Test 2- FINAL TEST | GEOG 2004 - Intro Water Resources, Quizzes of Geography

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TERM 1 Hazard DEFINITION 1 an agent that has the potential to cause a disaster hazards themselves are not disasters but rather a factor in causing a disaster TERM 2 Disaster DEFINITION 2 a hazard confronts social system & causes level of damage exceeding capability to manage the situation major detrimental impact of a hazard upon the population and economic, social, and built environment of an affected area a hurricane is a hazard- it only becomes a disaster if it encounters social systems & causes damage that outstrips social, political, economic & infrastructure capacity hurrican in the middle of the ocean is not a disaster TERM 3 What does a Disaster = DEFINITION 3 Hazard + Social System + Impact that exceeds capacity therefore a hazard that fails to maim or kill humans and/or damage anthropic system is not considered a disaster TERM 4 Types of Disasters DEFINITION 4 NaturalManmade/unnaturalcomplex TERM 5 What is a natural disaster DEFINITION 5 geophysical, hydometeorology TERM 6 Natural Disaster in water context DEFINITION 6 geophysical: tsunami, liquefaction, landslide causes by earthquake or precipitation hydrometeorolgical: cyclone, fail, blizzard, floods & flash floods, drought, mudslide, erosion TERM 7 Manmade/unnatural DEFINITION 7 technological, industrial, & infrastructural failures not originating in enviormental stressors conflicts, war zones, terrorism, oil or chemical spill, natural gas explosion TERM 8 manmade water disasters DEFINITION 8 BP oil spill, west virginia water supply containination, cuyahoga river fire TERM 9 What is a complex diaster DEFINITION 9 epidemics & bioterrorism famine & food insecurity technological, industrial & infrastrucutrual failures caused by environmental stressors hindrance or prevention of humanitiarian aid into another country event that should have been contained but humans sysmtems failed and it escalated to a disaster TERM 10 Examples of a complex disaster with water DEFINITION 10 fukushima nuclear reactor meltdown, hurricane katrina, cyclone nargis, haiti cholera epidemic, sinkholes and land subsidence, landslides caused by unwise land use TERM 21 climate change effects on water DEFINITION 21 increase in habitats of vector-borne diseases that require water rise in ocean temperatures, which also results in change in oceans currents and regional & global wind patterns (which govern precipitation) also unknowns and unforeseen TERM 22 What is a dam DEFINITION 22 massive capital and infrastructural undertaking initiated primarily for development purposesprovide myraid services and benefitshowever, impacts on humans and econolgies are virtually irreparable TERM 23 How many dams are in USA DEFINITION 23 it depends on the type of filter you use to calculate but there is somewhere between 79,000 and 83,000 dams reported TERM 24 What are the services and benefits of dams DEFINITION 24 dams provide numerous services and benefits and have improved many lives generation of hydroelectricity water storage & water diversion for irrigation reliable water supply for citites naviation and movement of goods flood control tourism and hospitality TERM 25 Dams environmental consequences DEFINITION 25 Siltation and sedimentation dam flatulence (release of GHG from decomposition of organic matter) water quality (temperature changes, eutrophication rom nutrient- laden sediments, low dissolved oxygen, high mineral concentration, acidity, build up of mercury, accumulation of garbage behind dam) interruption of fish migration displacement of land animals and birds & loss of forest cover TERM 26 Dams Social Consequences DEFINITION 26 effects of dams on humans are also numerous with displacement conflict from stealing water from downstream dam failures (old & poorly maintained structures are hazardous) disease outbreaks loss of fertility agricultural land alongside rivers from seasonal flooding TERM 27 What is an ecology DEFINITION 27 Study of complex natural environments, specifically organism vegetation setting in which they reside TERM 28 What is ecosystems DEFINITION 28 communities of living organisms and nonliving components of the environment that combine to form an integrated, symbiotic network that may be studied in its part but operators as a whole TERM 29 What is an ecoservices DEFINITION 29 provides us with numerous benefits and services. thus ecosystem services is an emerging field of study TERM 30 What are provisioning services DEFINITION 30 things we get from nature water itself hydropower, transportation, navigation via water fish and seafood, plants, crops, flower, trees/lumber, wild game, livestock TERM 31 What is regulating services DEFINITION 31 benefits from ecosystem processes clean water, climate regulation, protection from natural disaster TERM 32 What are cultural services DEFINITION 32 nonmaterial benefits humans gain from ecosystems use of water as theme & motivation for novels, films & art use of water in religion ecotourism, recreation & aesthetics, the study of water ins schools for educational purposes TERM 33 What are supporting Serivces DEFINITION 33 ecosystems services that enable the existence of other ecosystem services water facilities nutrient cycling, pollination, and seed dispersal water allows for primary production to form the first trophic level TERM 34 What are the 4 type of services the ecosystems provide DEFINITION 34 supporting series cultural services provisioning services regulating services TERM 35 How monetizing ecosystems services DEFINITION 35 developers paying for destruction of ecosystems and their services has surfaced in the legal & governmental spheres if you destroy 5 acres of marsh here, you must build 5 acres of equivalent marsh somewhere else or pay a few to cover the destruction (goal to result in zero net impact) incentives are offered to farmers and landowners in exchange for managing their land in a way that provides ecosystems services TERM 46 some concerns with auqacultrue DEFINITION 46 competition between farmed and wild species; side effects of antibiotics in animals and aquatic ecosystems; introduction of non native and invasive specifies as well as gross into aquatic ecosystems; increase in existing diseases and introduction of new disease; decreased recreational water quality; fish waste is nutrients, which contribute to eutrophication and decrease oxygen level TERM 47 hydroponics DEFINITION 