Terms and Concepts of Principles of Plant Biology - Study Guide | BZ 120, Study notes of Botany and Agronomy

Download Terms and Concepts of Principles of Plant Biology - Study Guide | BZ 120 and more Study notes Botany and Agronomy in PDF only on Docsity! “ANE SHALES BZ i20 Terms & Concepts, Weeks 7 & 8 Week 7: genetics - the study of inheritance of traits alleles alternate forms of a gene for one trait focus location on a chromosome: alleles for a given trait occur at the same locus on homologous chromusenes Gregor Mendel (father of ) & his experiments with peas PLP. & Fy generations rece. Mendel’s law of unit characters - traits are controtled by genes that oc particulate inherisance (not blending) Mendel’s law of dominance —one gene may dominate or mask the other genotype (listing of alleles) phenotype (physical appearance) homozygous genolype (2 alleles identical) heterozygous genotype (2 alleles different) Mendet’s law of segregation - when an organism reproduces, ? genes segr each ollspring inherits one gene from each parent use ofa Pannell square to simulate reprod. from one generation to the next (see handout & Fig, 8-1 genotypic ratio phenotypic ratio lest cross -used to determine whether an organism with dominant Phenotype is homo- or heterozygous incomplete dominance (“exception” to law of dominance) --see Fig. 8-18 (Mower color in snapdragons) monohybrid cross (all the e: amples we've used so far, following just a single trait) Mendel’s taw of independent assortment genes for different traits are inherited independently, unless they occur on the same chromosome (and are therefore linked) kampte of dihybrid cross (without linkage), following 2 traits simultancously (see Fig. 8-15 dihybrid crass with linkuge {simpler} crossing-over “breaks” linkages and produces “recombination” of venes, increasing genetic variation ur in pairs within an individual gate in the parent (in meiosis): ) cellular respiration (cells break down food to make energy (ATP) available) AIP energy “currency” of colts, used as direct source of energy ADP phosphorylation (¢.2., ADP 1 {P}> ATP} oxidation (Joss of electrons)” reduction (gain of electrons} electron carrier‘coenzyme picks up electrons in one reaction and “shuttles™ them to another reaction aerobic respiration (& overall eqn: CoH 0, + 6 0: 38 ADP + 36UPF > 6 COr+ 6 1LO+ 36 ATP + beat) anacrobic resp. (& overall eqn: C,H).0, ° 2 ADP > 2C5H3OH 12CO. -2 ATP + hear) fermentation ethyl alcohol (ethanol) - C;H.OH digestion (e.g. starch > glucose} reactions of respiration — see handaut (Fig. 6-2 ycolysis 1% step to both aerobic & anaerabic resp., in cytoplasmic grote substance: lucase (C,,) > 2 pyruvate (Cik net gain of 2ATP the “rest” of anaerobic resp. (If O3 is not available): pyruvate > cthangl + COs(in plants & fungi) or lactic acid:lactate (in animals & some bacteria) — also occurs in evap! ground substance 1 Oy is available. pyruvate enters mitachondrion, where the rest of acrobie resp. occurs relevant “parts of mitachondrion: matrix (fluid in center) & cristae (folded inner membrane j Krebs Cycle (Citic Acid Cyctey in matrix: cyelic reaction in which a few more APs are made Flectron Transport Chain - on cristae: electron carriers “teed in” electrons trom glycolysis & Krebs evete: O attracts electrons (hrough evtochrome “chain,” producing ATPs cytochromes — iron-containi ge compounds in ETC (we'll see them in photosynthesis, too} ATP “accounting” (most are made in ET C}