Summer Training Report on Core Java, Assignments of Web Programming and Technologies

Download Summer Training Report on Core Java and more Assignments Web Programming and Technologies in PDF only on Docsity! HINDUSTAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, FARAH (MATHURA) (SESSION 2020-2021) DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of requirements for the Award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology Submitted To: Submitted By: Mr. Mohit Singh Pranshi Chaurasia (1806413018) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The completion of this training work could have been possible with continued & dedicated efforts & guidance of faculty of the institute .I acknowledge our gratitude to him. The acknowledgement however will be incomplete without specific mention as follows I wish to acknowledge my deep gratitude to Mr. Tim Buchalka, teacher at Udemy for his cooperation and guidance. Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of our Prof. Mohit Singh for this encouragement & providing all the facilities in the department Finally, I would like to say that I am indebted to my parents for everything that they have done for me. All of this would have been impossible without their constant support. And I also thank to God for being kind to me and driving me through this journey. HINDUSTAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Department of Information Technology CANDIDATE DECLARATION I Pranshi Chaurasia, a student of Bachelor Of Engineering in Information Technology, Hindustan College Of Science And Technology, Farah Mathura, hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation “Industrial Training on J2SE” is the outcome of my own work, is bonafide and correct to the best of my knowledge and this work has been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any patented work and has not been submitted to any other university or anywhere else for the award of any degree or any professional diploma. Name : Pranshi Chaurasia Roll No: 1806413018 INDEX S. No. TOPIC NAME PAGE NO. SIGN. 1 Company Profile 2 Introduction to java 3 The java platform 4 Installation of java 5 Configuring Variable 6 Write, compile and run a java program 7 Package 8 Class and object 9 Inheritance 10 Variable and method 11 Modifiers and import Statement 12 Interface 13 Working with classes 14 IDE 15 History of java 16 Features of java COMPANY PROFILE Udemy Community, In these times of challenge and change, Udemy’s mission to improve lives through learning is more vital than ever. We remain committed to providing people around the world affordable access to the skills needed to meet the demands of our changing world. Since Udemy’s founding over a decade ago, we’ve enabled our expert instructor community to create, host, and share over 15,000 free courses with students around the world. We’re grateful every day for the thousands of Udemy instructors helping millions of people find purpose and passion. Today, we released the Udemy Free Resource Center, a place where individual learners can find a curated collection of over 150 free Udemy courses to help people everywhere face new challenges and opportunities and do whatever comes next. In addition, organizational leaders can access free content and register for virtual events to help them lead their organizations through change. In this resource center, learners will find courses to help them adapt to working from home, search for a job, stay active and maintain balance while spending time at home. As the world changes and our course catalog evolves, we’ll add new courses and more resources for leaders on an ongoing basis. Gregg Coccari Udemy CEO Introduction to Java With the invention of microprocessors, the world is scientifically developed with sophisticated equipments, systems, and devices. Microprocessors are used in computers, televisions, and fax machines. Even the hand-held devices such as pagers, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant), and cell phones make use of microprocessors. All these electronic devices are helpful because of their communication capabilities. With the increasing capabilities and decreasing cost of information processing and networking technologies, the network is growing rapidly for transmitting information through electronic systems. Internet is the network of networks between different types of computers located at different places to transmit information. Information can reach to any place in the world quickly at a cheaper rate through the Internet. Thus, the Internet has made the world a global village for information exchange. The emerging infrastructure of electronic devices and interconnected computer networks create an environment that presents new challenges to software industries. for this emerging computing environment, Java process to be a well – suited programming language. it is found suitable for networked environments involving a great variety of computer and devices. Java has many characteristics that have contributed to its popularity:  Platform independence - Many languages are compatible with only one platform. Java was specifically designed so that it would run on any computer, regardless if it was running Windows, Linux, Mac, Unix or any of the other operating systems.  