TABLE OF CONTENTS, Study notes of Histology

Download TABLE OF CONTENTS and more Study notes Histology in PDF only on Docsity! Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 1 ~TABLE OF CONTENTS~ Page Table of Content 1 Introduction 2 Planner team & Lecturers 3 Facilitators 4 Time Table (Regular Class) 5 Time Table (English Class) 7 Meeting of the students’ representative 9 Assessment Method 9 Student’s Project 9 References 10 Learning Programs 11 Practical Guidelines 19 Curriculum Mapping 29 Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 2 ~INTRODUCTION~ Histology is the study of fine detail (structure) of cells and tissues with microscope. It is also called microscopic anatomy, as opposed to gross anatomy which involves structures that can be observed with the naked eye. The word "histology" came from the Greek "histo-" meaning tissue + "logos", science. Histology also discuss about the role of various cells and tissues in the body, their interaction with body systems and ways they are affected by disease. Studying histology is carried out by examining a thin slice of tissue under a light microscope. In order to distinguish different biological structures more easily and accurately histological stains are often used to add color or enhance the color of a particular type of biological structure is different from other types of structures that may be located next to and / or contact with each other Learn and understand histology is very important for medical students for several reasons :  Tissues as Building Blocks Tissues are made from large groups of cells that cluster together to complete a shared function. From tissues arise organs, and organs keep the body operating. Histology can help students gain a better understanding of cell behavior. Likewise, because tissues are the building blocks of virtually everything in the body, understanding histology enables students to predict and understand organ behavior and function.  Understanding Development and Evolution Some organisms have no organs and are instead made entirely from tissues. Familiarity with histology helps students gain insight into the development of complex organs and organ systems. When students evaluate the tissue of humans and animals with complex organs, they gain more insight into how organs and organ systems develop and change across the life course.  Role in Disease Many diseases occur at the tissue level. For example, cancer is often the result of problematic tissue overgrowth, and some infections cause tissue to necrotize. For future medical professionals, histology provides important insight into the development of disease. Histology can help you understand why some treatments work more effectively than others and why certain lifestyle choices can harm human body over time. On this block students will learn about the microscopic structure of the tissues that make up the body, the role of various cells and tissues, interactions between cells, through several learning methods are: lectures, independent learning, small group discussion, practical session and student project. Planners Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 5 ~TIME TABLE~ REGULAR CLASS DAY/ DATE TIME ACTIVITY CONVEYER VENUE 1 Tuesday 10 Nov 15 08.00 - 09.00 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00 Lecture 1 : Histology and Its Method of Study Lecture 2: Extracellular Matrix Independent Learning SGD (Lecture 1& 2) BREAK SP MAY RAT - Facilitator - facilitator Class R. Class R. - Disc. R. - Disc. R. 2 Wednesd ay 11 Nov 15 08.00 - 09.00 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 14.00 13.00 – 14.00 Lecture 3: Epithelial Tissue Lecture 4: Connective Tissue Independent Learning SGD (Lecture 3 &4) BREAK Practical Introduction I and Pre-test SP RAT RAT - Facilitator - Team Facilitator Class R. Class R. - Disc. R. - Class. R. Disc. R 3 Thursday 12 Nov 15 08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 15.00 Lecture 5 : Bone and cartilage Practical Session I (Epithelium) Break Practical Introduction II and Pre-test LIN Team - Team Class R. Hist. R. - Class R. 4 Friday 13 Nov 15 08.00 – 08.45 08.45 – 09.30 09.30 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 15.00 Lecture 6: Muscle Tissue Lecture 7: Nerve tissue & the Nervous System Independent Learning Break PPKN SP SUG SUG - - PPKN - Class R. Class R. - - Class R. - 5 Monday 16 Nov 15 08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 15.00 Lecture 8: Circulatory System Practical Session II (Connective Tissue) Break SGD (Lecture 5,6&7) MAY Team - Facilitator Class R. Hist. R. - Disc. R. 6 Tuesday 17 Nov 15 08.00 - 09.00 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00 Lecture 9: Blood Lecture 10: The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs Independent Learning SGD ( Lecture 8,9&10) BREAK SP SUG LIN - Facilitator - Facilitator Class R. Class R. - Disc. R. - Disc. R 7 Wednesd ay 18 Nov 15 08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00 Lecture 11 : The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands Lecture 12: Digestive System Independent Learning SGD (Lecture 11 & 12) BREAK Practical Introduction III (Pre-test) ARI SUG/MAY - Facilitator - Team Class. R Class. R - Disc. R - Class R. 8 Thursday 19 Nov 15 08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 14.00 14.00 - 15.00 Lecture 13 : Endocrine Glands Practical Session III (Blood & Lymphoid Tissue) Break Practical Introduction IV and Pre-test SP MAY Team - Team Class R. Hist. R. - Class. R. Disc. R. 9 Friday 20 Nov 15 08.00 – 08.45 08.45 – 09.30 09.30 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00 Lecture 14 : The respiratory System Lecture 15: Skin Independent Learning Break PPKN SP SRI LIN - - PPKN facilitator Class R. Class R. - - Class. R Disc. R. Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 6 10 Monday 23 Nov 15 08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00 Lecture 16 : Urinary System Practical Session IV (Endocrine System) BREAK SGD ( Lecture 13,14&15) ARI Team - Facilitator Class R. Hist. R. - Disc. R 11 Tuesday 24 Nov 15 08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00 Lecture 17 : Male Reproductive system Lecture 18 : Female Reproductive System Independent Learning SGD (Lecture 16&17) BREAK Practical Introduction V and Pre-test SRI/SUG SUG - Facilitator - Team Class R. Class R. - Disc. R. - Class R. 12 Wednesd ay 25 Nov 15 08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 15.00 Lecture 19: The eye and ear (Special Senses) Practical Session V (Nervous Tissue & Muscle) Break SGD (Lecture 18&19) RAT/ARI Team - Facilitator Class R. Hist. R. - Disc. R 13 Thursday 26 Nov 15 08.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 Practical Exam Final Exam Preprataion Team - Hist. R - 14 Friday 27 Nov 15 08.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 FINAL EXAM PPKN L B Class R Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 7 ~TIME TABLE~ ENGLISH CLASS DAY/ DATE TIME ACTIVITY CONVEYER VENUE 1 Tuesday 10 Nov 15 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00 Independent Learning Lecture 1 : Histology and Its Method of Study Lecture 2: Extracellular Matrix BREAK SGD (Lecture 1 &2) SP - MAY MAY - Facilitator Facilitator - Class R. Class R. - Disc. R. Disc. R. 2 Wednesd ay 11 Nov 15 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 15.00 15.00 – 16.00 Independent Learning Lecture 3: Epithelial Tissue Lecture 4: Connective Tissue BREAK SGD (Lecture 3 &4) Practical Introduction I and Pre-test SP - RAT RAT - Facilitator Team Facilitator - Class R. Class R. - Disc. R. Class. R. Disc. R 3 Thursday 12 Nov 15 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00 Lecture 5 : Bone and cartilage Practical Introduction II and Pre-test Break Practical Session I (Epithelium) LIN Team - Team Class R. Class R. - Hist. R. 4 Friday 13 Nov 15 09.00 – 09.30 09.30 – 10.15 10.15 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00 15.00 – 16.00 Independent Learning Lecture 6: Muscle Tissue Lecture 7: Nerve tissue & the Nervous System Independent Learning BREAK PPKN SP - SUG SUG - - PPKN - - Class R. Class R. - - Class R. - 5 Monday 16 Nov 15 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00 Lecture 8: Circulatory System SGD (Lecture 5,6&7) Break Practical Session II (Connective Tissue) MAY Facilitator - Team Class R. Disc. R - Hist. R. 6 Tuesday 17 Nov 15 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00 Independent Learning Lecture 9: Blood Lecture 10: The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs BREAK SGD (8+9+10) SP - SUG LIN - Facilitator Facilitator - Class R. Class R. - Disc. R. Disc. R 7 Wednesd ay 18 Nov 15 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 15.00 – 16.00 Independent Learning Lecture 11 : The Oral Cavity & Salivary Glands Lecture 12: Digestive System BREAK SGD (Lecture 11&12) Practical Introduction III and Pre-test - ARI SUG/MAY - Facilitator Team - Class. R Class. R - Disc. R Class R. 8 Thursday 19 Nov 15 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00 Lecture 13 : Endocrine Glands Practical Introduction IV and Pre-test Break Practical Session III (Blood & Lymphoid Tissue) MAY Team - Team Class R. Class R. - Hist. R. 9 Friday 20 Nov 15 09.00 – 09.30 09.30 – 10.15 10.15 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00 15.00 – 16.00 Independent Learning Lecture 14 : The respiratory System Lecture 15: Skin Independent Learning Break PPKN SP - SRI LIN - - PPKN facilitator - Class R. Class R. - - Class. R Disc. R. Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 10 Format of the paper : 1. Cover  Tittle Name Student Registration Number Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University 2015 2. Introduction 3. Content 4. Conclusion 5. References (minimal 3 references) Example : Journal Porrini M, Risso PL. 2011. Lymphocyte Lycopene Concentration and DNA Protection from Oxidative Damage is Increased in Woman. Am J Clin Nutr 11(1):79-84. Textbook Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. 2011. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 4th ed. Pennysylvania: WB Saunders Co. Pp 1636-1642. Note. 5-10 pages; 1,5 spasi; Times new roman 12 ~REFERENCES~ Standard reference:  Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L.2011, Concise Histology. Philadelphia : WB Saunders Co Additional reference:  Mescher, A. L. Junqueira,s basic Histology Text and Atlas, 2013. 13th ed. Singapore : McGraw-Hill  Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L.2007. Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd Ed. Philadelphia : Sounders Elsevier Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 11 ~LEARNING PROGRAMS~ LECTURE 1: HISTOLOGY AND ITS METHODS OF STUDY Introduction Histology is the study of the structure of tissue that makes up the organs of the body by observing a thin slice of tissue under a microscope. Before it can be observed, the tissue must be processed through certain procedures so that the components of tissue can be distinguished. Histologic sections are two-dimensional planes cut from a three dimensional structure. Student should have ability to reconcile the image seen in the microscope with the tissue or organ from which it was harvested. This topic covers the basic principles of histology, microscope use in histology, tissue processing in histology, and interpretation of microscopic section. Learning Tasks: 1. Describe the mean and scope of histology 2. Explain the use of the microscope in histology 3. Describe briefly the stages of tissue processing 4. Explain the interpretation of microscopic section 5. Explain briefly the four basic tissue ___________________________________________________________________ LECTURE 2: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX Introduction Tissue is composed of cells. The cells are organized in certain fashion to build up specific kind of tissue. In the process, cell excretes molecules, termed as extracellular matrix. Extracellular matrix consists of fibers and ground substances. Cell type and extracellular matrix composition determine the type of tissue. Interaction between cells and extracellular matrix influences the cell behavior and metabolism thus influences the tissue. In this topic, the students should be able to understand types of fiber and ground substance, also its significance related to tissue characteristic and function. Many clinical conditions ranging from genetic to degenerative disorders are related to the defect in the extracellular matrix. Learning Task: 1. Describe the function of extracellular matrix and components contribute to each function! 2. Describe the structure and characteristic of collagen fiber! 3. Describe the structure and characteristic of elastic fiber! 4. Differentiate the glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix! 5. Explain the glycoprotein adhesive of the extracellular matrix! 6. Explain the type of relation of cells and extracellular matrix in tissue! ___________________________________________________________________ Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 12 LECTURE 3 : Epithelia Introduction There are two types of epithelia, one that covers all the external body surfaces and line all the internal body cavities and tubes, and the other that are secretory, and often found in aggregates called glands, just beneath the body surfaces. After studying this topic you should be able to recognize the different types of epithelia, and relate their structure to their function. On practical session you should be able to recognize the types of epithelium using light microscope. Learning Tasks 1. Explain the principal function of epithelial tissue! 2. Explain the characteristic features of epithelial cells! 3. Explain the structure and function of basement membrane! 4. Mention and explain the types of cell junctions! 5. Explain the specialization of the apical cell surface! 6. Explain in detail the classification of epithelial tissues! 7. List the different between endocrine and exocrine glands! 8. Explain the types of exocrine glands based on their structure and how the products leave the cell! LECTURE 4 : Connective Tissue Introduction Connective tissue is one of the four basic tissues. It fills the spaces between organs and tissues, and provides them with structural and metabolic support. After completing this topic you should understand the basic structure and function of connective tissue, and its components (cells, fibers, ground substances). On practical session you should be able to recognize the types of connective tissue, types of cells and fibers of connective tissue using light microscope. Learning tasks: 1. Explain the functions of connective tissue! 2. Explain the component of connective tissue! 3. Explain the cells of connective tissue! 4. Explain the three type of fiber found in connective tissue! 5. Explain the ground substance! 6. Summarize the main similarities and differences between different types of connective tissue! ___________________________________________________________________ LECTURE 5: Cartilage, Bone & Ossification Introduction Cartilage and bone are specialized forms of connective tissue. They are both made up of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. It is the nature of the matrix that defines the properties of these connective tissues. Cartilage is thin, avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces. Bone is highly vascularized, and its calcified matrix makes it very strong. This topic covers the structure, function, types of cell, and the formation of bone and cartilage. Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 15 the different ways in which immune responses are elicited, and the ways in which different lymphoid tissues take part in the immune responses. Learning task 1. Describe difference of primary and secondary lymphoid organ 2. Describe histology of thymus and its function 3. Describe histology of lymph node and its function 4. Describe histology of spleen and its function 5. Describe histology of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue and its function 6. Describe histology of tonsil and its function 7. Describe the cells in the lymphoid organ or tissue. ___________________________________________________________________ LECTURE 11: ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS Introduction This topic covers the histology of structures found in the mouth, including the lip, teeth, tongue and salivary glands, together with the structure and function of the