Substance-Related Disorders - Abnormal Psychology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Abnormal Psychology

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Substance-Related Disorders docsity.com Substance-Related Disorders • Result from the use of psychoactive substances that affect the central nervous system, cause significant social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems, and sometimes result in abuse or dependence. • User may become a danger to others. • Drug use may result in criminal activities. – Those things are expensive! • Use of one substance may lead to use of other substances. • Most prevalent among youths and young adults. docsity.com Substance-Related Disorders • Substance Abuse: Maladaptive pattern of recurrent use that: – Extends over a period of 12 months. – Leads to notable impairment or distress. –Continues despite social, occupational, psychological, physical or safety problems. docsity.com Substance-Related Disorders • Substance Dependence: Maladaptive pattern of use over 12-month period, characterized by: –Unsuccessful efforts to control use, despite knowledge of harmful effects. – Takes more of substance than intended. –Devotes considerable time to activities necessary to obtain the substance. docsity.com Substance-Related Disorders • Tolerance: Increasing doses are necessary to achieve desired effect. docsity.com Substance-Use Disorders • Physical Dependence: State of body such that bodily processes become modified & produce physical withdrawal symptoms when drug is removed. • Psychological Dependence: A compulsion which requires continued use of a drug for some pleasurable effect. docsity.com Characteristics of Various Psychoactive Substances Potential for Drugs Short-Term Effects? Dependency Sedatives Alcohol Central nervous system (CNS) Moderate depressant, loss of inhibitions Narcotics (codeine, morphine, CNS depressant, pain relief High heroin, opium, methadone) Barbiturates (amytal, nembutal, seconal) Benzodiazepines (Valium) Stimulants Amphetamines (Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methedrine) Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine and crack Hallucinogens Marijuana, hashish LSD PCP NY Specific effects often depend on the quality and dosage of the drug, as well as on the experience, expectancy, personality, and situation of the person using the drug. CNS depressant, sleep inducer CNS depressant, anxiety relief CNS energizer, euphoria CNS energizer, alertness CNS energizer CNS energizer, euphoria Relaxant, euphoria Hallucinatory agent Hallucinatory agent Moderate to high Low High Low High High Moderate Low Moderate docsity.com TABLE 9.1 DISORDERS CHART SUBSTANCE- RELATED DISORDER Depressants or Sedatives (Nonalcohol) Alcohol EFFECTS Central nervous system depressant Sleep inducer Anxiety relief PREVALENCE OF ABUSE/ DEPENDENCE % ez 8.0-14.0 GENDER DIFFERENCES Higher in females for certain sedatives 5 times higher in males 3 to 4 times higher in males AGE OF ONSET Variable First drink in mid-teens; peak in 20s/30s Any age but usually in late teens/early 20s Stimulants Cocaine Central nervous system energizer Euphoria Alertness 3 to 4 times higher in males No gender differences observed Teens or young adults Young adults Hallucinogens Marijuana, LSD, PCP e Hallucinations Heightened awareness Increased insight 4.4 3 times higher in males Higher in males Teens or young adults Teens to young adults docsity.com docsity.com (Windle:s Wind! Gobel ‘a Sobel, mental disorders ‘devel problems.ai atsol i 1999}. Does this mean: become antisocial oF ‘maladjusted: a a ti i f and therefore prone ta drug use? Whe : { { drugs—ai ‘sucht as drug Use. and antisocial. “diets only. a sai times ‘interestingly, t telated, what kinds of eousal inf tionally constricted, “One way: of xa mina thi longitudinal study. As: mentioned a period of time tf longit i characteristic oF ‘behavior occurs belo: be certain that drig use did not cause example, Sher, Bartholowa “persortality: chatactiristics oft their subsequent degree ‘of su docsity.com Depressants or Sedatives • Cause generalized depression of the central nervous system and a slowing down of responses. • Include, among other substances: –Alcohol –Narcotics –Barbiturates –Benzodiazepines docsity.com Alcohol Use • Alcohol consumption around the world: – 11% of U.S. adults consume 1 oz or more of alcohol per day; 55% drink more than 3 drinks per week; 35% abstain. – In the U.S, 50% of total alcohol consumed is drunk by only 10% of drinkers, especially ages 18-25. – Varies according to cultural traditions and gender (in U.S. men drink 2-5 times as much as women). – In the U.S., problems in social, medical, physical, and financial costs. – Psychological effects of alcohol depend on the context of drinking. docsity.com Gender, Ethnic, and Age Differences in Self-Reports of Alcohol Use During a One-Month Period docsity.com Blood Alcohol Level as a Function of Number of Drinks Consumed and Body Weight docsity.com “Club Drugs” • Used by 70% of attendees at dance clubs and raves attended by young people. – Stimulants: Ecstasy/MDMA, LSD, GHB, ketamine, methamphetamine (responsible for largest number of emergency room visits) –Benzodiazepines: Rohypnol (“Roofies” or the “date-rape” drug) • Ecstasy can cause cardiovascular failure, higher heart rate and blood pressure, heart