Simple and easy to use - Java's creators tried to design it so code could be written efficiently and easily.  Multi-functional - Java can produce many applications from command- line programs to applets to Swing windows (basically, sophisticated graphical user interfaces). Java does have some drawbacks. Since it has automated garbage collection, it can tend to use more memory than other similar languages. There are often implementation differences on different platforms, which have led to Java being described as a "write once, test everywhere" system. Lastly, since it uses an abstract "virtual machine", a generic Java program doesn't have access to the Native API's on a system directly. None of these issues are fatal, but it can mean that Java isn't an appropriate choice for a particular piece of software. The Java Platform One thing that distinguished Java from some other languages is its ability to run the same compiled code across multiple operating systems.In other languages, the source code (code that is written by the programmer), is compiled by a compiler into an executable file. This file is in machine language, and is intended for a single operating system/processor combination, so the programmer would have to re-compile the program seperately for each new operating system/processor combination.Java is different in that it does not compile the code directly into machine language code. Compilation creates bytecode out of the source code. Bytecode generally looks something like this: a7 f4 73 5a 1b 92 7d When the code is run by the user, it is processed by something called the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM is essentially an interpreter for the bytecode. It goes through the bytecode and runs it. There are different versions of the JVM that are compatible with each OS and can run the same code. There is virtually no difference for the end-user, but this makes it a lot easier for programmers doing software development. Java and Open Source  In 2006 Sun started to make Java available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Oracle continues this project called OpenJDK. Java Virtual Machine  The Java virtual machine (JVM) is a software implementation of a computer that executes programs like a real machine.  The Java virtual machine is written specifically for a specific operating system, e.g. for Linux a special implementation is required as well as for Windows.  Java programs are compiled by the Java compiler into bytecode. The Java virtual machine interprets this bytecode and executes the Java program. Java Runtime Environment vs. Java Development Kit  A Java distribution comes typically in two flavors, the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and the Java Development Kit (JDK).  The Java runtime environment (JRE) consists of the JVM and the Java class libraries and contains the necessary functionality to start Java programs.  The JDK contains in addition the development tools necessary to create Java programs.  The JDK consists therefore of a Java compiler, the Java virtual machine, and the Java class libraries. Installation of Java Check installation  Java might already be installed on your machine. You can test this by opening a console (if you are using Windows: Win+R, enter cmd and press Enter) and by typing in the following command:  java -version  If Java is correctly installed, you should see some information about your Java installation. If the command line returns the information that the program could not be found, you have to install Java. Installing the Java Development Kit  Before installing the Java Development Kit (JDK), you should probably know what it is. It is distributed by Oracle. It contains the core libraries and compiler required to develop Java. The JDK should not be confused with the JRE (Java Runtime Environment). The JRE is a JVM for running, as opposed to compiling, Java programs. For Macintosh  Apple sets everything up for you. Sit back and relax.  The only drawback is that because Apple handles development and maintenance of Java on the Mac, there is usually a delay from the time that a new version is released by Sun and the time that the new version is released on the Mac. Also, getting the latest version sometimes requires an operating system upgrade.  Oh well, you can't have everything. Validate Installation  Switch again to the command line and run the following command.  java -version  The output should be similar to the following output. java version "1.7.0_25"  Open JDK Runtime Environment (IcedTea 2.3.10) (7u25-2.3.10- 1ubuntu0.13.04.2)  Open JDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 23.7-b01, mixed mode) Development Process with Java  Java source files are written as plain text documents. The programmer typically writes Java source code in an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for programming. An IDE supports the programmer in the task of writing code, e.g. it provides auto-formating of the source code, highlighting of the important keywords, etc.  At some point the programmer (or the IDE) calls the Java compiler (javac). The Java compiler creates the bytecode instructions. These instructions are stored in .class files and can be executed by the Java Virtual Machine. Garbage collector  The JVM automatically re-collects the memory which is not referred to by other objects. The java garbage collector checks all object references and find the objects which can be automatically released.  