Anatomy & Physiology: Solutions for Test 3 - Brain, Nervous System and Senses, Exams of Anatomy

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TCDHA Anatomy & physiology test 3 final solutions four main divisions of the brain? - Cerebrum, diencelphalon,cerebellum,brain stem What is the largest part of the brain? - Cerebrum The cerebrum is divided into & hemispheres? - right & left Which side of the body does the right hemisphere control? - Left What two structures protect the brain and spinal cord? - mennings, CSF what are the channels formed where the dura mater divides into two layers? - dural sinuses How many layers of menings are there? - 3 what are the names of the three layers of the menings from the outermost to the innermost? - dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater which division of the brain is physically connected to the spinal cord - Brain stem Which pard of the brain stem contains relay centers for eye and ear reflexes? - midbrain where is CSF produced? - choroid plexus within all four ventricles What does the corpus callosum do? - bridges right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum permitting impulses to cross from one side to the other what are the two main portion of the diencephalon? - thalamus, hypothalamus which structure controls autonomic nervous system and the pituitary gland? - hypothalamus 3 parts of the cerebellum? - cermis, left and right hemispheres functions of cerebellum? - coordinate voluntary muscles, balance, muscle tone. which is not a function of the cerebellum? - initiating movement What two structures is the limbic system located between? - Diencephalon and cerebrum (|X) glossopharyngeal cranial nerve - carries impulses from the tongue, pharynx. controls swallowing, stimulates parotid. (X) vagus - longest cranial nerve; supplies most organs in thoracic,abdominal cavities. motor impulses to larynx, pharynx (X|) accessory - MOTOR. controls muscle to neck and larynx (X||) Hypoglossal - MOTOR. controls tongue muscle what is a sensory receptor? - Part of nervous system that detects a stimulus Chemoreceptors - taste and smell photoreceptors - retina of eye to light thermoreceptors - temperature change - many in skin mechanoreceptors - respond to movement What happens when a sensory receptor adapts to a stimulus? - Becomes unaware of the sensation What are five structures that protect the eye? - Skull bones, conjuntiva, lacrimal gland/tears, eyelids/eyebrow/eyelashes What is the function of the extrinsic eye muscles? - Apply convergence Which cranial nerve carries impulses from the retina to the brain? - optic The middle, pigmented layer of the eye is the? - Choroid What characteristics are used in naming the extrinsic eye muscles? - Location and direction of muscle fiber What are the three tunics of the eyeball? - Sclera, choroid, retina What are the structures that refract light as it passes through the eye? - Cornea, aquaeous humor, lens, vitreous body What is the function of the ciliary muscle? - relaxes or tightens the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing What is the function of the iris? - Regulate amt of light entering pupil What are the receptor cells of the retina? - Rods & cones What are four errors of refraction? - Myopia, hypropia, presbyopia, astigmatism What is cloudiness of the lens called? - cataracts What disorder is caused by excess fluid pressure in the eye? - glaucoma What structure separates the outer ear from the middle ear? - Tympanic membrane What are the two types of hearing loss? - conductive hearing loss, sensorneural HL What is the term for an abnormal sensation of spinning? - Vertigo The ear ossicle that is in contact with the tympanic membrane is the? - Malleus What are the special senses that respond to chemical stimuli? - Taste & smell What are the five basic tastes? - Sweet, salty, bitter, umami, sour Where are the taste receptors for sweet? - anterior of tongue, fungiform papilla Where are the taste receptors for sour - lateral borders of tongue Where are the taste receptors for bitter - circumvalate papilla posterior of tongue what is the term for 'sense of taste'? - gustation Which two cranial nerves carry impulses from the tongue to the brain? - Facial & glossopharyngeal Where are the olfactory receptors located and what sense do they detect? - Nasal cavity, sense of smell What is a propioceptor? - receptor from within the body, reponds to position & movement. In muscles, joints & tendons Where is the origin of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye? - Bones of the orbit Where is the insertion of the six extrinsic muscles of the eye? - sclera What are the two divisions of the nervous system ? - CNS, PNS Which division of the PNS is voluntary and controls skeletal muscles? - somatic Which division is involuntary and controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands? - ANS Which division of the nervous system exclusively controls skeletal muscles? - Somatic nervous system What is the name of the neuron fiber that carries impulses toward the cell body? - dendrites What is the name of the fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body? - Axons What color describes myelinated fibers? - white What color describes the nervous system's unmyelinated tissue? - gray What name is given to nerves that convey impulses toward the CNS? - sensory What name is given to nerves that transport away from the CNS? - motor What is a nerve? - Fiber bundle in the PNS What is a tract? - Fiber bundle in the CNS Which fibers conduct impulses away from the cell body? - axons What is the name of the nervous system's nonconducting cells, which protect, nourish, and support the neurons? - Glial cells Which of the following is NOT an example of a neuroglial cell? - Neuron What are the two stages of an action potential, and what happens during each? - Rising phase, Na+ enters cell & falling phase K+ leaves cell What ions are involved in generating an action potential? - Na+ & K+ How does the myelin sheath affect conduction along an axon? - Prevents conduction, spark jumps node to node What is the junction between two neurons called? - synapse As a group, what are all the chemicals that carry information across the synaptic cleft called? - neurotransmitters