Biochemistry of Genetic Material: Transcription and Translation, Quizzes of Biology

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TERM 1 transcription DEFINITION 1 an enzyme driven event that uses genomic dna as a template for the synthesis of RNAbasically taking dna to rna TERM 2 translation DEFINITION 2 an enzyme driven event that uses the information stored in RNA for the production of proteinbasically from rna to protein TERM 3 gene DEFINITION 3 a region of dna that codes for a protein or RNA molecule TERM 4 RNA molecules can be generated from a ____ DEFINITION 4 single gene TERM 5 each mRNA can direct the synthesis of DEFINITION 5 many protein molecules resulting in te amplification of info stored on a single DNA sequence TERM 6 similarities between RNA and DNA DEFINITION 6 -nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds-both have polarity: 5' phosphate and 3' hydroxyl ends TERM 7 differences between RNA and DNA DEFINITION 7 -ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA-RNA has uracil, DNA has thymine-many types of functions for RNA in the cell-RNA is single stranded and can fold into different conformations TERM 8 folded RNA molecules held together by DEFINITION 8 base pairing TERM 9 hydrogen bonding found in RNA can include DEFINITION 9 G-C and A-U pairingnon Watson-Crick base pairing called "Hoggsteen" pairing TERM 10 types of RNA produced in cells DEFINITION 10 mRNArRNAmiRNAtRNA TERM 21 in prokaryotes 1 RNA molecule = DEFINITION 21 multiple genes = multiple proteins = called an OPERON TERM 22 in eukaryotes 1 RNA molecule = DEFINITION 22 1 gene TERM 23 DNA sequence information used for the synthesis of RNA is found on DEFINITION 23 both strands TERM 24 enzyme responsible for transcription DEFINITION 24 RNA polymerase TERM 25 how does RNA polymerase move DEFINITION 25 in a stepwise fashion unwinding the local double stranded DNA TERM 26 RNA polymerase generates RNA in the ___ direction DEFINITION 26 5 to 3 TERM 27 rna polymerase catalyzes what kinds of linkages between ribonucleoties DEFINITION 27 phosphodiester linkages TERM 28 uses high energy bond in what to power movement DEFINITION 28 ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP TERM 29 can rna polymerase start an RNA chain without a primer? DEFINITION 29 YES TERM 30 error rate DEFINITION 30 1 mistake ever 10^4 nucleotides TERM 31 what does a promoter sequence do DEFINITION 31 marks the start of the gene TERM 32 promoter sequence always positioned DEFINITION 32 upstream (5' end) of the gene TERM 33 contains ___ that are recognized by RNA polymerase DEFINITION 33 conserved sequences TERM 34 promoter sequence is a DEFINITION 34 DNA sequence that signals the starting location of transcription TERM 35 in e coli, promoter is defined by DEFINITION 35 2 hexameric DNA sequences TERM 46 this nucleotide composition promotes formation of DEFINITION 46 hairpin structure that pulls RNA transcript from polymerase TERM 47 steps in prokaryote RNA synthesis DEFINITION 47 ... TERM 48 step 1 DEFINITION 48 RNA polymerase enzyme, along with detachable sigma scans DNA in search of promoter element TERM 49 step 2 DEFINITION 49 RNA polymerase ten opens up the DNA helix exposing single stranded DNA and RNA synthesis beginsafter 10 nucleotides have been synthesized, the sigma factor is released and the core RNA polymerase proceeds down the DNA synthesizing RNA TERM 50 step 3 DEFINITION 50 RNA synthesis continues until the RNA polymerase enounters a "teminator" sequence.RNA polymerase and associated transcript are releasedreleased rna polymerase reassociates with free sigma factor and begins search for promoter TERM 51 in eukaryotes, RNA is transcribed and processed where DEFINITION 51 nucleus TERM 52 eucaryotic genes are interrupted by DEFINITION 52 noncoding sequences TERM 53 introns are removed by DEFINITION 53 RNA splicing TERM 54 mature eucaryotic mRNA are DEFINITION 54 selectively exported from the nucleus` TERM 55 how many RNA polymerase are there in prokaryotes DEFINITION 55 just one TERM 56 how many in eukaryotes DEFINITION 56 many additional proteins for transcriptional initiation TERM 57 eukaryotic RNA polymerases must be able to deal with DEFINITION 57 DNA assembled into nucleosomes TERM 