While the garbage collector releases the programmer from the need to explicitly manage memory the programmer still need to ensure that he does not keep unneeded object references otherwise the garbage collector cannot release the associated memory.Keeping unneeded object references are typically called memory leaks. Classpath  The classpath defines where the Java compiler and Java runtime look for .class files to load. This instructions can be used in the Java program.  For example if you want to use an external Java library you have to add this library to your classpath to use it in your program. Write, compile and run a Java program Write source code  The following Java program is developed under Linux using a text editor and the command line. The process on other operating system should be similar and but is not covered in this description.  Select or create a new directory which will be used for your Java development. In this description the path \home\vogella\javastarter is used. On Microsoft Windows your might want to use c:\temp\javastarter. This path is called javadir in the following description. Open a text editor which supports plain text, e.g. gedit under Linux or Notepad under Windows and write the following source code. Save the source code in your javadir directory with the HelloWorld.java filename. The name of a Java source file must always equals the class name (within the source code) and end with the .java extension. In this example the filename must be HelloWorld.java because the class is called HelloWorld. Compile and run your Java program  Open a shell for command line access Switch to the javadir directory with the command cd javadir, for example in the above example via the cd\home\vogella\javastarter command. Use the ls command (dir under Microsoft Windows) to verify that the source file is in the directory. Compile your Java source file into a class file with the following command. javac HelloWorld.java Afterwards list again the content of the directory with the ls or dir command. The directory contains now a file "HelloWorld.class". If you see this file you have successfully compiled your first Java source code into bytecode. You can now start your compiled Java program. Ensure that you are still in the jardir directory and enter the following command to start your Java program. java HelloWorld The system should write "Hello World" on the command line. Using the classpath  You can use the classpath to run the program from another place in your directory. Switch to the command line, e.g. under Windows Start-> Run -> cmd. Switch to any directory you want. Type: java HelloWorld  If you are not in the directory in which the compiled class is stored then the system should result an error message Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: test/TestClass  To use the class type the following command. Replace "mydirectory" with the directory which contains the test directory. You should again see the "HelloWorld" output. java -classpath "mydirectory" HelloWorld Java basic terms Basics: Package, Class and Object It is important to understand the base terminology of Java in terms of packages, classes and objects. This section gives an overview of these terms. Package  getClass() returns the class of the object  hashCode() returns an identifier of the current object  toString() Give a string representation of the current object Variables and methods Variable Variables allow the Java program to store values during the runtime of the program. A variable can either be a primitive variable or a reference variable. A primitive variable contains value while the reference variable contains a reference (pointer) to the object. Hence if you compare two reference variables, you compare if both point to the same object. To compare objects use the object1.equals(object2) method call. Instance variable Instance variable is associated with an instance of the class (also called object). Access works over these objects. Instance variables can have any access control and can be marked final or transient. Instance variables marked as final can not be changed after assigned to a value. Local variable Local (stack) variable declarations cannot have access modifiers. final is the only modifier available to local variables. This modifier defines that the variable can not be changed after first assignment. Local variables do not get default values, so they must be initialized before use.  Methods A method is a block of code with parameters and a return value. It can be called on the object. package com.vogella.javaintro.base; public class MyMethodExample { void tester(String s) { System.out.println("Hello World"); } } Method can be declared with var-args. In this case the method declares a parameter which accepts from zero to many arguments (syntax: type .. name;) A method can only have one var-args parameter and this must be the last parameter in the method. Overwrite of a superclass method: A method must be of the exact same return parameter and the same arguments. Also the return parameter must be the same. Overload methods: An overloaded method is a method with the same name, but different arguments. The return type can not be used to overload a method.  