Test 1 | ARCH 3115 - History of Architecture, Quizzes of History of Architecture

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TERM 1 DEFINITION 1 Terra Amata [ France] c. 400,000 BCE - buildings built by neanderthals- made with branches bound at the top and supported by posts & rocks- included a hearth used as communal resting/gathering space [fire]- used as seasonal shelter as nomadic groups followed food migration TERM 2 DEFINITION 2 Mammoth bone hut [ Mezhirich, Russia] c. 10,000 bce- the manifestation of making use of what you have - houses constructed from bones of mammoth- arrangement of the bones in this way was seen as significant TERM 3 DEFINITION 3 Lascaux cave [ France] c. 10,000 BCE- towards the end of paleolithic period when tools had advanced to the point of developing tools to create artwork - the importance of animals to the people who painted them- artist incorporated paintings into the physical structure of the cave itself turning it into a rather symbolic structure --turning natural world into a representation in an abstract way- animal transcendence over human longevity TERM 4 DEFINITION 4 Lepenski Vir [ Serbia] c. 6300-4800- by this time the earth was warmer, food was more readily available- a semi permanent settlement-- base of stone, top made of [?]- equilateral triangle structures --> pointing towards people having very sophisticated knowledge of geometry for their time- oriented towards their source of food --> the river- features a hearth in the center [ idea of communal gathering]- a planned community with shared cultural values -- most likely in response to their religion-- level of consistency is important TERM 5 DEFINITION 5 Sittard [ Netherlands] c. 5000-4000 BCE- one of the earliest types of permanent structures we see [ the longhouse]- settlement of 5 houses- longhouse = woodhouses where societies raised cattle, sheep, and agriculture- each house found facing the same direction [ room for 20-30 people -- included extended family]- used different types of timber joined to form a thatched roof- slept with their animals [ practical for warm bodies during winter] - lasted long time because it met the needs of those that used them in their agricultural lives - walls supported by central posts in the house [ constructed of wattle and daub] -- pointing to continual work- people began to care about their spaces because of the work they continued to put into the structure TERM 6 Wattle and Daub DEFINITION 6 wattle = tightly woven lattice work [ building materialdaub = plastering substance that covers the wattle- combination of mud, sand, poop - most likely applied by women in the group- once dry it is very good insulating material - very durable [ often dries into stone -- depending on climate] TERM 7 DEFINITION 7 Skara Brae [Scotland] c. 2000 BCE- walls were partly sunken into the ground providing insulation---> partial submission would help keep warm in but still difficult to keep fully dry- not entirely open to the elements - - covered with dome shaped thatching- hearths located in the center of the room -- evidence of burned seaweed- interior furniture made of stone --- each house had two beds [ one for husband, one for wife and kids]---> furniture the same in all homes -- evidence of strong shared system of values to the point that it guided the placement of things within the home - featured primitive system of drainage for toilets inside home TERM 8 DEFINITION 8 New Grange [ Ireland] c. 3000 BCE - passage grave - stones used were collected from far off regions - features geometrical carvings within the stones used all over the site [ symbolic]- human bones and grave goods found - fire pits and out buildings found on site- could be used for astrological purpose -- could be one of the ways that the society that built it kept track of time TERM 9 Grave Goods DEFINITION 9 objects found that are buried with the dead -- beads, bone tools, flint tools, anything needed for the afterlife TERM 10 DEFINITION 10 Stonehenge [England] c. 2750-1500 BCE- in the South of England- construction happened continuously over 1000 yrs- sits on top of a hill in the middle of no where now [ in neolithic period it was highly populated area (urban)]- Built in 4 phases---> 1st was one ditch with one megalithic stone, two stones and the rest were burials [ some kind of calendar function]----> 2nd phase features road [ signifies more people coming] and small circle of blue stones [ not megaliths] that were taken from 200 mi. away and dragged to the site [ still used as calendar - marking summer solstice sun]------> 3rd phase start building more megalithic structures -- still kept the road and initial ditch---------> 4th phase added more blue stones from phase 2 - very sophisticated architecture - used trilithons, trabeation, mortis and tenon- proof that architecture is becoming a system of expression and art- speculation that stonehenge was a giant seasonal clock -- predicting movements of the moon and sun -------> allowing for the keeping of records, maintaining agriculture, [ leading to more productive agriculture] allowing societies to grow, survive, and focus efforts on other things TERM 21 DEFINITION 21 Worker's Town at the Pyramid site of King Sesostris II, [ Lower Egypt] c. 1800 BCE TERM 22 DEFINITION 22 Mortuary complex of Zoser [Saqqare] c. 2680 BCE Architect: Imhotep Chapels with nothing in them -- architectural representations of the chapel form present in temple complex features two temples dedicated to upper and lower Egypt Lower Temple -- featured abstracted lotus flowers on capitals/columns ----all capitals would have been painted with intricate patterns ----evidence of expert stone masonry and artistry -- - featured skilled carving --- abstraction of plant painted on capitals representation of pharaoh taking with him this growth into the afterworld TERM 23 DEFINITION 23 Stepped pyramid of Sneferu [Meidum] c. 2680-2570 BCE first pyramid built by Sneferu built in phases -- built up by levels then entirely encased in stone destroyed by an earthquake or other natural phenomena [ not entirely sure of completion] TERM 24 DEFINITION 24 