58 RNA polymerase II requires additional factors to... DEFINITION 58 initiate transcription TERM 59 these factors are called DEFINITION 59 general transcription factors TERM 60 general transcription factors act to: DEFINITION 60 1. position RNA polymerase at promoter2. aid in pulling apart two strands of DNA3. allow RNA polymerase II to leave the promoter as transcription begins TERM 71 TF II H does what to the tail of RNA polymerase II DEFINITION 71 phosphorylatesrelases rna polymerase II from the transcription factor complex TERM 72 TF II H is also responsible for DEFINITION 72 prying apart dsDNA to beign transcription TERM 73 other important roles for RNA polymerase II tail phosphorylation DEFINITION 73 1. RNA modifying proteins bind to phosphorylated form of the tail1. RNA polymerase II coordinates RNA processign events by transferring these proteins to the RNA as it emerges from the polymerase TERM 74 in eukaryotes RNA synthesis takes place in DEFINITION 74 nucleus TERM 75 nuclear envelope seperates DEFINITION 75 RNA transcription from protein translation in the cytosol TERM 76 in prokaryotes, RNA synthesis is couples to... DEFINITION 76 protein translationoccur in same compartment (cytosol) TERM 77 in prokaryotes, as soon as 5' end is exposed... DEFINITION 77 it is recognized by translational machinery TERM 78 in procaryotic mRNA 1 transcript = DEFINITION 78 many genes = many proteins = operontranscript is unmodified TERM 79 in eucaryotic mRNA 1 transcript = DEFINITION 79 one gene TERM 80 how is transcript modified in eukaryotic cells DEFINITION 80 5' end modificaiton3' end modificationinternal sequences removed TERM 81 RNA synthesis: the RNA strand is ___ relative to the DNA template strand DEFINITION 81 antiparallel TERM 82 RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand in what direction DEFINITION 82 3 to 5so it can synthesize 5 to 3 TERM 83 the promoter is always positioned ___ to the gene of interest DEFINITION 83 5' TERM 84 if the conserved promoter elements are located on top strand... DEFINITION 84 bottom strand will be used to synthesize copy of top strand TERM 85 what is the first modification to occur to transcript? DEFINITION 85 5' cap additionfirst mRNA modification TERM 96 a single gene can produce a single primary RNA transcript that can generate what? DEFINITION 96 different DNA TERM 97 what does this depend on? DEFINITION 97 cell type or stage of development TERM 98 this allows for what? DEFINITION 98 production of different proteins from the same DNA sequence TERM 99 how much of the human genome undergoes alternative splicing? DEFINITION 99 60% TERM 100 what is the third modification to transcript? DEFINITION 100 polyadenylation TERM 101 polyadenylation DEFINITION 101 addition of a string of adenine nucleotides called a POLY-A TAIL TERM 102 how long can this poly a tail be DEFINITION 102 hundreds of nucleotides in length TERM 103 when does this addition occur? DEFINITION 103 after the mRNA is cleaved by a set of proteins that recognize specific nucleotide sequences in the 3' end of mRNA TERM 104 what does a poly a tail do DEFINITION 104 1. signals end of mRNA transcript2. aids in nuclear export of processed mRNA3. plays a role in mRNA stability TERM 105 which mRNA transcript modifications are recognized for export from nucleus? DEFINITION 105 5' cap3' poly a tailintrons removedbasically, mRNA must have these modifications to undergo export from the nucleus TERM 106 what do these modifications ensure? DEFINITION 106 that RNA fragments and incompletely processed transcripts are not made available for translational machinery TERM 107 review: 3 transcript modificaitons DEFINITION 107 1. addition of 5' cap2. addition of 3' poly a tail3. intron splicing TERM 108 the mRNA sequence is read off in sets of ___ DEFINITION 108 3 consecutive nucleotides TERM 109 these 3 consecutive nucleotides are called DEFINITION 109 codons TERM 110 how many triplet codons are there that code for the 20 amino acids? DEFINITION 110 64 TERM 121 how long is tRNA or adapter molecules DEFINITION 121 80 nucleotides in length TERM 122 adopts what kind of structure DEFINITION 122 folded stabilized by base pairing TERM 123 two regions of tRNA DEFINITION 123 1. Region at the 3' end linked to amino acid2. 