Main method A public static method with the following signature can be used to start a Java application. Such a method is typically called main method. public static void main(String[] args){ }  Constructor A class contains constructors that are invoked to create objects based on the class definition. Constructor declarations look like method declarations except that they use the name of the class and have no return type. A class can have several constructors with different parameters. Each class must define at least one constructor. In the following example the constructor of the class expects a parameter. package com.vogella.javaintro.base; public class MyConstructorExample2 { String s; public MyConstructorExample2(String s) { this.s = s; } } If no explicit constructor is defined the compiler adds implicitly a constructor. If the class is sub-classed then the constructor of the super class is always implicitly called in this case. In the following example the definition of the constructor without parameters (also known as the empty constructor) is unnecessary. If not specified the compiler would create one. package com.vogella.javaintro.base; public class MyConstructorExample { // Unnecessary, would be created by the compiler if left out public MyConstructorExample() { } } The naming conversion for creating a constructor is the following: classname (Parameter p1, ..) {} . Every object is created based on a constructor. This constructor method is the first statement called before anything else can be done with the object. Modifiers  Access modifiers There are three access modifiers keywords available in Java. public, protected and private. There are four access levels: public, protected, default and private. They define how the corresponding element is visible to other components. If something is declared public, e.g. classes or methods can be freely created or called by other Java objects. If something is declared private, e.g. a method, it can only be accessed within the class in which it is declared. protected and default are similar. A protected class can be accessed from the package and sub-classes outside the package while a default class can get only accessed via the same package. The following table describes the visibility: Table 1. Access Level Modifier Class Package Subclass World Public Y Y Y Y protected Y Y Y N Modifier Class Package Subclass World No modifier Y Y N N Private Y N N N Other modifiers  final methods: cannot be overwritten in a subclass  abstract method: no method body  synchronized method: threat safe, can be final and have any access control  native methods: platform dependent code, apply only to methods  strictfp: class or method System.out.println(MyStaticExample.PLACEHOLDER); MyStaticExample.test(); } } If a variable should be defined as constant, you declare it with the static and the final keyword. The static method runs without any instance of the class, it cannot directly access non-static variables or methods.  Abstract class and methods A class and method can be declared as abstract. An abstract class can not be directly instantiated. If a class has at least one method which only contain the declaration of the method but not the implementation then this class is abstract and can not be instantiated. Sub-classes need then to define the methods except if they are also declared as abstract. If a class contains an abstract method it also needs to get defined with the keyword abstract. The following example shows an abstract class. package com.vogella.javaintro.base; public abstract class MyAbstractClass { abstract double returnDouble(); } Working With Classes Table 2 What to do How to do it Create a new class called MyNewClass. package test; public class MyNewClass { } Create a new attribute (instance variable) called var1 of type String in the MyNewClass class package test; public class MyNewClass { private String var1; } Create a Constructor for your MyNewClass class which has a String parameter and assigns the value of it to the var1 instance variable. package test; public class MyNewClass { private String var1; public MyNewClass(String para1) { var1 = para1; // or this.var1= para1; } } Create a new method called doSomeThing in your class which does not return a value and has no parameters package test; public class MyNewClass { private String var1; public MyNewClass(String para1) { var1 = para1; // or this.var1= para1; } public void doSomeThing() { } } Create a new method called doSomeThing2 in your class which does not return a value and has two parameters, a int and a Person package test; public class MyNewClass { private String var1; public MyNewClass(String para1) { var1 = para1; // or this.var1= para1; } public void doSomeThing() What to do How to do it { } public void doSomeThing2(int a, Person person) { } } Create a new method called doSomeThing2 in your class which returns an int value and has three parameters, two Strings and a Person package test; public class MyNewClass { private String var1; public MyNewClass(String para1) { var1 = para1; // or this.var1= para1; } public void doSomeThing() { } public void doSomeThing2(int a, Person person) { } public int doSomeThing3(String a, String b, Person person) { return 5; // Any value will do for this example } } Create a class called MyOtherClass with two instance variables. One will store a String, the other will store a Dog. Create getter and setter for these variables. package test; public class MyOtherClass { String myvalue; Dog dog; public String getMyvalue() { return myvalue; } public void setFirstName(String s) setter method. Change your main method so that you create one person object and use the setter method to change the last name.  