Anatomy and Physiology: Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous, and Endocrine Systems, Exams of Health sciences

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TEAS 6 Science Exam Questions with Complete Solutions Muscles involved in inhalation and do they expand or contract? - ANS: Intercostals and diaphragm contract Part of brain that monitors CO2 to regulate breathing - ANS: Medulla oblongata Two main functions of nucleolus - ANS: Protein synthesis, synthesis and storage of RNA Function of ribosomes - ANS: Synthesize proteins from RNA Golgi complex function - ANS: Synthesizes materials such as proteins that are transported out of the cell Endoplasmic reticulum - ANS: transport system of cell Mitochondria functions - ANS: Production of cell energy; cell signaling; cellular differentiation; cell cycle and growth regulation Events of prophase - ANS: chromatin thickens into chromosomes; nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate; pairs of centrioles move to opp sides of cell and spindle fibers form; mitotic spindle starts to move chromosomes around Connective tissue - ANS: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, lymph Hyperventilation does what to pH? - ANS: Increases blood pH during acidosis; slowing breathing during alkalosis will decrease pH How much blood in adult human? - ANS: 5 L/quarts Composition of blood - ANS: ... Cardiac cycle - ANS: First diastole: blood flows from sup and inf vena cavae to right atrium through open AV/tricuspid valve. SA node of right atrium contracts to fill R ventricle w blood. Impulse transmitted through AV node, R ventricle contracts and initiates first systole. Tricuspid valve closes, pulmonary semilunar opens. Blood pumped from pulmonary arteries to lungs. Blood from lungs fills L atrium during second diastole. SA node triggers mitral valve to open, blood fills left ventricle. During second systole, mitral valve closes and L ventricle contracts, blood pumped from aorta to rest of body. Lymph vascular system functions - ANS: Return of excess fluid to blood; return of proteins from capillaries; transport of fats from digestive tract; disposal of debris and cellular waste Thymus functions - ANS: Thymosin promotes Tcell formation, T cells mature here Lymphoid organs include - ANS: adenoids, tonsils, spleen, thymus, appendix, lymph nodes, patches in small intestine Spleen functions - ANS: filter unwanted materials from blood, including old RBCs; help fight infection by filtering pathogens. Liver functions - ANS: IGF-1, bile, angiotensinogen, thrombopoietin, hepciden, betatrophon, cytochrome p450. Production of cholesterol; storage of excess glucose in form of glycogen; regulation of amino acids; processing of hemoglobin; conversion of ammonia to urea; purification of blood; regulation of blood clotting; controlling infection via boosting immune factors and removing bacteria. Bill's putt putt golf closed Bile - ANS: Increases the absorption of fats, aids abs of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver Blood for liver to metabolize - ANS: Portal vein O2 for liver - ANS: Hepatic artery Cerebrum - ANS: Interprets sensory information; higher thought and action. Two hemis connected by corpus callosum, four lobes. Brain stem - ANS: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata. Regulates respiratory, digestive, and circulatory functions Pons - ANS: Message and relay center, connects cortex and cerebellum. Sleep. Hippocampus - ANS: Part of the limbic system, in each temporal lobe Function: Responsible for processing of long term memory and emotional responses Medulla - ANS: Autonomic activities such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate Amygdala - ANS: Part of Limbic System, at the end of the hippocampus. Responsible for the response and memory of emotions, especially fear Thalamus - ANS: Part of the forebrain, below the corpus callosum Function: Responsible for relaying information from the sensory receptors to proper areas of the brain where it can be processed Autonomic nervous system - ANS: Maintains homeostasis. Sympathetic: flight or fight. HR, resp, sdrenalin up; slows digestions, dilates pupils. Parasympathetic: rest and digest. Somatic nervous system - ANS: Voluntary movements and reflex arc. Sensory receptor - afferent neuron - interneuron in spinal cord - motor neuron - effector (muscle) Muscle properties - ANS: Excitability, contraction, elongation Skeletal muscle - ANS: voluntary, striated, long bundles Smooth muscle - ANS: Involuntary, shorter and wider, non striated Cardiac muscle - ANS: Involuntary, striated, intercalated discs Skeletal muscle contraction - ANS: Muscle fiber contains bundle of myofibrils, composed of sarcomeres. WHen AP reaches fiber, CA ions released, bind to myosin heads. Thin actin filaments slide over thick myosin filaments, shortening sarcomere. Energy provided by ATP. FSH - ANS: Secreted by AP. Stimulates spermatogenesis in men, follicle growth in women LH in men - ANS: Secreted by AP. Stimulates testosterone production, ovulation, estrogen secretion. Where are sperm produced and stored? - ANS: Seminiferous tubules, epididymis Seminal vesicles - ANS: Produce a sugary fluid that provide energy for the sperm Prostate gland - ANS: Produces an alkaline fluid to help buffer the acidic pH int