oesophagus. The role structure in oral cavity, esophagus and salivary glands in digestion, and how their structure is related to function will covered in block Alimentary System Learning tasks: 1. Describe the histological structure of the lip 2. Explain the oral mucosa 3. Describe the histological structure of the tongue 4. Describe the histological structure of the tooth 5. Briefly describe the process and stages of tooth formation 6. Differentiate the histological structure of the hard palate and soft palate 7. Explain the difference between the minor and major salivary glands 8. Explain the difference in the structure of each of the major salivary glands 9. Describe the histological structure of the esophagus ___________________________________________________________________ LECTURE 12 : DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Introduction This topic covers the structure of the stomach, small and large intestines, and other tissues important for digestion: the liver, pancreas and gall bladder. The role of stomach, small and large intestine, liver, pancreas and gall bladder in digestion, and how their structure is related to function will covered in block Alimentary System Learning Tasks : 1. Explain the general structure of the alimentary track 2. Describe the histological structure of the stomach 3. Explain the differences of each region of the stomach 4. Describe the histological structure of the small intestine, and explain the difference between the duodenum ,ileum, and jejunum 5. Describe the histological structure of the colon and explain differences in structure with the small intestine 6. Describe the histological structure of the rectum and anus 7. Describe the structure of the histological liver, pancreas and gallbladder ______________________________________________________________________ Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 16 LECTURE 13: Endocrine Introduction The glandular tissue are a mixture of both endocrine (ductless, hormones are secreted into the blood) and exocrine (have ducts, hormones are secreted onto surfaces) glands. The exocrine glands are covered in the respective topics. For example sweat glands are covered in the section on skin. This topic mostly focuses on the endocrine glands. The role each endocrine glands in and how their structure is related to function will covered in block Endocrine System and Disorders Learning Tasks ; 1. Explain the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands. 2. Describe the histological structure of four major endocrine organs: the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland and the thyroid and parathyroid gland. 3. The different embryological origins of the component parts of the pituitary and adrenal glands 4. The names of the hormones secreted by four major endocrine glands and their functions. ___________________________________________________________________ LECTURE 14 : RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Introduction This topic covers the basic structure of the respiratory system. It mainly focuses on the structure of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, and alveoli. The role of respiratory system on air conditioned and transported, and gas exchange will covered in block Respiratory System Learning task 1. Explain the respiratory epithelium ! 2. Explain the structure of nasal cavities ! 3. Explain the structure of sinuses and nasopharynx ! 4. Explain the structure of larynx ! 5. Describe the microscopic structure of the trachea, secondary bronchus, and bronchioles. 6. Explain the structure of alveolus! ___________________________________________________________________ LECTURE 15 : SKIN Introduction A layer of skin covers the body, and is the major external barrier between the outside world and the body. It has important protective functions, and is constantly renewing itself. After covering this topic you will appreciate how skin renews and repairs itself, and the structure and functions of skin, hair, epithelial glands and nails. Learning task 1. Describe the difference between thin and thick skin 2. Describe the layers of the skin and its function 3. Describe the cells in epidermis 4. Describe the difference of sweat and sebaceous gland 5. Describe histology of hair 6. Describe histology of nail Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 17 LECTURE 16 : Urinary System Introduction The urinary system consists of the paired kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. This systems help maintain homeostasis by a complex combination of processes that involved filtration, selective reabsorption, and excretion. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage and is then released to the exterior through the urethra. The changes that occur on structure of urinary system especially kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra will be covered in block Urinary System and Disorders. Learning Tasks : 1. Explain the organisation of the kidney, nephron and conducting tubules. 2. Please explain how to recognise and identify the five major segments of the nephron: renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and collecting tubules 3. Please explain the components of the glomerulus 4. The structure of the urinary epithelium and describe the ways in which it is adapted for its function. 