3 nucleotides involved in pairing with its complementary codon found in mRNA called the anticodon TERM 124 anticodon DEFINITION 124 3 nucleotides involved in pairing with complementary codon found in mRNA TERM 125 tRNA - mRNA pairing is... DEFINITION 125 antiparallel TERM 126 recognition and attachment of correct amino acids to tRNA is mediated by DEFINITION 126 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases TERM 127 how many synthetase enzymes are there? DEFINITION 127 20 (one for each amino acid) TERM 128 synthetase enzymes have high affinity binding sites for the DEFINITION 128 amino acid and tRNA molecule TERM 129 what does the synthetase enzyme do? DEFINITION 129 covalently links the carboxyl group of the correct amino acid to the 3' hydroxyl group of the ribose on the correct tRNA molecule TERM 130 the process of translation requires (3 things) DEFINITION 130 1. mRNA transcrip2. charged tRNAs3. the ribosome TERM 131 ribosome is made of two parts: DEFINITION 131 large and small ribosomal units TERM 132 each subunit contains DEFINITION 132 multiple proteins and one or more RNA molecules (rRNA) TERM 133 ribosome is primarily composed of DEFINITION 133 RNA with only 1/3 made of protein TERM 134 what does the ribosome do to the mRNA? DEFINITION 134 reads the mRNA transcript TERM 135 after it reads mRNA, what does it do? DEFINITION 135 captures correct charged tRNA molecule and covalently links their attached amino acid to form polypeptide chain TERM 146 step 3 DEFINITION 146 after peptide bond is formed, large subunit shifts relative to the small subunitthis moves the empty tRNA molecule into the E site and the peptidyl tRNA into the P site TERM 147 step 4 DEFINITION 147 small subunit moves exactly 2 nucleotides along the mRNA transcript presenting a new codon into the A site TERM 148 how is the entire polypeptide chain formed DEFINITION 148 these steps are repeated over and over again to generate the chain TERM 149 which direction is the mRNA transcript read by the ribosome DEFINITION 149 5' to 3' TERM 150 peptide chain is synthesized from which end to which end DEFINITION 150 amino to carboxyl(n terminus to c terminus) TERM 151 mRNA transcript can be translated in any one of three DEFINITION 151 reading frames TERM 152 how many of the reading frames will produce a functional protein product? DEFINITION 152 only one TERM 153 translation begins with a ___ codon and what else? DEFINITION 153 AUG codoninitiator tRNAadditional initiation factors TERM 154 initiator tRNA always carries the amino acid DEFINITION 154 methionine TERM 155 initiator methionine tRNA and initiation factors associate with the? DEFINITION 155 P site of the small ribosomal unit TERM 156 this entire complex then associates with the DEFINITION 156 5' end of the mRNA transcript and begins to scan for an AUG codon TERM 157 what happens when the initiation factors first encounter the AUG? DEFINITION 157 they are released and the large ribosomal unit associates with the small ribosomal subunit TERM 158 because the initiating methionine tRNA is positioned in the p site... DEFINITION 158 newly assembled ribosome is ready to begin translation TERM 159 what helps identify the 5' end of an mRNA transcript in eukaryotes? DEFINITION 159 7-methylguanosine TERM 160 in prokaryotes, what identifies the transitional start site DEFINITION 160 a ribosome binding site called a "shine-delgarno" sequence TERM 171 how many nucleotides sperate neighboring ribosomes? DEFINITION 171 80 TERM 172 these neighboring ribosomes are called DEFINITION 172 polysomes TERM 173 polysomes form in both DEFINITION 173 eukaryotes and prokaryotes TERM 174 polysomes increase what DEFINITION 174 amount of protein that can be synthesized from a single transcript in a given period of time TERM 175 in bacteria, protein translation can begin before DEFINITION 175 transcription has been completed TERM 176 steps from DNA to protein for regulating protein levels within a cell DEFINITION 176 1. transcription2. post transcriptional processing3. nuclear export4. mRNA degradation5. mRNA localization6. translational regulation7. post translational modifications8. protein folding9. protein traficking10. protein degradation