the vagina and produces antibiotics. Bulbourethral glands - ANS: Produce mucus that acts as a lubricant in the urethra. Follicular phase - ANS: FSH promotes the development of a follicle that secretes estrogen. An estrogen spikes leads to a surge in LG and ovulation around day 14 in the 28 day cycles. Luteal phase - ANS: LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum that functions to secrete progesterone. When pregnancy does not occur, menstruation occurs. Day 1-5 of uterine cycle - ANS: Low level of estrogen and progesterone causing the endometrium to disintegrate and menstruation occurs. Day 6-13 of uterine cycle - ANS: Proliferative phase. Increase in estrogen causing the endometrium to thicken. Day 14 uterine cycle - ANS: Ovulation Day 15-28 of uterine cycle - ANS: Secretory phase. Incease in progesterone causes endometrium to 2x or 3x in thickness in prep for the developing embryo. If the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum regresses and the endometrium breaks down. Ovarian cycle - ANS: Ovaries - ANS: secrete steroid hormones - estrogen and Progesterone Estrogen - ANS: Secreted by ovaries, stimulates growth of female sex organs, causes LH surge Progesterone - ANS: Secreted by ovaries, prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy Placenta - ANS: Secretes HCG, estrogen (enlargement of mother's sex organs, stimulates prolactin secretion), and progesterone during pregnancy HCG - ANS: Released by placenta; promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy, which secretes progesterone during the first trimester. Progesterone enriches the uterus with a thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries so that it can sustain the growing fetus Layers of skin - ANS: Epidermis: no BVs; bottom is stratum basale. Dermis: connective tissue, BVs, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, elastin and collagen fibers. Hypodermis: subcutaneous layer, not actually skin; connective tissue binds skin to muscles; fat deposits here. Temperature regulation - ANS: Controlled by hypothalamus. Effectors: sweat glands, BVs, muscles (shivering). Sebaceous glands - ANS: Holocrine glands Apocrine - ANS: Pinched off portion of cell contains secretion Pineal gland - ANS: influences daily biorhythms and sexual activity; secretes melatonin Hypothalamus - ANS: A neural structure in forbrain below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature, linked to emotion. Funnels signals from NS to pituitary gland: control center of endocrine system. Produces ADH and oxytocin, GnRH, CRH, TRH, GHRH, PIF to act on anterior pituitary PIF - ANS: HT. Prolactin-inhibitory factor, constantly released from hypothalamus; when stops being produced, stimulates AP to produce prolactin GnRH - ANS: Peptide hormone secreted by hypothalamus, acts on pituitary gland to cause it to release FSH and LH CRH - ANS: HT. Corticotropin-releasing hormone, stimulates AP to release ACTH TRH - ANS: HT. Thyroid-releasing hormone, stimulates AP to release TSH Pituitary - ANS: Master gland. Directs thyroid. PP: stores ADH (aka vasopressin) and oxytocin made by hypothalamus. AP: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH; Prolactin, GH. FLAT PEG: Flat stimulate other endocrine glands, Peg are direct hormones Oxytocin - ANS: Made by HT, released by PP. Peptide. Stimulates contractions during labor, increases production of prostaglandins which increase labor even more. Simulates release of milk, positive feedback with suckling. Steroids - ANS: Made of lipids: cholesterol. Easily pass through cell MB unlike protein hormones, so have receptors inside cell. Cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones. GH - ANS: Released from AP, acts on long bones, muscles to stimulate growth, mobilizes fat stores. ACTH - ANS: Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Released from AP, stimulates adrenal gland to release glucocorticoids via second messenger system. TSH - ANS: Released from AP, stimulates thyroid to release its hormones. Peptide. Merocrine - ANS: Aka eccrine. Secretions via exocytosis Holocrine - ANS: Cell destroyed to secrete ADH - ANS: Made by HT, released by PP. Regulates fluid volume by acting on kidneys to reabsorb more water at collecting duct. Secretion stimulated by stretch receptors in kidneys, heart and large arteries. Increases BP. Kidney function - ANS: Glomerular filtrate enters PCT: water, glucose, ions, other organic molecules reabsorbed into bloodstream. DCT: urea and drugs removed; pH of blood adjusted by secretion of hydrogen ions. Regulation of BP. Limited gluconeogenesis. Secretes EPO to stimulate erythropoiesis when O2 is low. +++According to TEAS does not secrete enzymes. Renal pelvis - ANS: Urine collects here before moving to ureter Renin - ANS: Enzyme that upregulates arterial blood pressure, secreted by kidneys in response to stretch receptors Renin-angiotensin system - ANS: JG cells (low BP) produce renin, sympathetic nerves, and macula densa cells (low salt --> release prostaglandins) of the kidney stimulate JG cells to release renin. The renin enzyme circulates in BS and hydrolyzes angiotensinogen secreted from the liver into the peptide angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further cleaved in the lungs by endothelial-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) into