5. Describe the structure of ureter and bladder. ______________________________________________________________________ LECTURE 17: Female Reproductive Introduction The female reproductive system consists of the ovary, oviduct, uterus and vagina. The oviduct, uterus and vagina have a common structure which is adapted for their particular functions. The breast or mammary glands are also considered here, as they are important during pregnancy. This topic mainly focuses on the structure of the ovary, oviduct, uterus, and vagina. The changes that occur on structure of reproductive system especially ovary, uterus, and mammary glands on menstrual cycle and pregnancy will becovered in block Reproductive System and Disorders. Learning Tasks : 1. Describe the histological structure of the ovaries 2. Describe the histological structure of the uterine tube 3. Describe the histological structure of the uterus 4. Describe the histological structure of the cervix 5. Describe the histological structure of the vagina 6. Describe the histological structure of breast (mammary glands) ___________________________________________________________________ LECTURE 18 : Male Reproductive Introduction The main functions of the male reproductive system, are to produce spermatozoa, androgens (sex hormones - principally testosterone) and to facilitate fertilisation, by introducing spermatozoa into the femal genital tract (copulation). The male reproductive system includes the testis, genital ducts, accessory sex glands and penis. After following this topic, you should know the structure of these structures. The process and the role of each structure on spermatogenesis and sexual function will covered in block Reproductive System and Disorders Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 20 GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM SEROUS GLANDS: Slide 6 Parotid. The parotid gland is a pure serous gland and thus made up of all serous acini . Note the prominent granules of the acinar cells. MIXED GLANDS: Slide 7 Submaxillary gland. Also organized as acini, the submaxillary gland secretes both serous and mucous products. Serous cells are more numerous in the submaxillary (also called submandibular) gland. Mucous secreting cells have flat nuclei located basally. The apical region typically appears empty due to the extraction of mucous in routine tissue preparation. Serous cells are often found capping mucous acini. These are called demulines and are easily distinguished by their intensely staining granules. .UNICELLULAR GLANDS: Slide 2 Duodenum. Observe Goblet cells in the simple columnar epithelium of the duodenum. PRACTICAL SESSION II Connective Tissue OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to: 1. Distinguish the connective tissues from all epithelial tissues on the basis of location, cell density and the presence of discrete fibers. 2. Distinguish between loose irregular (areolar), dense irregular, or dense regular connective tissues on the basis of fiber packing and orientation. 3. Identify and list the cell types found in the various kinds of general connective tissues, and describe their origins and functions. SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 11, 12, 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, dan 21 FIBER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Slide 11 Spleen, Reticular stain. Reticular fibers (type III collagen) are thin collagen fibers not typically detected with routine H & E staining. However, these fibers stain black with silver stain and are often called argyrophilic fibers . The spleen demonstrates the supportive network of reticular fibers present in many organs. In this slide, the delicate reticular fibers are black and the thick collagen fibers are red/brown. Slide 12. Elastic Fiber (Elastic cartilage), Van Gieson stain. Elastic fibers are slender and branching, are difficult to differentiate with collagen fiber in standard staining H & E. Special staining to detect elastic fiber is Van Gieson and the fibers appear black. In this slide you will observe condrocytes in lacunae and the elastic fibers scattered in between. Slide 13. Collagen fiber type I (Skin), Picro Sirius Red. Collagen fiber type I is the most common fiber found in our body, appear pink in routine H & E. Special staining commonly used to visualize collagen fiber is Picro Sirius Red, the fiber is stained red. Collagen fibers appear dense and unbranching, Elastic fiber are not stained and the muscle and hair follicle are yellow. TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connective tissue can be classified as either embryionic connective tissue and connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. Connective tissue proper includes: loose connective tissue (also called areolar) and dense (irregular) connective tissue. Specialized connective tissue types include: dense regular connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 21 tissue, blood, and hematopoietic tissue. The majority of specialized connective tissues will be studied in future laboratories. Slide 14 Developing Teeth ( Mesenchymal CT), HE Developing teeth contains dense mesenchymal cells, which are large and have small processus. The nuclei are oval and mitotic figures are often seen. Extracellular matrix mainly compose of ground substances which fill the space between cells, no fiber are visually detected in this slide. Slide 15 Umbilical Cord (Mucoid CT), HE In this slide you can observe umbilical artery and vein. Between the vessels lies the mucoid connective tissue, which is the transition from embryonic to mature tissue. Hence you can observe primarily fibroblast