Comparing Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau: Political Thoughts on Nature, Sovereignty, Social Contr, Quizzes of Introduction to Philosophy

Download Comparing Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau: Political Thoughts on Nature, Sovereignty, Social Contr and more Quizzes Introduction to Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 What does Hobbes mean when he says that the state is an artificial man? DEFINITION 1 Definition TERM 2 In what ways is the state similar to a human body? DEFINITION 2 1. sovereignty = artificial soul 2. magistrates = artifical joints 3. reward/punishment = nerves 4. wealth of members = strength 5. concord/harmony = health 6. sedition = sickness 7. civil war = death 8. social contract = God's act of creation TERM 3 What is Hobbess method for studying the state? DEFINITION 3 Definition TERM 4 What is happiness according to Hobbes? DEFINITION 4 continusous success in getting what one desires TERM 5 Why does the desire for happiness leads to a restless desire for power? DEFINITION 5 Definition TERM 6 What is the state of nature, according to Hobbes? DEFINITION 6 situation in which there is no govt, everyone is equal TERM 7 How does Hobbes argue that human beings are significantly equal in their capacities? DEFINITION 7 1. even the weakest can manage to kill the strongest, 2. prudence is the result of experience and can be acuqire by everyone with time and effort, 3. nobody believes that other people are wiser than themselves TERM 8 Why is the state of nature a state of war? Give some examples of situations that are similar to Hobbes state of nature DEFINITION 8 equality leads to war, life in the state of nature is poor, nasty, brutish TERM 9 What is a law of nature, according to Hobbes? DEFINITION 9 a rule, discovered by reason, that prohibits us to do anything against self-preservation TERM 10 What do the laws of nature recommend? DEFINITION 10 1. every man ought to seek peace, as for hope of obtaining it. but when we he cant get he may use all rights of war 2. that a man be willing when others are too, to lay down the right to all things and be contented with as much liberty as he would allow others to have 3. that men perform the contracts they made when they are valid TERM 21 Do subjects have a right to rebel against government according to Locke? Your response must distinguish between tyrannical and non-tyrannical governments. DEFINITION 21 we have right to rebellion when theres tyranny; when there is abuse of power its not govt... Non-tyrannical govt: authorites ougt to govern by laws promulgated and known to the people, judges must apply the law and be impartial, force can only be employed to protect the communiy and excute the laws. Tyranny: exercise of power is beyond right, when power is not used to preserved the prop. of the people but its used against them, where law ends - tyranny begins TERM 22 What are the theories of political authority that Rousseau discusses and rejects? DEFINITION 22 1. Theories of natural subordination - kids obey parents, they obey but the parents have rights to protect them. 2. theory of subordination by force - "the right of the strongest" 3. theory of voluntary subordination - people can alienate their liberty and subject themselves to a king, they give up rights and recieve no benefits TERM 23 What makes the authority of government legitimate in Rousseaus view? DEFINITION 23 "since no man has a natural authority over his felllow man and since force is not the source of rights, conventions remain as the basis of all legitimate authority among men" TERM 24 What are the terms of Rousseaus social contract? DEFINITION 24 everyone accepts to be guided by the general will, the community that acts like a body together TERM 25 In what ways does the social contract allow men to remain free? DEFINITION 25 1. freedom as nonsubordination 2.freedom as self- determination 2a. individual and self determination by reason(moral responsibility) 2b. collective self-determination: part of group that make the laws also have to follow them TERM 26 What is the general will according to Rousseau? DEFINITION 26 its always right and tends towards the common good, idealized wants and goods TERM 27 Explain the difference between the general will, the will of all and a particular will. DEFINITION 27 the gen. will = the common good, will of all = everyone participating in the general will, particular will = individuals good TERM 28 How can the general will actually be found after collective deliberation? DEFINITION 28 finding the sum of all individuals.... this could be messed up so the people should be adequately informed when they get into a group and deliberate so they can find the correct majority TERM 29 What does Rousseau mean by democracy? DEFINITION 29 system where majority rules TERM 30 What are the conditions for a democratic government to be feasible? DEFINITION 30 1. a small state where people can easily assemble and know each other 2. simple customs 3. equality politically and economically 4. little luxury bc luxury leads to corruption 5. virtuous citizens TERM 31 What different kinds of aristocracy does Rousseau distinguish? DEFINITION 31 1. natural 2. hereditary 3. elective TERM 32 What does he think about the distinct types of aristocratic government? DEFINITION 32 Hereditary is the worst kind bc people have no say or earn their power Elective is the best kind bc people choose who gets power TERM 33 Accoring do Roussau, what kinds of things should girls be taught? Why? DEFINITION 33 it should fit their being so she can occupy her place in the world, it should be relative to their natural role, things to be good wives and mothers ex. agreeableness,gentleness, faithfulness, docility....... they have to be obedient to men, be concerned about their image TERM 34 How does Rousseau try to deal with these tensions of natual freedom and equality of men views between the Social Contract and Emile? DEFINITION 34 1.SC: everyones free and equal E: women naturally subordinate to men 2. SC: freedom = unsubordination E: women subordinate 3.both think women are naturally outsiders of society TERM 35 What aspects of the Declaration of Independence reflect the influence of the social contract tradition? DEFINITION 35 nature(God): rights were endowed, rights of reason 2. when protecting rights to liberty, justice etc 3. presented in universal language(Men) 4. self-evident truth-truth through reason 5. tyranny gives right to rebel