Overview of Substance Use Disorders: Intoxication, Abuse, Dependence, and Alcohol, Study notes of Abnormal Psychology

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Substance-Related Disorders Substance Intoxication – immediate or initial effects of a substance Substance Abuse – continued use of a substance despite repeated occurrence of significant adverse consequences Work problems Family problems Legal problems ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Substance-Related Disorders Substance Dependence – more intense use of a substance to the point of marked social or occupational dysfunction and physiological dependence: – Tolerance: requires more and more of the substance to produce the same effects OR same amount of drugs produces diminished effects – Withdrawal: unpleasant physiological or psychological symptoms that occur after the individual stops using the substance. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Substance-Related Disorders Substance Dependence – More use or longer use than intended – Recognition of excessive use but unable to reduce usage – Substance use continues despite problems caused by the drug ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Alcohol One of the only legally sanctioned drugs in the United States. One of the most abused drugs in U.S. Alcohol is absorbed through the small intestine and metabolized in the liver Biphasic effects – Initial stimulating effect – After BAL peaks and begins decline, works as a depressant ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Alcohol Immediate effects include: – Relief of tension and inhibitions through blocking of GABA receptors in the frontal lobe – Continued consumption leads to alcohol intoxication, which inhibits motor movement by influencing GABA receptors in the cerebellum – Expectancy effects ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Facts about Alcohol  18 million cases of alcoholism per year  20,000 new cases per year  77% of men and 60% of women drink – 20% men, 8% women alcohol dependent  Highest % of drinkers are 21-34  Involved in 16,000 highway deaths/year (1997)  1/3 of suicides have alcohol involved  50% of homicides, child abuse, and sex offenses occur under the influence ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Treatment Difficult, but first step entails admitting that there is in fact a problem and seeking help. Traditional Hospital Treatment – Usually includes one month of detox. Problem is that is often the end of treatment. Most psychologists won’t take alcoholic case unless the client has gone through detox. Antabuse – A drug that causes violent vomiting when combined with alcohol. Based on basic principles of classical and operant conditioning ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Treatment Alcoholics Anonymous – Self-help group that focuses on recovering alcoholics. – Emotional social support and 12 step program has an obvious spiritual and religious overtone. – Doesn’t help everyone  no data to evaluate the effectiveness because it’s anonymous Controlled/Moderated drinking ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Cigarettes Dried leaves of tobacco plant introduced by Native Americans 45 million Americans smoke – Overall decreasing trend (down 25% since 1965) Cigarettes are addictive!!!! – Addictive agent = nicotine – Reinforcing effects = stimulates dopamine in mesolimbic region of brain  Decreases appetite  Relaxes and decreases anxiety ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Who Smokes?  AGE – Smoking increasing in teenagers since 1991 – People beginning younger – Lowest rate among those over 75  Gender – Fewer females quitting, women use it to aid diet  Race – High rates among Native Americans – African Americans more strongly addicted (more/deeper puffs)  SES – Higher among less educated, blue collar workers – Lowest among college graduates ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Harmful Effects Harmful components – nicotine, carbon monoxide, tar (carcinogens) – Cancer (lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth) – Emphysema – Contributes to heart disease (MI) 430,000 users die early each year 1 of 6 deaths attributable to smoking (1100 per day) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Harmful Effects Kills more Americans than combination of : – AIDS, Car accidents, Cocaine, Crack, Heroin, Suicide Second Hand Smoke – Higher concentration of ammonia, CO, nicotine, tar – 50,000 deaths per year due to this Lung cancer, allergies – Non-smokers living with smokers, wait-staff, children of smokers, babies exposed prenatally ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Cannabis (Marijuana) Dried leaves of the hemp plant Smoked, chewed or put into tea or baked goods. Used for treatment of arthritis, gout and depression in 1800’s. Intoxication begins with a “high” feeling then – inappropriate laughter and grandiosity – lethargy – impairment in short term memory, judgment, and motor performance – distorted sensory perceptions and distortions of time perception. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Physiological effects bloodshot eyes, dry mouth increased appetite elevated blood pressure & heart rate decreasing lung capacity decreased sperm count some problems with ovulation and birth defects ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Cannabis-Marijuana Active ingredient is THC – Most contains .4-.6% of THC. – Stored in fat cells so it stays in the body for a long time and may cause reverse tolerance in frequent users. Increased health effects of carcinogens because of the method of inhaling: One Joint = 4-10 cigarettes ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Stimulants Referred to as “uppers” – Amphetamines – Cocaine - natural stimulant from the coca plant. Amphetamines – Synthesized in 1927 for treatment of asthma. Also, to control and treat depression. Given to soldiers in order to fight fatigue. Common forms include benzedrine, dexedrine and methedrine (the strongest). – Influence the NE and DA receptor system in the brain, as does cocaine. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Amphetamines (continued) – Results in increased wakefulness, alertness and elevation in mood and self-confidence. – High doses have significant effects in the CNS. – Are extremely addictive, and long term use is dangerous and destructive. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Cocaine  Leaves of the coca bush that grows in the Andes Mountains in South America – Cocaine was first extracted in 1884. – First used as an anesthetic for surgery. – Freud used it to fight depression.  CNS stimulant that produces – euphoria, increased energy, enhanced mental alertness, – increased sensory awareness, – decreased appetite, decreased need for sleep, – increased self-confidence, impaired judgment – loss of motivation. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Cocaine  Can be sniffed, smoked, swallowed or injected.  Very expensive and highly addictive.  Withdrawal is severe and episodes of craving are long lasting. – Clonidine may ease withdrawal but does nothing to prevent future use. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hallucinogens - LSD  LSD - Colorless, tasteless and odorless material that was first synthesized by Albert Hoffman in 1938.  Effects immediately last 8-12 hours – euphoria, quick shifts in mood – altered awareness of the color shape and size of objects. – time perception is altered – confusion, disorganization, – intense emotions that can’t be labeled, panic or anxiety and fears of losing control. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ The most serious effects of LSD are – paranoid symptoms and psychosis resembling schizophrenia – severe depression that occasionally leads to suicide attempts. Effects are unpredictable and influenced by the person’s personality and situational factors. Users may experience flashbacks, an unpredictable recurrence of the psychedelic experience long after the effects of the day have worn off. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________