Geology and Soil Science Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Engineering

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TERM 1 Bowen's Reaction Series DEFINITION 1 Olivine Ca-SparPyroxeneAmphibole Biotite Na-Spar Kspar Muscovite QuartzOn earth' surface, olivine=weak, quartz=strong TERM 2 Clay Minerals DEFINITION 2 Si sheetAl sheetKaoliniteSmectiteIlliteVermiculiteMixed LayerTo defuse swelling: add chemicals or kaolinite TERM 3 Si Sheet DEFINITION 3 __________VVVVVVVVV TERM 4 Al Sheet DEFINITION 4 ____________IVIVIVIVIVIVIVIGibbsite TERM 5 Kaolinite DEFINITION 5 ___________VVVVVVVVV IVIVIVIVIVIDoesn't swell much--- bricks TERM 6 Smectite DEFINITION 6 Group of swelling soils, takes large amounts of water___________VVVVVVVVVIVIVIVIVIVIAAAAAAAAAAWater seeps betweensandwiches (ion differences) TERM 7 Illite DEFINITION 7 ___________VVVVVVVVVIVIVIVIVIVIAAAAAAAAAAPotassium seeps between sandwiches TERM 8 Vermiculite DEFINITION 8 ___________VVVVVVVVVIVIVIVIVIVIAAAAAAAAAACalcium or Magnesium seeps between sandwiches TERM 9 Mixed Layer DEFINITION 9 Illite/SmectiteNature, always different TERM 10 Dissolution DEFINITION 10 Removal of ions (Si, Al, Fe, Ca), leads to collapse of structure (pH)controlled bysolubility, controlled by pH TERM 21 Wildfires.... DEFINITION 21 Increase weathering TERM 22 Physical Weathering DEFINITION 22 breaking up of rock due to imposed volume changestension makes rock weakerdoes not involve formation of new minerals TERM 23 Exfoliation fractures DEFINITION 23 pressure release fractures following unloading/erosion.onion skin morphology.rock is no longer confinedGlaciation TERM 24 Thermal Expansion Fractures DEFINITION 24 Due to volume changes from temperature fluctuations, significant in arid climates, such as deserts. less water TERM 25 Hydration Weathering DEFINITION 25 expansion of clay or salt minerals formed under chemically weathered rind. scummy clay. removal of rind and exposure of fresh rockgrusification (piles of rocks)--produces gravelly soil of feldspar and quartz crystals TERM 26 Tree Root Growth DEFINITION 26 Widens fractures, enhances water infiltration and chemical weathering.Dangerous only on large scale TERM 27 Frost Shattering DEFINITION 27 Freezing of water in fractures accompanied by 9% volume expansion, requires closed system (alpine regions) TERM 28 Salt Precipitation DEFINITION 28 growth of salt or carbonate crystals exerts pressure on rockarid regions with salt sources (coastal) TERM 29 Surface area erosion DEFINITION 29 more sides exposed, more roundingface=lessside=morecorner=most TERM 30 O DEFINITION 30 Upper layers--dominated by organic material above mineral soil horizons. Not always present in all locations TERM 31 A DEFINITION 31 At surface or below O horizon. Humic organic material, mixed with mineral fraction. Cultivation or disturbances effect propertiesFertile soil TERM 32 E DEFINITION 32 Mineral horizons in which main characteristic is loss of silicate, clay, iron, or aluminum. Concentrated sand and silt. Leached of elements TERM 33 B DEFINITION 33 Dominated by obliteration of original rock, illuvial concentration of various materials including clay materials, carbonates, sesquioxides of iron and aluminum. TERM 34 C DEFINITION 34 Horizons, excluding hard bedrock, that are less affected by pedogenesis and lack properties of O,A,E,B. Material may be either like or unlike that from the solum presumably formed.Corestones TERM 35 R DEFINITION 35 Hard bedrock under a soil TERM 46 Plate Like DEFINITION 46 E-horizonscaused by compaction TERM 47 Block like DEFINITION 47 B-horizonsparticularly humid, may occur in Aangular, blockysubangular, blocky TERM 48 Prism-like DEFINITION 48 Arid B horizonsColumnar (rounded top)Prismatic, flat, angular tops TERM 49 Water Deposition DEFINITION 49 Alluvial TERM 50 Ice Deposition DEFINITION 50 Drift TERM 51 Air Deposition DEFINITION 51 Dunes/Loess TERM 52 Fracture DEFINITION 52 planar discontinuity within a rock mass TERM 53 Joint DEFINITION 53 fracture where no significant movement has occurredbrittle failure in response to stresesjoin sets formed, distinct orientations TERM 54 Fault DEFINITION 54 Fracture along which movement hasoccurred TERM 55 Normal Fault DEFINITION 55 Gravity, rock slab falling TERM 56 Reverse DEFINITION 56 rock slap forced upward--steep angle TERM 57 Thrust Fault DEFINITION 57 shallow angle reverse (45), wedge edgeirregular boundary, originate in core of foldSEE Lewis thrust, Montana TERM 58 Strike Slip Fault DEFINITION 58 blocks sliding against each other TERM 59 Topographic Expression of Joints DEFINITION 59 small scale featuresinfluence weathering ---weaker zones, access to water, rectangularaffect drainage patternsunusual or spectacular topography (arches) TERM 60 Topographic Expression of Faults DEFINITION 60 Normal, reverse, and strike slip=linear topo featuresnormal can be complicated by splinters (splays) and stepsrelay rampfault steps come together at depth TERM 71 Hydrograph DEFINITION 71 Know it.Developments: shorter lag time, higher peak TERM 72 Recurrence Interval DEFINITION 72 average length of time between floods of same size100 years: 4 500 cfm = 100/4=25 yearsand 1 800 cfm = 100/1=100 years TERM 73 Annual Probability DEFINITION 73 1/Recurrence Interval1/25=4%1/100=1%each year! TERM 74 Bankfull flood DEFINITION 74 natural stream channels filled. b/t 1.5-2 recurrence interval TERM 75 Mean annual flood DEFINITION 75 Average of the largest floods every year, defined as 2.33 year recurrence interval TERM 76 Paleoflood history DEFINITION 76 only been recording for less than 100 years in US1.Slackwater deposits (fine grained sediments)2.Dating of paleosols, ancient soils, on floodplains3.Tree damage dating4.Boulder size/channel hydrology analysis