Bent pyramid of Sneferu [Dahshur] c. 2680-2565 BCE Known for the change in angle halfway up started as a true pyramid but ran into unknown problem would have been encased entirely of limestone would have had to have extensive source of labor and materials to complete the pyramid -- sneferu invaded areas of lybia to establish a labor force and other places to gather materials blocks used aren't as massive as other used at Giza -- evidence that stone masonry hadn't developed to that level yet interior consisted of two chambers --- one above and one below interior burial chambers featured corbelling construction TERM 25 Corbelling DEFINITION 25 masonry going inwards towards the top --- used before the invention of the arch-- piece of stone, wood, metal jutting from a wall to carry weight [ a type of bracket] TERM 26 DEFINITION 26 Mortuary Temple of Mteuhotep [ Deir el-Bahri] c. 2050 BCE Metuhotep begins the middle kingdom [ second great flowering of Egypt] pyramids aren't being built anymore a terraced temple set into a cliff -- unifying the landscape political and cultural interst that was renewed during the Middle Kingdom --- more of an interest in creating sites of devotion for the gods themselves versus the ruler continual appeasement of the gods after the pharaohs death set on a platform features a core -- area for air circulation, for preparations of burials, chapel TERM 27 DEFINITION 27 Valley of the Kings primary area for Egyptian rulers and their families to be buried during the New Kingdom buried with all their stuff tombs built with massive underground tunnels to hold their stuff valley located among mountains -- mountains taking the place of the pyramid all tombs covered and sealed TERM 28 DEFINITION 28 Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut [Deir el-Bahri] c. 1500 BCE Architect: Senmut acting queen regent for her younger brother -- became 5th ruler in New Kingdom Egypt represented herself as male king in all representation of herself [ ceremonial and otherwise] very prosperous -- ruled for 22 yrs ---pushed for more trade devoted to the god Amon -- believed he was incarnated as his daughter constructed 1000 yrs after Giza located next to Metuhotep temple features 3 broad courts with collonades surrounding featured gardens planted with trees from nearby columns with linter [ much lighter structure replacing the megalithic structure of the pyramids] temple allows the natural features of the landscape to reassert themselves around the organization of the facade of the temple funerary chapel in the middle, up from the ramp Hatshepsut buried at the valley of the kings not at this site continued use after her death statues are images of hatshepsut represented as the god Osiris [ god of the underworld -- his body, her face] decoration served political purpose --sending a message to those who would challenger her authority use of fine artwork 00 documented her various international exploits -- showing how she advanced the egyptian economy for the god Amon TERM 29 DEFINITION 29 Temple of Amon [Karnak] c. 1525-1350 BCE Causeway lined by rows of lambs headed sphynxes walls created through ashlar masonry -- infilled with rubble complex arrangement of pylon and hypostyle hall -- always linear progression from entrance to the back construction took place over many centuries -- every king added something [ his own ceremonial entrance, wall carvings with his achievements to god Amon] TERM 30 DEFINITION 30 Temple of Amon, Hypostyle Hall Forest of columns covered in base reliefs [ would've been brightly painted] features -- clerestory windows at ceiling over papyrus capitals offering dim lighting [ emphasizing bright painted base reliefs] -- space is quite tight --- papyrus column main walkway the only real open space --- columns would have supported lintels to support the roof -- all featured carvings TERM 31 DEFINITION 31 Troy [ Hisarlik, Turkey] 3000-1300 BCETroy II (2500-2200 BCE)Troy IV (1800-1300 BCE) previously a giant mound made of layers "discovered" by Heinrich Schliemann -- he discovered 9 levels of occupation Period of Troy = Level 7 [ extensive signs that the region was burned and destroyed] 1st level established in 3rd mill. BCE Believed Troy = Troy II found remains of enormous gate and fortification wall [ wall higher and angled inwards [to deter climbers] Troy VI -- one of the largest town in the Aegean -- heavily populated with important role in trade -- would've been government/administrative center Megaron house = first occupation of Troy -- Tory II houses a megaron in an administrative complex TERM 32 DEFINITION 32 Palace of Nestor, [Pylos, Greece] 1300 BCE Governmental structure in a larger settlement [ town surrounded it like troy ] features megaron destroyed by fire 1250 BCE hearth still stands floors, ceilings, walls would have been painted with frescoes living quarters would have been on the second floor TERM 33 DEFINITION 33 Tiryns [Greece] c. 1600-1300 BCE referenced by Homer excavated by Schliemann one of the most important centers of mycenaean world primarily a military fortress and citadel [ seat of gov. with strategic point for military] wall created with cyclopean masonry surrounded entire hilltop featured tunnels of corbelled cyclopean masonry TERM 34 DEFINITION 34 Lion's Gate [Mycenae, Greece] 1250 BCE Main gate of mycenaean city popular motif - use of cyclopean masonry used post and lintel -- and weight relieving triangle contains grave circle A -- 6 shaft graves in a mortuary complex --features a stella [tombstone] -- floors of graves were paved found the "Mask of Agamemnon" -- possible ruler of Mycenae [warrior] TERM 35 DEFINITION 35 Treasury of Atreus [Tomb of Agamemnon] (Mycenae, Greece) c. 1400 BCE a Tholos tomb [ a round room with vaulted ceiling/roof] corbelled vaulting [ stone overlaying one another -- creating beehive shape] use of large stones use of relieving triangle above the door -- post and lintel interior made with ashlar masonry -- would have been painted featured decorations such as bronze disks [ representing the night sky] entire tomb looted in antiquity [ very easily spotted on the landscape]