Create an Address object Create a new object called Address. The Address should allow you to store the address of a person. Add a new instance variable of this type in the Person object. Also create a getter and setter for the Address object in the Person object. Solution - Creating Java objects and methods Create a Person class and instantiate it The following is a potential solution for Section 11.1, “Create a Person class and instantiate it”. package exercises.exercise04; class Person { String firstname = "Jim"; String lastname = "Knopf"; int age = 12; voi d writeName() { // Writes the firstname System.out.println(firstname); // Alternatively you can combine strings with + System.out.println(firstname + " " + lastname + "" + age); } } package exercises.exercise04; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Person person = new Person(); } person.writeName(); } Use constructor package com.vogella.javastarter.exercises1; class Person { String firstName; String lastName; int age; public Person(String a, String b, int value) { firstName = a; lastName = b; age=value; } void writeName() { // Writes the firstname System.out.println(firstName); // Alternatively you can combine strings with + System.out.println(firstName + " " + lastName + "" + age); } } package com.vogella.javastarter.exercises1; public class Main { void main(String[] args) { Person person = new Person("Jim", "Knopf" , 12); person.writeName(); // Reuse the same variable and assign new object to it person = new Person("Henry", "Ford", 104); person.writeName(); } } Define getter and setter methods package com.vogella.javastarter.exercises1; class Person { String firstName; String lastName; int age; public Person(String a, String b, int value) { firstName = a; lastName = b; age = value; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName(String firstName) { this.firstName = firstName; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } void writeName() { // Writes the firstname System.out.println(firstName); // Alternatively you can combine strings with + System.out.println(firstName + " " + lastName + "" + age); } } package com.vogella.javastarter.exercises1; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Person person = new Person("Jim", "Knopf", 21); Person person2 = new Person("Jill", "Sanders", 20); // Jill get married to Jim person2.setLastName("Knopf"); person2.writeName(); } } Create an Address object package com.vogella.javastarter.exercises1; public class Address { // I create a person Person pers = new Person("Jim", "Knopf", 31); // I set the age of the person to 32 // Just for testing I write this to the console System.out.println(pers.toString()); /* * Actually System.out.println calls always toString, if you do not * specify it so you could also have written System.out.println(pers); */ // I create an address Address address = new Address(); // I set the values for the address address.setCity("Heidelberg"); address.setCountry("Germany"); address.setNumber("104"); address.setPostalCode("69214"); address.setStreet("Musterstr."); address = null; // person is moving to the next house in the same street pers.getAddress().setNumber("105"); } } HISTORY OF JAVA It is quite interesting to know the development of Java technology, which is widely accepted in the area of networked/distributed computing. Java evolved from a project developing a language for programming consumer electronic devices at Sun Microsystems, USA. Sun’s Stealth Project in 1990 was aimed to do research in the area of application of computers in the consumer electronics market. Bill Joy, James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, Patrick Naughton (formerly the project leader of Sun’s Open Windows user environment), and several other individuals discussed the ideas for the Stealth Project in January 1991.The vision of this project was to develop smart consumer electronic devices that could all be centrally controlled and programmed from a handheld-remote-control-like device. The Stealth group began to work to achieve this goal. It was realized that a platform-independent development-environment was needed. Green Project was initiated by Patrick Naughton, Mike Sheridan, and James Gosling of Sun Microsystems in 1991 (Members of the Stealth Project, which later became known as the Green Project) The tasks of the project were divided amongst the members of Green Project. Mike Sheridan concentrated on business development, Patrick Naughton worked on the graphics system, and James Gosling was to identify the appropriate programming language for the Green Project. Even though creating a new language was not the aim of Green Project, a new language was created as a programming tool in this project since C++ was found unsuitable for the project. An intelligent remote control called *7 (Star Seven) was delivered as the first product of Green Project in 1992. It is a PDA- like device comprising of a new language oak, an operating system called