cells, with scarce mesencymal cells. The collagen fibers are sparse and begin to take it’s mature form. Ground substances are abundant. Slide 16 Loose CT, HE In loose connective tissue we can observe many types of cells including fixed cells and transient cells. In the extracellular matrix the fiber are relatively few than the abundant ground substance. Mixed types of mature fiber are seen, but mainly are collagen fibers. Slide 17 Skin (Dense Irregular CT), HE Dense connective tissue is termed based on the more numerous and closely packed fiber in the extracellular compartment. The connective tissue in the skin is found in the dermis. Below the epidermis there is thin loose CT and followed by the thick dense CT. The cells are primarily fibroblast and scattered throughout the fiber. Commonly all types of fiber can be found in this type of CT. In this slide we can observe that the fibers run in many directions. Slide 18 Tendon (Dense Regular Colagenous CT), HE Tendon only composed of organized collagen fibers. The fibers are run in uniform direction which is longitudinal in this slide. The fibroblast cells are lined in the periphery of the fiber pararel to the fiber direction. The cells are flattened due to the strong collagen fiber type I. Slide 19 Ligament Nuchae (Dense Regular Elastic CT), HE The elastic fibers run in uniform longitudinal direction. The elastic fibers are slender, branching and elastic hence the fibroblast cells are scattered and maintain it’s original form with oval nucleus. Slide 20 Fat (White Adipose Tissue) The slide mainly composed of fat cells. The unilocular fat cells are round or polygonal. The nucleus is pierced to the periphery by the the large fat containing vacuole, giving an image like a signet ring. The framework of adipose tissue is suppored by reticular tissue which is not visually detected in this slide. Slide 21 Liver (Reticular CT) HE Liver are compose of liver cell arranged in liver lobule. The framework of the organ is supported by reticular tissue. The reticular fiber cannot be seen in this slide. The fibroblast seen in liver are refer to reticulocyte. PRACTICAL SESSION III Blood and Lymphoid Tissue BLOOD OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session you should be able to identify the cellular and formed elements in peripheral blood and know their functions. PRETEST : Before beginning this laboratory, be certain that you understand the use of the terms: SLIDE FOR THIS LABORATORY: 22. Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 22 BLOOD COMPONENTS Find a region in the blood smear slide where the RBC's are separated (not overlapping). When studying the blood smear slide, pay close attention to nuclear characteristics, staining patterns, and cell diameter (remember that erythrocytes are usually 7-8 µm in diameter). Use the oil immersion lens to identify each cell type. Slide 22 Peripheral blood smear, Wright's stain. Identify the following components: Erythrocytes Platelets (small blue-purple clusters) LEUKOCYTES Leukocytes (or White Blood Cells) can be divided into two main types: Agranular & Granular. When studying the WBC's, keep in mind the percentages listed below which represent the normal adult leukocyte differential. Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes 50-70% 2-4% 0-1% 20-40% 2-9% AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES Monocytes Look for fibrillar chromatin in the nucleus and abundant blue cytoplasm. Recall that macrophages arise from monocytes. Lymphocytes Look for clumped chromatin and a thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm. GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES Neutrophils These are the most common WBC. Look for multilobed nuclei, individual granules are not distinguishable. The cytoplasm is lightly stained a "sandy" color. Eosinophils Look for bilobed nuclei, individual granules are distinguishable and eosinophilic (stain intensely red-orange). Basophils These cells are very rare in the blood. Basophils have coarse, basophilic granules that usually obscure the nucleus. LYMPHOID ORGANS OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session, you should be able to: 1. Identify and differentiate among lymphoid organs based on their histological structure 2. Identify and understand the cells and connective tissue element of lymphoid organ SLIDE FOR THIS LABORATORY: 23, 24, 25, 26 Slide 23: Tymus (H & E stain,magnification 100x ) : tymus is the other primary lymphoid organ, an encapsulated, bilateral organ in the mediastinum, is subdivided by connective tissue (see; reticular tissue) into connected lobes. Each lobes divided in to peripheral region (cortex), where lymphocytes are fairly dense and central region (medulla) with fewer lymphocytes. In medulla also found degeneration form of type 6 epithelial reticular which is known as Hassal bodies. Slide 24 : Lymph node ( H & E stain, magnification 100x) : lymph node is one of secondary lymphoid organ, distributed throughout the body. Lymph node show three functional regions : the cortex (C) paracortex (P) and Medulla (M). connective tissue( reticular connective tissue) of the capsule completely surround each lymph node and extend as several trabeculae. Cortex characterize by many lymphoid nodules, whether in Medulla we found medulary sinuses and cords . Paracortex is an area Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 25 number of islets on your sections and the variation in their size. The islets are composed of three cell types: alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells. These cells cannot be readily distinguished without special stains. Alpha cells (15-20%) are found at the periphery and secrete glucagon. Beta cells (70%) are found more centrally and secrete insulin. Delta cells (5-10%) are found throughout the islet and secrete somatostatin. LIVER AND PANCREAS OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to: 1. Recognize liver and pancreas. 