Valera). Richter says {.Q.E• cit., 138) that there la no doubt that in all 1d1omat1c reflexives we have to do with accusative objects. Exceptions to· this a.re verbs like oensan, 1ma.g1nar, arometer, dec1r, permitir which ta.lte dative objects because we say le digo, ~ prometo, 1& permito, Fr. je lui die, etc. In the case of creerse this does not seem to be true. Credor, being a substitute for !!!!!!.!. cred1tur is equivalent to credo !!!!h!.• --In the case of valerse, merecerse I believe the reflexive is accusative. se vale de los deb1les.:-makes himself strong by (with, by means of) the weak. De as a sign of the agent -56- can be done by an external as well as an internal force the reflexive may be used: se llevo el paiiuelo a los ojos .~ baj6 la voz. It is not rare for someone to dry another's eyes,_ -but no one can lower another' a voice. -57- v. The Reflexive With Verbs or Effort. Some common La.tin deponents of effort are pugilar1 (fight). !_iacula.ri (hurl),, defungi (acquit one's self, ·discharge)~ conar1 try);. operarl (bestow pains ·on something). : abstenerse. (abatineo). Se abstuvo de tomar un·a. resalucion precipitada (Valera). Lat. abstineo was origina.11y· active,, construed with a11guem or eel re or ab re. The lntransitlve became ~ ....-.... ................... usual ln the Augustan period se abstinere. Ex. me astreis.et muraenis facile abstinebaJjl (Cicero). (abstlnere) se arm1s. c1bo. etc.· ( L1vy 1 Caesar)• eeforaa.rse. {fuerza). The inceptive fortosco ex!sted-=- become brave {used by Laevius~ 100 B. C~). empeiiarse. (1n~p1gnoro generally given as the etymon oponerse. J2roponerse. of empefiar does not, I think, appl,l' to empenar.se. The verb probably comes from pena _(crag, steep ascent).. Tbe original uae may have been in military language or it may have been a f'iguX'utive term used ln the church and elsewhere: to put one's self on top. surmount, overcome difflculties. (oppono). 0 per1cula lntendantur,. formldines opponantur (Cicero).. hls quattuor causis totidem medic1nae opponantur (Cicero). si V. no se opone (Valera). (propono) ~ .'Eropono was ·~sed impersonally to mean purpot;tJ·,· tn+.end: cum id m1h1 propoaitum mi tio non ·ru1sseit {Cicero). -58- som.eterse. (summitto). ut 11, qul superiores aunt, summittere Se debent in ani1c1t1a (Cicero). ' . . . . "Mo hay.cosa que envejezoa·y arruine mas el br1o y la fortaleza de los hombres que esta . . servidumbre~ a que por raro m1ster1o, se someten ti ' muchos (Valera). ;...61- It generally matters very little whethar one is freed ·by · external or personal force. ·We are interested chiefly , 1ri the freedom. In English when we say .t h.e got tree' we do not make clear the manner of his becoming free. --To avpid ambigUity the following mode of expression is used: se llbr6 al conde, ae·mat.Q.·!!_los or1st1anoa (not se mats.ban a los crlstianoa). This passive-reflexlve use ls discussed well and fully in Ramsey: Textbook,. Bello- OUervo. the Academy Gramme.~ and other standard works. The position or the reflexive in the sentence deserves some notice. If the verb is.purely reflexive or can be construed as reflexive in meaning the verb may occupy an·Y position 1 t o,a.res to,. However, 1n ,the few oases wh.ere the verb 1s unmistakably passive in meaning, the reflexive verb comes at .the beginning of' the clause. -..:La rel1g16n no ae of'recio a su mente por el lado. ·del amor (Valera) • Pintose en el rastro del marques la aor- preaa (Pardo Bazan). El aderezo se devol vera { 11wlll oome back~')., The reflexive here is equivalent to an . 1ntrana1t1ve.) Esta. idea no se apartaba un punto de su lmaglnao16n.. Don Juan de Iscar se ret1r6 a este oastlllo. · --In the~e examples the reflexive is nowhere a true passive. Ir the true passive sense 1s to be given we have: De pronto ae oye un golpe en el suelo {Eapronoeda). se oy6 un gr1to (Gald6s), etc. --So -62- with the house .!J! ~·we ordinarily say: Se vende la casa. _for la case. se vend.e m1gbt imply that the ·house sells l.tself' ti. e. through some merit it possesses} • .Likewise Sa puso el ngua en el va.so rather than El agua se puso (which might mean that the water got in of its own accord) • A probable explanation of this tendenoy to put passive