GreenOS, user interface, and hardware. This device was quite impressive to Sun Executives. But no customer was interested in this project. The market was not conducive to this type of device in the consumer electronics industry. The new language Oak was created by James Gosling, a Green Team member, specifically for *7. Gosling named the new language Oak because that name was struck while looking at an oak three outside of his office window. The name Oak was later renamed to Java in order to avoid legal issues since Oak was the name of an existing language. In November 1992, the Green Project was incorporated under the name FirstPerson. In 1993. Time-Warner was demanding for proposals for set-top box operating systems and videoon- demand technology with an objective of sending the data to consumer all over the country for display on the television sets. At the same time (1993(, NCSA released the first graphical web browser Mosaic 1.0, an easy-to-use front end to the World Wide Web. When FirstPerson was bidding on the Time-Warner TV trial based on video- on-demand technology, Time-Warner chose Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) over Sun. Hence, half of the members of FirstPerson left for SGI and the remaining members continued to work at Sun. Mosaic web browser revolutionized people’s perceptions. The remaining member of FirstPerson returned to work on Java (Oak was renamed Java) to develop Java-based web browser. FirstPerson was dissolved gradually. Naughton and Jonathan Payne developed WebRunner (named after the movie Blade Runner). Later WevRunner was officially announced as the HotJavaTM browser in 1994. This was the turning point for Java. At that time the World Wide Web changed the face of Internet and it was winning the race on Internet. Arthur Ban Hoff implemented the Java compiler in Java itself whereas Gosling implemented it in C. The Java compiler, written in Java made the people to accept Java as a fullfeatured language. Sun Microsystems officially announced Java environment at Sun World’95 on May 23, 1995. Java entered into the mainstream of the Internet after a struggle for about four years. Netscape Communications incorporated Java into its web browser Netscape Navigator. Within a decade, Java was destined to be the most overreaching technology in the Internet. Java was not restricted to the Internet alone. The initial goal of Sun was also achieved by using Java technology in interactive set-top boxes, hand-held devices and other consumer electronics products. Sun released the first version 1.0 of Java in 1996. Java is an object-oriented programming language which evolved from C++. It is also a high-level programming language. The different forms of Java versions are discussed in the next section. History of Java Year Java - Versions and Features 1990 Sun Microsystems started Stealth project supporting application of computers in the consumer electronics market. 1991 The Green project started with the members of Stealth project such as James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, and Mike Sheridan. A new programming language, called Oak was created by Gosling. 1992 An intelligent remote control called StarSeven was delivered. The Green Project was incorporated was incorporated under the name FirstPerson. 1993 Mosaic Web browser was introduced in the world of Internet. 1994 HotJava Web browser was announced by Sun Microsystems. 1995 Oak was renamed as Java. Sun officially announced Java technology. 1996 Sun released the first version 1.0 of Java. Core Language features supporting: I/O facility, Utilities, Network Programming, User Interface – AWT, Applets, and Multithreading. 1997 Sun released JDK1.1 by including new features such as addition of inner classes to the language and capabilities such as JavaBeans, JDBC(Java Data Base Connectivity), and RMI (Remote Method Invocation). 1998 Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE)1.2, code named as Playground, was released. It replaced JDK and distinguished the base platform from j2ee (Java 2 Platform, Enterprose Edition) and J2ME (Java 2Platform, Micro Edition). The key features include Swing graphical API, Java IDL (Interface Definition Language) to support CORBA interoperability. They also added Collections framework to support various data structures. For the first time, JVM was equipped with a JIT (Just-in- Time) compiler. 2000 J2SE 1.3, code named as Kestrel, was released with key features such as JavaSound API to support audio operations (e.g., audio playback and Conclusion Java is an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Java programming language, developed mainly for educational purposes, but also suitable for small-scale software development. Java was developed to support the learning and teaching of object-oriented programming, and its design differs from other development environments as a result. The main screen graphically shows the class structure of an application under development (in a UML-like diagram), and objects can be interactively created and tested. References Abadi, M., Burrows, M., Lampson, B., and Plotkin, G. (1993) A calculus for access control in distributed systems. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 15(4):706-734, September 1993. Anderson, R. and Kuhn, M. 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