2. Identify and understand the functional significance of the vascular supply and bile drainage of the liver. 3. Identify and discuss the structural and functional arrangement of the classical hepatic lobule, portal lobule, and the liver acinus. 4. Identify excretory ducts, interlobular ducts, intercalated ducts, acinar and centroacinar cells in the pancreas. You should also be able to distinguish between the islets of Langerhans and the remaining parenchyma of the pancreas. SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 34, and 35 LIVER Slide 35 Human liver. The principal parenchymal cell is the hepatocyte which all look very similar with H & E staining. Some hepatocytes are binucleate . The connective tissue present is mostly seen at the border regions between classic liver lobules . Note the connective tissue covering the uncut surfaces of this section. This is Glisson's capsule . Observe how the connective tissue septae dividing the lobules are continuous with the capsule You can easily observe the components of the classic lobule on this slide. Find central veins and identify the plates (or cords) of hepatic cells that radiate out from the central vein. These cords of hepatic cells are separated bysinusoids . At the 6 apices of the classic lobule, observe the portal triads made up of hepatic (portal) artery, portal vein, bile duct, and lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic vessels are not visible in this preparation. Also locatesublobular veins which are found separate from the hepatic (portal) artery, portal vein, and bile duct. Sublobular veins coalesce into the hepatic vein which carries blood from the liver to the vena cava. EXOCRINE PANCREAS Slide 34 . Pancreas. The exocrine component of the pancreas is a compound tubuloacinar gland with a complex series of ducts that convey the exocrine secretion of the pancreas to the duodenum. Observe the serous acini of the pancreas. Each acinus is composed of acinar cells . Note the intense basophilia in the basal portion of the acinar cells and eosinophilia of the apical portion. Some acini reveal the centrally located centroacinar cells . These cells are the beginning of intercalated ducts lined with a simple low columnar or cuboidal epithelium. The intercalated ducts empty into the intralobular ducts which have a cuboidal epithelium. These ducts empty into the interlobular ducts which run within the connective tissue septa dividing the pancreas into lobules. The interlobular ducts coalesce to form the pancreatic duct which empties into the duodenum. The endocrine portion of the pancreas, the islets of Langerhans , are seen as islands of pale staining cells spread through the organ. Defer your detail study of these until the endocrine glands are covered in a later laboratory. Note: the pancreas can be distinguished from the parotid gland in that the pancreas does not have striated ducts, and the pancreas has the characteristic islets of Langerhans. Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 26 PRACTICAL SESSION V Alimentary System and Nervous Tissue GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory, you should be able to: 1. Identify the different papillae located on the tongue. 2. Identify and describe the regional differences in the upper GI tract 3. Identify and describe regional differences in the lower GI tract, from the beginning of the small intestine through the anal canal. SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 3, 40, 41, 42, and 43 Slide 40 Tongue. This slide is representative of the posterior region of the tongue. The epithelium of the dorsal tongue is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium . Note the cornified layer of cells may have been lost in preparation of this slide. Remember, most of the dorsal tongue is covered with papillae, of which there are four principal kinds: Filiform, Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Foliate papillae. The posterior region is where the circumvallate papillae are located and these are present in this slide. Observe the minor salivary glands of the lamina propria and submucosa (continuous in the tongue). Von Ebner's glands are specialized minor serous salivary glands that drain into the trench around the circumvallate papillae. Taste buds are embedded within the epithelium of fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae. In this slide, look for taste buds on the lateral walls of the circumvallate papillae. Note the skeletal muscle and its relationship to the glands. Slide 3 Esophagus. Rely on the type of muscle in the muscularis externa to determine what region (upper, middle, lower) of the esophagus is represented on this slide. Identify the mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa),submucosa , esophageal glands , muscularis externa and adventitia . Note the presence of small arteries and veins in the adventitia on this slide. The larger of the veins are known as esophageal veins which may enlarge in the case of cirrhosis of the liver to provide an alternate pathway for