Terms and Definitions for Public Health, Food Science, and Management Studies, Exams of Medicine

Download Terms and Definitions for Public Health, Food Science, and Management Studies and more Exams Medicine in PDF only on Docsity! Terms To Know - RD Exam Questions And Answers. CDC - \(Center for Disease Control and Prevention) Is a national public health institute in the United States. It is a United States federal agency, under the Department of Health and Human Services. Child Labor Laws - \The U.S. Department of Labor is the sole federal agency that monitors child labor and enforces child labor laws. Child labor provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety. Class I Recall - \involves a health hazard situation in which there is a reasonable probability that eating the food will cause health problems or death. Correlation - \Correlation means there is a relationship or pattern between the values of two variables. A scatterplot displays data about two variables as a set of points in the xy- plane and is a useful tool for determining if there is a correlation between the variables. Causation - \Causation means that one event causes another event to occur. Causation can only be determined from an appropriately designed experiment. In such experiments, similar groups receive different treatments, and the outcomes of each group are studied. We can only conclude that treatment causes an effect if the groups have noticeably different outcomes. Dependent Variable - \The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. Independent Variable - \The cause, value is independent of other variables in the study. Descriptive Test - \Difference test in which two samples are judged against control to determine which of the two samples is different from the control. Duo Trio Test - \Is an overall difference test that will determine whether or not a sensory difference exists between two samples. This method is particularly useful: To determine whether product differences result from a change in ingredients, processing, packaging, or storage. EBM Grading Evidence - \(Evidence-Based Medicine grading evidence) The grading system provides an important component in evidence-based medicine and assists in clinical decision- making. For example, a strong recommendation is given when there is level I evidence and consistent evidence from Level II, III, and IV studies available. Errors of Data Distortion - \ Experimental - \(of a new invention or product) based on untested ideas or techniques and not yet established or finalized. Focus Group - \involves discussions with a group of 5-15 individuals to gather more specific information. focus group members may be repeat customers or randomly selected potential customers. they provide an excellent way to gather detailed information from those external to the organization. FSIS Responsibilities - \(Food Safety and Inspection Service) Federal agency responsible for ensuring that meat and poultry products destined for interstate commerce and human consumption do not pose any health hazards. Functional Food - \Foods that may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition, also known as nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals is used to describe food products created by new technologies and scientific developments. "any substance that may be considered a food or part of a food and provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease" GRAS - \(generally recognized as safe) is a United States Food and Drug Administration designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act food additive tolerance requirements. \overall consistency of a measure. a measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions. Responsibilities of State or Local Regulatory Authorities - \ensure that consumers are able to identify and access qualified professionals who demonstrate the knowledge, skill and competency necessary to provide safe and ethical nutrition therapy. State licensing laws help consumers identify who is a qualified practitioner to provide a particular set of specified services, known as the profession's scope of practice. The Academy supports professional licensure for RDNs and other qualified nutrition professionals to protect the public by enforcing objective standards in education, work experience and exams. Sampling Error - \error in a statistical analysis arising from the unrepresentativeness of the sample taken. Screening - \the process of identifying patients, clients, or groups who may have a nutrition diagnosis and benefit from nutrition assessment and intervention by a registered dietitian. Specificity - \the proportion of reference test negative (healthy) subjects who test negative with the screening test. Sensitivity - \correctly and unambiguously defined as the proportion of reference test positive (diseased) subjects who test positive with the screening test. Statistical Significance - \there is sufficient statistical evidence to suggest that the results are most likely not due to chance. Standard Deviation - \a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. low indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean of the set, while a high indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range. Survey - \national cross-sectional studies that are performed to assess the nutritional status of a selected population, identify the group at risk of chronic malnutrition, evaluate nutritional problems, and inform evidence-based nutrition policies. Triangle Test - \discriminative method with many uses in sensory science including: gauging if an overall difference is present between two products. selecting qualified panelists for a particular test. determining whether shifts in processing or ingredients have significantly changed a product. USDA - \US Department of Agriculture responsible for providing a safety net for millions of Americans who are food-insecure and for developing and promoting dietary guidance based on scientific evidence. work to increase food security and reduce hunger by providing children and low-income people access to food, a healthful diet and nutrition education in a way that supports American agriculture and inspires public confidence. Validity - \Extent to which a variable or measure captures the underlying concept it is intended to reflect. 3 Key Management Skills - \Technical Human/Interpersonal Conceptual Affective Learning Domain - \involves feelings, emotions, and attitudes, and includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally (feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasm, motivations, and attitudes). Andragogy - \the understanding of the science and practice of adult learning. Broker - \a person who buys and sells goods or assets for others. Manufacturer's Representative - \an individual, sales agency or company that sells a manufacturer's products to wholesale and retail customers. Wholesaler - \a person or company that sells goods in large quantities at low prices, typically to retailers. Bureaucratic - \form of organization that functions in accordance with the rules and guidelines of that organization as enacted by a higher authority. Autocratic - \takes total control, makes decisions, assumes full responsibility. most appropriate when needing to initiate several complex, stressful, and simultaneous changes in a short period of time. Campinha-Bacote Model - \Process of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services. A model that views cultural competence as the ongoing process in which the health care provider continuously strives to achieve the ability to effectively work within the cultural context of the client (individual, family, community) Can Cuttings - \used before we packaged seafood in pouches. can be used to evaluate pouch seafood. opportunity to review several products to determine which offers the right value for your needs. Cause and Effect Diagram - \a diagram that shows the potential causes of a specific event. product design and quality defect prevention is used to identify potential factors causing an overall effect. Changes in Management Style due to Complex, Stressful, Simultaneous Changes in a Short Time Period - \Make all decisions with available information and use autocratic management for change In this situation, there is little time to consult with individual employees or the entire group of employees. This situation can be looked at as highly unfavorable. In both highly favorable and unfavorable situations, a task-oriented (ie, autocratic) leader seems to be most effective. In highly favorable situations, the group is ready to be directed and is willing to be told what to do. In highly unfavorable situations, the group welcomes the opportunity of having the leader take the responsibility for making decisions and giving directions. Given a longer period of time to make changes, the organization would benefit by including all employees in the change process. Cognitive Learning Domain - \aims to develop the mental skills and the acquisition of knowledge of the individual. knowledge includes the ability of the learner to recall data or information. this is followed with comprehension which assesses the ability of the learner to understand the meaning of what is known. Collaborate Planning Sessions - \real-time discussion between people working together towards a common goal. Charrettes - \A meeting in which all stakeholders in a project attempt to resolve conflicts and map solutions. Job Description - \usually appears on a job posting before the specification. it contains general information pertaining to the job, which is useful when advertising the role opening. Leader - \person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. Leadership Styles: Autocratic, Consultative, Bureaucratic, Participative, Laissez-Faire - \autocratic: when a leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals are to be achieved, and directs and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by the subordinates. consultative: leadership style that targets team building and uses the skills of others to create plans and make decisions. bureaucratic: a leader who depends on his or her position in a clearly defined hierarchy to influence followers. participative: a style of leadership in which all members of the organization work together to make decisions. also known as democratic leadership. laissez-faire: attitude of trust and reliance