constructions first 1a the following: In ~ dice,, ~ habla;. aev1ve., etc. 7 the~ occupies both in position, use, and meaning the place of subject oT the aen'tence. Hence on any other occasion where ~ becomes impersonal· 1 t s·eelts the place of subject of the sentence. In sp1 te of' a.11 et.forts aiad.e to keep se from being considered as an impersonal subject pronoun~ it seems to be more and more on -the road to 1 ts f'inal and logical end: a recognized equal or .Q!! and (Ger.) ~· T he people say for ~ venden !egumbres~ '.!!!! vende lesum9res. ---The best of' writers use !!,!! as a subject pronoun. --Si no f'uera.por estos sustos na.da me quedarf.a. que ape- tecer; pero - en que r1nc6n _de la peninsula se v1ve tranqu11o? (Mo rs.tin,. cl ted by Cueryo, Gram., Note 106) Hoy sa vive. de una manera~ y maiiana de otra, y cada dia de la auya, agora a.legre" y luego triste, y despuea enfermo tambfen. (Le6n~ cited by Cuervo., Gram.• Note 106) .;;.-Cuando ~ estti '. ricor ~ !!.!! crtiel £Q.g_ ]&§. desva.lldos ·1s labe1led a ba.rb~~l~~-· The writing of the comtemporary · -63- journa11st Julio Camba is full -of these '*barbarlsmen., It is to hoped that the wise Spanish public will come to accept se on a par with .QB and gain for 1tael.f a means . . ot expressing indefinite subjects which English has so . long sought in vain. --T~e ideal system would be: . se viva f'eliz, se vende legumbrea, .. se vlo al hombre. The follow.lng two uses of reflexlve~paaslve are of interest. I take the liberty to.quote them from Belle- Cuervo (~:ote 106). Tamblen se deaterraron a los que acompanaron el estandarte auetriaco (M. de San Felipe). --luego. se les clto por el obiapo (for fueron citadoa por el o~) (Cartas de Ledn Y Castilla)~ -66- Grandgent~ c. H.: Introduction !Q. Vu1gar Latin. Mev1 York. 1907. Grober, Ch.: . Grundriss der romanischen Philologie (3 vol.). ·Strassburg. 1888-1901. Hanasen 1 F.: Gramatica, H1st6r1ca, de la Lengua Castellana, Halle_a. s •• 1913. Kort1ng. a.: · La.teinisch-Roma.nisches ~:orterbuch,, Paderhorn. 1907. Lindsay: !h~ Ia.tin Lane;uage, Oxford, 1894. Merlnger: lndoge.rman!eche S2rachw1saenachaft, Leipzig,_ 1903. Meyer-L\ibke: Qrammaire dee Langues Homaines (4 vol.). Par1s~ 1906. :Romanischas Worterbuch, Haidelberg, l9lx. Muller: ~ Passive Volce 1n VulgarLatin: Romania Rev1elt XV., 68. Piataoh: Zur St)aniachen Gramma.tlk ( Zeltschrlft fur romanisohe Philologie, x:xxv~ 167-179). f:. Textbook of Modern Spanish. New York, 1925. H1ehter~ Elisa: Zur Entwlcklung ~ reflexiven Auadruck l!! Roma111schen. ( Zeitschrift., XXXIII. 135). noby, H. J.: ~Grammar or· th~ Latin language from Plautus ~ suatonlus, _!...ondon and new York~ 1886-87. Smythe, H• W.: Greek Grammar for Col leg~!!• New York, 1916. -67..;. sbmmer.:' F.·:- Handbueh ~ Lateln1schen ~- und Formen- . Lehre •.. He1delbe:eg$ 1902 ... Umphrey: Aragonese Dialect (Revue !Uepa.n1que·., XX!Vi 38) ~. Zauner~ A.d Romanlsche Spra.chwissenschart (2 vol.)'' ... Berlin und Leipzig,. 1921., 1924~. Menendez P1dal~ R •. : Canta~ de . Mio q1d. Madrid; I, 1908; II, 1911. : Eoema ~ Mio ·Q.Ml, Madrid~ ·1923. ' ' Alvarez 1~ulntero: La· Re.la {Teatro Comp1eto, Vol. I, !.!adr1d# 1923) • Blasco Iba.fiez, V.: Cuatro Jinetes ~ !}.Eoea.lipeis • Madrid, no date. Cervantes: Don Qu1Jote ~ ~ l.!anche. (Sopena Publisher), Barcelona. no date. Eapronceda: Sancho Saldana. !<1adrid, 1914. Palacio Valdes: Marta y_ ?!aria, Madrid,_ 1895· Pardo Bazan: Los'Pazos ~Ulloa (Obras Completas, III),. Madrid, no de.ta. Valera: El Comendador Mendoza (Obras Completas, VII), no da.te or place of publication. -68- Index acercarse 17 acoserse 17 acoraarse 4~ 4 J:tc 1, 48 aoostaraa 39,- 4o acostumbrarse 40 adelantarse 17 admirars~ 52 alaba.rse ~8 ,.: albergarse .37 aleJarse .4S a.ndarse i7· an teo ,laraa 52 apartarse ·17 apresurarse 17 a12ropincuarae 17 aprovechanse 53 apreuentlrse 48 arr1I1oonarse 17 aauatarse 48 atreverse 48 burlarae 49 oalla.rse 40, 41 ·' . 39 cogerae 18 comerse 39 conservarse 37 creerse 53 · dar salto ~9 Dative of Interest deponents in Latin 5, 6 and passive ·7 desoed.irse 19 ~acarse 37 desviarse 17 de ten~ 17. eoharseias 1f9 empefia.roe 57 encenderae 4r enf adarse 49 esforzarsa 57 entrarse 18 esoed1rse 19 53 esta.rse 32, 33,· 34,. 35