wall stress, and cognitive deficits. docsity.com Stimulants • Stimulant: Central nervous system energizer, inducing elation, grandiosity, hyperactivity, agitation, and appetite suppression. • Amphetamines: Drugs that speed up CNS activity and produce increased alertness, energy, and sometimes feelings of euphoria and confidence (“uppers”). – Prevalence: 2% of U.S. adults at some time in their lives suffer amphetamine use/abuse; more male than female (3-4:1), more for low SES • Caffeine is also a stimulant. docsity.com Stimulants • Nicotine: Most commonly associated with cigarette smoking, which accounts for 1/6 of deaths in the U.S. and is the single most preventable cause of death. – Prevalence: ~30% Americans over the age of 11 currently use tobacco products • Symptoms of nicotine dependence: – Unsuccessful attempts to stop or reduce use – Attempts to stop lead to withdrawal symptoms – Continued use despite serious physical disorder (e.g., emphysema) docsity.com Stimulants • Cocaine: Substance extracted from coca plant that induces feelings of euphoria and self-confidence in users (followed by depression). –Chronic abuse: Neurophysiological changes in CNS and premature ventricular heartbeats and death. • Crack: Purified, potent form of cocaine produced by heating cocaine with ether. docsity.com Stimulants Cocaine Sending Vesicles — neuron containing , neurotrans Action mitters / >) \ potential Synaptic / 2 \ gap aN Neuro- i NY, transmitter S molecule Recep’ ceiving neur¢ : sites euptake $9 (a) (b) () Neurotransmitters carrya — The sending neuron By binding to the sites that message from a sending normally reabsorbs normally reabsorb neurotransmitter neuron across a synapse excess neurotransmitter molecules, cocaine blocks reuptake to receptor sites ona molecules, aprocess of dopamine, norepinephrine, and receiving neuron. called reuptake. serotonin (Ray & Ksir, 1990). The extra neurotransmitter molecules therefore remain in the synapse, intensifying their normal mood-altering effects and producing a euphoric rush. When the cocaine level drops, the absence of these neurotransmitter produces a crash. docsity. com Hallucinogens • Hallucinogen: Produces hallucinations, vivid sensory awareness, heightened alertness, or perceptions of increased insight. • Marijuana: The mildest and most commonly used hallucinogen. • Prevalence: 40% over the age of 12 have used at some point (most commonly: ages 18-30), more common for males • Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) • Phencyclidine (PCP) docsity.com Substance Use Disorders Etiology • Biological: Heredity and congenital factors – Two types of alcoholism • Familial: Family history of alcoholism, suggesting genetic predisposition • Non-familial: Suggesting environmental factors • Sociocultural factors • Behavioral Factors – Anxiety Reduction – Learned expectancies – Reduces tension docsity.com Percent of twelfth graders Substance Use Disorders Etiology _Perceived "great risk of harm" in marijuana use De laee ssl eleribbaeeedh me tic meet sce dh cpeiateced sentieet hiceeibieeteee the dice lmelcendieetsaamteetl 75 ‘77 ‘79 '81 '83. '85 ‘87 '89 '91 '93 '95 ‘97 '99 Year docsity.com Substance-Use Disorders Etiology • Ainslie-Rachlin Model • Assumes that value functions can be best described parabolically. kD A V   1 docsity.com Substance-Use Disorders Intervention and Treatment • Two phases: –Removal of abusive substance – Long-term maintenance without the substance • Detoxification: Alcohol or drug treatment phase characterized by removal of the abusive substance, after which the user is immediately or eventually prevented from consuming the substance. docsity.com Substance-Use Disorders Intervention and Treatment • Self-help Groups: Alcoholics Anonymous helps many alcoholics; Al-Anon and Alateen offer support to adults and teens living with alcoholics. • Pharmacological: Use of chemical substances (e.g., Antabuse) to produce aversion to drug. –Often combined with psychotherapy to develop coping skills and alternative life patterns. docsity.com Substance-Use Disorders Intervention and Treatment • Methadone is used to wean heroin addicts by preventing withdrawal symptoms, but not producing the euphoric effects. • Disulfiram is used for alcohol addiction, it interferes with the metabolism of alcohol, thus producing unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed. • The rat on right has been given a drug which interferes with the action of the drug, thus eliminating the motivation for drinking. docsity.com Substance-Use Disorders Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions and Treatment • Relaxation and systematic desensitization • Motivational: Important and realistic goal setting • Stress management and cognitive restructuring; coping with negative emotions and stress • Response prevention • Controlled drinking: Controversial docsity.com Substance-Use Disorders Other Interventions and Treatments • Multimodal treatment • Prevention programs –Discourage use before it begins – Education –Media exposure docsity.com Substance-Use Disorders Effectiveness of Treatment • Effective, but some studies suggest outcomes have been modest. • Some individuals recover on their own without treatment. • No single “best” treatment: Find the best combination of treatments for particular individuals with substance use disorders. docsity.com