Cell Biology: Terms and Definitions from Mitosis to Genetic Engineering, Quizzes of Biology

Download Cell Biology: Terms and Definitions from Mitosis to Genetic Engineering and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 during cell division parent cells give rise to ___ ____ ____ DEFINITION 1 two daughter cells TERM 2 A daughter cell receives what? DEFINITION 2 comlete set of heredity info identical to parent cell, and 1/2 the cytoplasm TERM 3 what is the structure of DNA DEFINITION 3 a single molecule of dan consists of long chain composed of nucleotides TERM 4 circle in nucleotide is what? DEFINITION 4 phosphate TERM 5 which shape is nucleo. is sugar? DEFINITION 5 pentagon TERM 6 what letter is swapped for U? DEFINITION 6 T, so now A goes with U TERM 7 If there is a T in RNA, what is its pair? DEFINITION 7 A TERM 8 Mitosis is cell division for DEFINITION 8 growth, repair and development TERM 9 what is differentiate? DEFINITION 9 when cells become specialised for specific functions TERM 10 what is the cell cycle? DEFINITION 10 a repeating pattern of divide, grow, differentiate, divide. TERM 21 eggs are created in the DEFINITION 21 ovaries TERM 22 gametes fused are DEFINITION 22 zygotes TERM 23 meiotic cell division occur in cells in... DEFINITION 23 the adult reproductive system TERM 24 how much info do gametes have DEFINITION 24 half parent info TERM 25 asexual reproduction is when DEFINITION 25 offspring is from a single parent TERM 26 what are some examples of asexual organisms? DEFINITION 26 bacteriasingle celled eukaryotic orbsmulticellular orbs like HYDRAPlants and fungi (can be both) TERM 27 cell cycle includes DEFINITION 27 growth, metabolic activity, DNA replication , cell division TERM 28 where are eukaryotic chromosomes found? how many? DEFINITION 28 nucleusat least 2 TERM 29 what are the two regions in chromosomes and their location DEFINITION 29 2 telomeres at the end of chromosome-for chromosome stability-consist of repeated nucleo sequences1 centromere- TWO FUNCTIONS:-holds two daughter DNA double helix together after DNA replication- attachement site for microtubules that move the chromosomes during cell division TERM 30 regions in chromosome DEFINITION 30 telomerecentromere TERM 31 what happens prior to cell division? DEFINITION 31 DNA replication TERM 32 what is a duplicated chromosome? DEFINITION 32 a chromosome that results at the end of replication consisting of two identical DNA double helixes called sister chromosomes TERM 33 whats the name of chromosomes after DNA rep? DEFINITION 33 sister chromatids TERM 34 where do sister chromotids attach? DEFINITION 34 at centromere TERM 35 whats a karyotype? DEFINITION 35 a preparation showing the size, number and shapes of all the chroms within a cell-set of stained chromosomes TERM 46 cells in ovaries and testes undergo____ division and make _______ DEFINITION 46 meiosisgametes TERM 47 n= DEFINITION 47 haploid TERM 48 2n= DEFINITION 48 diploid TERM 49 what are the two steps in mitotic cell div. DEFINITION 49 1) nucleus and chromosomes divide so each daughter cell gets 1 copy of chromosomes2) cytokinesis where cytoplasm is divided equally between two daughter cells and one daughter nucleus enters each of the daughters cells TERM 50 cytokinesis is DEFINITION 50 cytyoplasmic division TERM 51 what mechanism produces stem cells DEFINITION 51 mitosis TERM 52 what is the mechanism of asexual reproduction? DEFINITION 52 mitosis TERM 53 steps in meiotic cell div. DEFINITION 53 1) meisos2) two rounds of cytokinesis TERM 54 how many daughter cells does mitosis create? DEFINITION 54 2 TERM 55 how many daughter cells does meiosis create? DEFINITION 55 4 daughter - can become gametes-divides twice TERM 56 whats cell division driven by? DEFINITION 56 enzymes and controlled at checkpoints TERM 57 what method is preferred? DEFINITION 57 sexual reproduction TERM 58 asexual reprod. offspring are DEFINITION 58 identical TERM 59 whats a gene DEFINITION 59 a unit of heredity that encodes info needed to produce proteins etc TERM 60 homologous chromosomes are DEFINITION 60 chromosomes that have the same genes that code for the same characteristic at the same loci (but alleles may differ) TERM 71 male structure in plant is DEFINITION 71 stamen TERM 72 female structure in plant is DEFINITION 72 carpel TERM 73 male sperm in plants is DEFINITION 73 pollen TERM 74 what did mendel do to the pea plants DEFINITION 74 he cross fertilised them TERM 75 square is . circle is . shaded is . half is . DEFINITION 75 malefemaledominantrecessive TERM 76 what are examples of recessive traits? (2) DEFINITION 76 albinismsickle cell anemia TERM 77 what are examples of sex linked traits? (2) DEFINITION 77 hemophiliacolour blindness TERM 78 what are examples of dominant traits? (2) DEFINITION 78 huntington disease TERM 79 what are the non disjunction diseases? (5) DEFINITION 79 turnertricomy xkleinfelterjacobsdowns TERM 80 trisomy x DEFINITION 80 extra girlsl TERM 81 what causes albinism? DEFINITION 81 defect in melanin production TERM 82 chemical for albinism DEFINITION 82 melanin TERM 83 XO DEFINITION 83 turner-infertile, lack eggs , short, neck folds , TERM 84 XXX DEFINITION 84 trisomy x-no abnormal symptoms-tall-normal kids TERM 85 XXY DEFINITION 85 kleinfelter-males, girllyboobs , wide hipslow sperm count TERM 96 R strain= DEFINITION 96 nothing TERM 97 heat killed s strain = DEFINITION 97 = nothing TERM 98 which combo made stuff to show DEFINITION 98 heat killed s and r strand TERM 99 what did