47 growing plants and agricultural commodities with minerals and nutrients rich solution in the absence of soil minerals and nutrients are artificially added to water and absorbed by roots roots are placed in beds of gravel, clay peopled, perlite, or directly in solution TERM 48 aquaponics DEFINITION 48 a hybridized food production system that integrates aquaculture and hydroponics to fashion what can be considered a symbiotic ecology aquaculture of organisms results in nutrients which are nuisance nutreitns valuable to plants because they act as fertilizer use waste as a resource and constitutes a closed loop system extremely efficient in terms of food output can be operational virtually anywhere (only need light, electricity, water, feed, and oxygen) TERM 49 Cell Phone revolution DEFINITION 49 farmers and fishers receive real time data via text message weather alters and forecasting seasonal migration of fish/crab populations market reports and prices for commodities at nearby villages information from trade unions and cooperatives TERM 50 cell phones as an instrument for empowerment DEFINITION 50 information on prices and when and where to bring commodities enable more refined decision making and negating clout while buying, selling, and dealing with middlemen can also be considered a tool for poverty alleviation TERM 51 What is an ecosan DEFINITION 51 a decentraalized method of sustainable water and wastewater management that closes the loop of harnessing water, pollutiing water, and then treating wastewater bu instead recycling grey and black water because such polluted water has benefits TERM 52 How can you get better storm water infitration DEFINITION 52 retention ponds TERM 53 Why to separate urine and feces DEFINITION 53 urine can be directly applied as fertilizer to farm field (urine generally free of pathogens) feces can be dried and applied to field or used to generate energy separate grey water and use it as fertilizer and or for groundwater retiring TERM 54 benefits of ecosan DEFINITION 54 utilizes natural fertilizer that are already present, so less chemical fertilizer applied and better nutrient management protects ground water from pollution green energy production (from feces & biowaste) improves water and soil quality and prompted food security to aid in public help with less pollution TERM 55 Water management : IWR(L)M DEFINITION 55 Integrated water resources and land use management a planning process that promotes coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to max social and economic welfare in an equitable manner without compromises the sustainability of ecosystems and the environment recognizes both physical and social hydrologies a representative/ democratic process acknowledges multidimensionality of water (heather, agriculture) and calls for a holistic apporach TERM 56 What are the four principles DEFINITION 56 finite and vulnerable resources essential to life management should be based on participatory approach women play a keep role water has economic value and should be seen as an economic good TERM 57 what is a finite and vulnerable resource that is essential to sustain life DEFINITION 57 water is multidemensial, so it demands a holistic approach at the watershed level in order to capture the entire system TERM 58 What are the three E's of management DEFINITION 58 social Equity- ensure access to adequate quality for all economic efficiency- greatest benefit to greatest number of users given available financial and water resources ecological sustainability- ecosystem should be recognized TERM 59 What is the land use part DEFINITION 59 you can't manage water resources without simultaneously managing land under and upon land is where water resources are located being located on land means that water resources are subjected to (non point pollution, point source pollution, impervious surfaces) TERM 60 Whats hard path DEFINITION 60 supply-side approach solve water quantity problems by supplying more water need more water, so approach is to exploit more water resource more dams, canals, diversions, irrigation centralized systems and mega projects just keep doing whats been done in the past TERM 71 What are the triple bottom line DEFINITION 71 profit: is the project profitable/solvent after costs and revenue are considered people: does the project benefits users and not endanger or exploit planet: has farm to the environment been eliminated or minimized to fullest extent TERM 72 What is water security DEFINITION 72 access to affordable and readily available water at sufficient quality and quantity to support human development and environmental health capacity to safeguard sustainable access to an adequate quality and quantity of water to support human health, economic development, and ecosystem vitality TERM 73 Water Slavery DEFINITION 73 when your life is so dominated by retrieving and managing water that you miss out on various productive and recreational opportunity, such as employment, education, leisure time and simply enjoying life burden of accessing water is so great that it limits you opportunities, you become a slave to water because you struggle for and struggle from water TERM 74 Water Poverty DEFINITION 74 basically the assertion is that it is difficult to live happily, healthily and predictably in a state of process of water poverty populations with access to water at a sufficient quality and quantity and in a relatively less burdensome configuration are better equipped to satisfy health needs, attend work more frequently, exploit water from livelihood purposes, develop human capital TERM 75 What is the Water Poverty Index DEFINITION 75 composite index method for quantifying water resources: how much water is there Access: % access to safe water, sanitation, irrigated land Use: per capita domestic use, per capital industrial use, and per capita agricultural use capacity: income, under 5 mortality rate, education, distribution of income environment: index each on water quality, stress, regulation, and management capacity, informational capacity, and biodiversity TERM 76 Water Poverty Index DEFINITION 76 lends itself to visualization identity and deconstruct complex problems that are interrelated, multilayered or cumulative support multiscalar analyses monitor and evaluate project success TERM 77 What are some of the top and bottom countries DEFINITION 77 top 10: finland, canada, iceland, norway bottom: Haiti, Niger, Ethiopia, eritrea, malawi (all in africa besides haiti)