on their employees. Line Authority - \power given to someone in a supervisory position to mandate actions by subordinates. Linking Processes - \used by managers to unify a system. include communication and decision making Make-or-Buy Decision - \an act of choosing between manufacturing a product in-house or purchasing it from an external supplier. Management Functions: Directing, Controlling, Organizing, Planning - \directing: influencing, guiding, supervising, and motivating staff for the achievement of organizational goals. controlling: helps to check errors in order to take corrective actions. organizing: developing an organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives. planning: involves setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving those objectives. Management of Objective - \strategic management model that aims to improve the performance of an organization by clearly defining objectives that are agreed to by both management and employees. Marketing - \process of intentionally stimulating demand for and purchases of goods and services; potentially including selection of a target audience Marketing Mix - \set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market (product, price, place, promotion) Master Schedule - \plan for individual commodities to be produced in each time period such as production, staffing, inventory, etc. Mission Statement - \short statement of why an organization exists, what its overall goal is, identifying the goal of its operations: what kind of product or service it provides, its primary customers or market, and its geographical region of operation. Motion Economy - \set of rules and suggestions to improve the manual work in manufacturing and reduce fatigue and unnecessary movements by the worker, which can lead to the reduction in the work related trauma Organizational Chart - \a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs. Organizing - \the establishment of effective authority relationships among selected work, persons and work places, in order for the group to work together efficiently. or the process of dividing work into sections and departments. Planning - \process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired goal. based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for mental time travel. Participatory Management - \ Patient Views of Healthcare - \ PDSA - \the Plan, Do, Study, Act cycle is a four-stage, problem-solving model that is used to improve a process or carry out change. PERT - \ Process Chart - \ Pareto Chart - \ Process Evaluation - \ Procurement - \ Purchasing Process - \ Requisition - \ Psychomotor Learning Domain - \ Queuing Theory - \ Resources Used in Management Principles - \ Responsibility - \ Ability - \ Accountability - \ Capability - \ Authority - \ Robbery - \taking property that may involve force and person-to-person interaction \ 100% Organic - \ Organic - \ Free Range - \ No Drugs or Growth Hormones Used - \ Truth in Labeling - \ Sustainably Harvested - \ Low-Fat - \ Fat-Free - \ Reduced Fat or Less Fat - \ Light or Lite - \ Low Saturated Fat - \ Sugar-Free - \ No Sugar Added - \ Reduced Sugar, Less Sugar, or Low in Sugar - \ Health Claim - \ Nutrient Content Claim - \ Qualified Health Claim - \ Authorized Health Claim - \ Product Claims - \ 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act - \ Keywords in Nutrient Content Claim - \ Structure/Function Claim - \ Low-Calorie - \ Calorie-Free - \ Reduced Calorie - \ Requirement for Calorie Labeling on Menu - \ Low Sodium - \ Sodium-Free, Salt-Free, No Sodium - \ Reduced Sodium Soy Sauce - \ Lightly Salted - \ Unsalted - \ Excellent Source of <Nutrient> - \ Good Source of <Nutrient> - \ Excellent or Good Source of <nutrient> - \ Combination of "Good Source of Nutrient" in a High Fat/High Cholesterol, High Sodium Food - \ Acidic Foods and Considerations for Food Safety - \ Air Blast Freezing - \ Altitude and Boiling Water - \ Amylopectin - \ Blanching - \ Caking - \ Calcium Alginate - \ Carrageenan - \ Chlorophyll b - \ Chlorophyllase - \ HVAC System - \ Immersion Freezing - \ Irradiation - \ Magnesium Sulfate - \ Maillard Reaction - \ Modified Atmospheric Packaging - \ Monounsaturated Fatty Acids - \ MSG - \ Ohmic Heating - \ Ovens - Conveyor, Rotisserie, Bakery Convection, Double Deck, Convection, Microwave, Combination, Pizza Deck, Smoker - \ Ozonation - \ Pascalization - \ Pasteurization - \ Pheophytin - \ Pickling - \ Plate or Contact Freezing - \ Precipitation, Curdling - \ Pregelatinized Starch - \ Proper Menu Planning Principles - \ Pulsed Light - \ Pulsed Light Processing - \ Recycling in Foodservice Operations - \ Resistant Starch - \ Rules for Food Handling with Sick Employees - \ Scoop Sizes - \ Silicon Dioxide - \ Size Conversions (oz to gal) - \ Menu Planning Principles - \ Smoke Curing - \ Sodium Citrate - \ Sol - \ Titanium Dioxide - \ Transformation Processes in Foodservice - \the processes required to change inputs into outputs. Turmeric - \ Vulnerable Populations - \ Water Activity of Food - \ Work Tables and Motion Economy - \ Yeast - \ Activity Ratio - \ Break-even Point - \ Contribution Margin - \ Cost Benefit Analysis - \ Food Cost - \ Gross Profit - \ Liquidity Ratio - \