griffiths experiment confirm? DEFINITION 99 transformatin TERM 100 whats the name of the rule where a matches t, c with g DEFINITION 100 Chargaffs rule TERM 101 how are nucleos bonded? DEFINITION 101 hydrogen bonds TERM 102 what did watson and crick do? DEFINITION 102 made an accurate model of DNA in 1950s TERM 103 strands in dNA are considered DEFINITION 103 antiparallel TERM 104 which bases are large moles DEFINITION 104 A and G TERM 105 which bases are small moles DEFINITION 105 T and C TERM 106 proteins synthesis via DEFINITION 106 RNA TERM 107 what RNA do DEFINITION 107 take DNA into ribosome from nucleus in the cytoplasm TERM 108 mRNA DEFINITION 108 messenger - carries dNA genes to ribosomes TERM 109 how many strands in RNA and DNA DEFINITION 109 DNA twoRNA single TERM 110 what is DNA missing that RNA aint? DEFINITION 110 an oxygen group TERM 121 how many amino acids DEFINITION 121 20 TERM 122 what does the genetic code do? DEFINITION 122 translates bases sequence into amino acid sequence for proteins TERM 123 3 triplets = DEFINITION 123 a codon TERM 124 start codon? DEFINITION 124 AUG TERM 125 stop codons? DEFINITION 125 UAG, UGA, UAA TERM 126 whats a mutation DEFINITION 126 a change in base sequence of DNA due to environment or replication mistake TERM 127 5 types of mutations DEFINITION 127 inversiontranslocationinsertiondeleteionsubstitution TERM 128 inversion and translocation is when DEFINITION 128 pieces of DNA are broken apart and reattached within a single chrome or to a diff chrome.inversion when its cut out , turned around and reinserted into gap TERM 129 inversion isn't a big deal if DEFINITION 129 enture genes is moevd TERM 130 an example of a disease caused by inversion and translaoctaion is DEFINITION 130 hemophilia TERM 131 what do they call it if you lose one letter and it reads codons wrong? DEFINITION 131 frameshift TERM 132 nucleotide substitution aka DEFINITION 132 point mutation TERM 133 nucleotide substitution is whn DEFINITION 133 incorrect nucleotides take place of correct oene TERM 134 e.g. of nucleotide substitution that don't do anything bad DEFINITION 134 beta globin TERM 135 Neutral mutations are DEFINITION 135 mutations by substiiution that cause no AA change or change is unimportant to function TERM 146 what goes in the test tube for PCR ? DEFINITION 146 template DNA, primer, polymerase, nucleotides TERM 147 where do the primers go during PCR? DEFINITION 147 at each end of the targeted area TERM 148 who developed PCR? DEFINITION 148 Kary Millis TERM 149 polymerase is an enzyme that DEFINITION 149 can function at high temps required for PCR TERM 150 temp chnages for PCR DEFINITION 150 90-50-70 TERM 151 STRs stand for DEFINITION 151 short tandem repeats TERM 152 when did human genome project happen? DEFINITION 152 1990 TERM 153 what disease is gene replacement theory trying to help DEFINITION 153 cystic fibroisie TERM 154 what causes cystic fibrosis? DEFINITION 154 CFTR TERM 155 what is CFTR? DEFINITION 155 a defective protein that blocks chloride transport proteins TERM 156 what do they do with CFTR DEFINITION 156 spray into lungs TERM 157 SCID is? Who gets it ? DEFINITION 157 Severe Combined Immune Deficienty-dont develop an immune systemKids TERM 158 example of gene only expressesed at certain times DEFINITION 158 casein (protein for milk) TERM 159 what is a key tool in genetic engineering? DEFINITION 159 recombinant DNA TERM 160 whats recombinant dna? DEFINITION 160 DNA that has been altered to contain genes or portions of genes from different organisms TERM 171 Whats the names of the gel used in gel electrophoresis? DEFINITION 171 Agarose TERM 172 what is used to show location of targeted DNA during gel electrophoresis? DEFINITION 172 nylon sheet TERM 173 what gene is inserted to produce insert killing protein in crops? DEFINITION 173 bt gene (think bt, ag) TERM 174 what are the steps to cloning? how many? DEFINITION 174 two1) desired gene is isolated from organism2) gene is inserted into a plasmid which replicates autonomously in bacteria, then copied gene is transferred into plant or animal TERM 175 some medically useful genes could help by DEFINITION 175 being inserted into plants- could makes people immune just by eating it TERM 176 how are genes often inserted DEFINITION 176 VIA disabled viruses TERM 177 What do they do with the normal CFTR virus? DEFINITION 177 spray in lungs where allele is released in lung cells TERM 178 CFTR helps transport DEFINITION 178 chloride into fluid lining the airways TERM 179 what are two examples of gene replacement therapy being used? DEFINITION 179 CFTRSCID TERM 180 how does the SCIDs process work? DEFINITION 180 1) 1st they removed white blood cells and infected with them with recombinant DNA carrying normal gene2) these had to be repeated bc they died fast, so they NOW introduce virus to stem cells bc immune system rises from stem cells in bone marrow TERM 181 who monitors GM foods? What o they monitor for? DEFINITION 181 USDA-allergic potential TERM 182 The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of ____ and ____ ____ ____ DEFINITION 182 interphasemitotic cell division TERM 183 what happens to cell during interphase? DEFINITION 183 aqquires nutrients from environmentgrows in sizeduplicates its chromosomes / replicates DNAoften differentiates TERM 184 define differentiate DEFINITION 184 process where cell becomes specialised in structure and function TERM 185 differentiated cells in ____ normally don't _____ DEFINITION 185 plantsdivide