blood to be transported from the intestines to the vena cava. Observe the presence of the myenteric (Auerbach's plexus) in between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa. Slide 41 Fundic stomach. The most characteristic feature of the fundic region of the stomach is the presence of fundic glands which contain parietal and chief cells , as well as mucous neck cells . Examine the fundic glands and observe the surface epithelium , gastric pits , neck , and base regions of the glands. Recall that the same type of glands are also found in the body region of the stomach. Fundic glands are straight long, tubular glands with shallow pits. The greatest density of chief cells is in the basal region of each gland. Thus, the lower base region appears more basophilic than the neck and upper base region. The parietal cells are slightly eosinophilic. Observe the mucosa , muscularis mucosae , submucosa , muscularis externa , and serosa . Also study the submucosal and myenteric plexi of nerves and ganglia. Slide 2 Duodenum. Observe Brunner's glands in the submucosa. These glands are diagnostic of the duodenum. Examine the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa . Find the peritoneal surface and note the delicate serosa . Observe the location of the muscularis mucosae , which is often disrupted by Brunner's glands. Note the large broad villi of the mucosa. The core of the villus is an extension of the lamina propria and also contains a blind ending lymphatic capillary, the lacteal . Study the simple columnar Study Guide Basic Histology Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, DME, 2015 27 epithelium populated by goblet cells and the absorptive enterocytes with apical microvilli . The goblet cells increase in number from the proximal to distal small intestine. The cytological preservation in the crypts of Lieberkuhn is not very good and therefore it is difficult to observe the many mitotic figures that are normally present. Paneth cells may be observed at the base of the crypts but are not very well preserved. Recall that the crypts are longer in the duodenum than in the jejunum. Study the Auerbach's (myenteric) plexi between the layers of the muscularis externa. Slide 42 Ileum. The distinguishing feature of the ileum is the presence of large groups of lymphatic nodules in the lamina propria called Peyer's patches . The plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring) in this slide are not as prominent as those found in the duodenum and jejunum. Observe the villi and compare to the duodenum and jejunum. Here the villi are much more leaf-like in appearance when compared to the finger-like villi of the duodenum and jejunum. Note themuscularis mucosa and the absence of glands in the submucosa. Examine the muscularis externa and recall the inner circular and outer longitudinal organization. Study the crypts of Lieberkuhn and observe paneth cells . Observe the density of goblet cells covering the villi and lining the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Goblet cells are most numerous in the terminal ileum. Finally, observe the serosa . Slide 43 Colon. There are no villi or plicae circularis in the large intestine. The simple columnar epithelium has abundant goblet cells interspersed with absorptive cells . The crypts of Lieberkuhn are larger than in the small intestine. This slide best demonstrates the pale staining enteroendocrine cells (argentaffin or APUD cells) at the base of the crypts. Note the absence any glands in the submucosa . Examine the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa . Next, observe the serosa . Find Auerbach's plexi (between the layers of the muscularis externa) and Meissner's plexi (beneath the muscularis mucosae within the submucosa). Nervous Tissue OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session, you should be able to: 1. Identify neurons and understand the functional relationship between the soma and cell processes. 2. Distinguish between glial cells and neurons and know the different functions of these supporting glial cells. 3. Identify and understand the connective tissue elements of the central and peripheral nervous systems. 4. Distinguish between specific organs/structures in the central and peripheral nervous systems (i.e. cerebellum, peripheral nerve, autonomic ganglion). SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 50, 51, 52 and 53 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Slide 50 Spinal cord. Note the H-shaped central gray matter (containing many neurons) and the surrounding white matter . The gray matter is organized as posterior (dorsal) horns and anterior (ventral) horns . Also note the pia mater that is closely adherent to the spinal cord. Identify the ependymal cells surrounding the central canal . Observe the large neuron cell bodies (somata or perikarya) in the ventral horn and the much smaller cell bodies of the dorsal horns. Identify the neural processes ( axon and dendrites ) and axon hillock of a large multipolar motoneuron. Observe the large number of nuclei of other (non- neuronal) cells within both gray and white matter. Although it is not possible to identify each cell type with certainty on this routine-stained section, most of these represent the nuclei of neuroglial cells (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and microglia). Examine the white matter at high magnification and note nerve cell processes surrounded by empty myelin spaces and the nuclei of neuroglial cells.