angiotensin II, the most vasoactive peptide. Angiotensin II is a potent constrictor of all BVs. It acts on the smooth muscle and raises the resistance posed by these arteries to the heart. The heart, trying to overcome this increase in its 'load', works more vigorously, causing the blood pressure to rise. Angiotensin II also acts on the adrenal glands and releases aldosterone, which stimulates the epithelial cells in the distal tubule and collecting ducts of the kidneys to increase re-absorption of sodium, exchanging with potassium to maintain electrochemical neutrality, and water, leading to raised blood volume and raised blood pressure. The RAAS also acts on the CNS to increase water intake by stimulating thirst, as well as conserving blood volume, by reducing urinary loss through the secretion of ADH (vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary gland. Glomerulus - ANS: A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. Active immunity - ANS: Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response. Passive immunity - ANS: Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs during pregnancy, in which certain antibodies are passed from the maternal into the fetal bloodstream Macrophages - ANS: Found in organs. Larger than neurtophils, produced in BM as monocytes, long lived. Pick up and ingest foreign materials and present these antigens to other cells of the immune system such as lymphocytes like T cells and B cell Complement system - ANS: Produced by liver. Group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promotes inflammation, and attacks the pathogen's plasma membrane. T cells - ANS: T helper cells: secretion of cytokines that activate other white blood cells to fight off infection T killer/suppressor: directly kill certain tumor cells, viral-infected cells and sometimes parasites; also important in down-regulation of immune responses Lymphocytes - ANS: have antibodies that bind to specific antigens in the pathogen Natural killer cells - ANS: Kill certain tumors such as melanomas, lymphomas and viral-infected cells; no conference in lymphoid organs Dendritic cells - ANS: Present antigens to T cells or lymphoid organs Large intestine function - ANS: Absorbs water, produces and absorbs vitamin K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin. Secretes K+ and Cl- Haversian canal - ANS: Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves, surrounded by lamellae Lamellae - ANS: Concentric circles of bone; spaces between are lacunae, contain osteocytes Alcohol - ANS: OH group attached to hydrocarbon Refraction - ANS: Bending of light as it passes obliquely from one medium to another Cervical vertebrae - ANS: C1-C7 Thoracic vertebrae - ANS: T1-T12 Lumbar vertebrae - ANS: L1-L5 Atmospheric levels - ANS: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere. The Straight Man's Testicle's Exploded. Alcohol - ANS: OH group attached to hydrocarbon C to F - ANS: F = 9/5xC+32 Ideal Gas Law - ANS: PV=nRT Pia mater - ANS: Innermost meninge, highly vascularized to suport neural tissue Arachnoid mater - ANS: Meninge that cushions the brain, middle layer Dura mater - ANS: Outermost meninge, made of thick, tough, inextensible connective tissue Oligodendrocytes - ANS: make myelin Microglial cells - ANS: eat foreign cells and debris Astrocytes - ANS: structural support, regulate nutrient/ion concentration, form scar tissue Ependymal cells - ANS: Form meninges Boyle's Law - ANS: PV=c Monosaccharide - ANS: CH2O Fats - ANS: Three fatty acids bound to a glycerol Hydrolysis - ANS: Salt and water react to form base and acid Formula for pH - ANS: pH=-log[H+] Prostaglandins - ANS: hormone-like lipid, produced throughout body, autocrine or paracrine action. Prostacyclins produced in BVs: vasodilate, inhibit clotting, involved in inflammation. Thromboxanes are vasoconstrictors and facilitate platelet aggregation. Others induce labor, decrease intraocular pressure, regulate hormones, produce fever, control cell growth, inhibit parietal acid secretion, tell JG cells to wake up and increase BP. etc. Mesosomes - ANS: Result from invag of cell membrane. Vesicles, tubules, lamellae. P wave - ANS: depolarization of the SA node QRS complex - ANS: ventricular depolarization T wave - ANS: ventricular repolarization IgG - ANS: Increase macrophage activity, act as antitoxins, carry out agglutination. Cross placental barrier, act in blood and tissue fluid. IgM - ANS: Agglutination. Act in blood and tissue fluid. IgA - ANS: Secretions. Stop bacteria from adhering, prevent bacterial colony formation. Ectoderm - ANS: nervous system, sensory epithelia, epidermis Mesoderm - ANS: connective tissue, muscles, gonads, renal, circulatory, lymphatic Endoderm - ANS: Epithelial lining of GI and respiratory tract, lining of renal and repro, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid and parathyroid Fibroblast - ANS: principal active cell of connective tissues. Produce tropocollagen and ground substances, play role in wound healing Translation - ANS: mRNA translated in ribosomes to produce polypeptides Transcription - ANS: DNA transcribed as mRNA tRNA - ANS: Each AA has its own type of tRNA, which binds it and carries it to the growing polypeptide rRNA - ANS: Associates with a set of proteins to form ribosomes