Substance-Related Disorders: Definitions, Prevalence, and Treatments, Study notes of Abnormal Psychology

Download Substance-Related Disorders: Definitions, Prevalence, and Treatments and more Study notes Abnormal Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Substance-Related Disorders Chapter 9 1. Something to think about… a. Can you use drugs and not abuse them? b. Can you abuse drugs and not become addicted to them? c. Can dependence be present without abuse? 2. Substance-Related Disorders a. Substance-related disorders: results from the use of psychoactive substances that affect the CNS b. Causes significant social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems c. And sometimes results in abuse and dependence d. Intoxication: substance affects CNS and certain maladaptive behaviors occur or physiological changes are evident e. DSM IV-TR divides substance abuse disorders into i. Actual substance used ii. And whether there is abuse or dependence 3. Abuse a. A. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: i. (1) recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home ii. (2) recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous iii. (3) recurrent substance-related legal problems iv. (4) continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance b. B. The symptoms have never met the criteria for Substance Dependence for this class of substance 4. Dependence a. A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period: i. (1) tolerance, as defined by either of the following: 1. a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve Intoxication or desired effect 2. markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance ii. (2) Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: 1. (a) the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance (refer to Criteria A and B of the criteria sets for Withdrawal from the specific substances) 2. (b) the same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms 3. (3) the substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended 4. (4) there is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use 5. (5) a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects 6. (6) important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use 7. (7) the substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance 8. Specify if: a. With Physiological Dependence: evidence of tolerance or withdrawal (i.e., either Item 1 or 2 is present) b. Without Physiological Dependence: no evidence of tolerance or withdrawal (i.e., neither Item 1 nor 2 is present) 9. Substance dependence: several symptoms over 12 month period a. Unable to cut down/stop despite knowing harm b. Increasing amounts and frequency c. Considerable time dedicated to drug use d. Tolerance: increasing dose for same high e. Withdrawal: distress/impairment (physical and psychological) with removal of drug 5. Types of Drugs a. Drug Categories i. Depressants ii. Stimulants iii. Hallucinogens iv. Polysubstance Dependence b. Depressants i. Depressants: cause a slowing down of the CNS 1. Alcohol a. Commonly referred to as Alcoholics i. Needs drink to function ii. Unable to drink moderately; “binge drinking ii. Narcotics: depressant the reduced pain and anxiety; highly addictive; feelings of euphoria 1. Examples: heroin and morphine iii. Barbiturates: “downer”; used to be described for sleep and relaxation iv. Benzodiazepines: depressant; reduces anxiety and muscle tension 1. Examples: valium and Xanax c. Stimulants i. Stimulants: CNS energizer, induces elation, hyperactivity, agitation, appetite suppression ii. Amphetamines: “uppers”; very strong increase in alertness, energy, confidence; inhibit sleep and appetite iii. Caffeine and Nicotine iv. Cocaine: extracted from Coco plant and induces euphoria and self- confidence v. Crack: purified form of Cocaine; freebase form of powder cocaine (added with ammonia or baking soda and water, heated to remove hydrochloride) and is smokable – high is experienced quicker (<10 secs.) and is cheaper. d. Hallucinogens i. Hallucinogens: drugs that cause hallucinations, vivid sensory awareness, heightened alertness, perceptions of increased insight