Terms and Definitions of Human Development from Conception to Birth, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 Development DEFINITION 1 sequence of age related changes that occur between conception and death TERM 2 prenatal period DEFINITION 2 stage of development between conception and birth TERM 3 germinal stage DEFINITION 3 prenatal stage 1conception- implantation of sperm in eggstage ends why blastocyst implants on uterine wallprocess takes two weeks TERM 4 zygote DEFINITION 4 a single celled fertilized eggtravels through ffallopian tube and then divides TERM 5 blastocyst DEFINITION 5 a bundle of cells TERM 6 amniotic sac DEFINITION 6 filled with amniotic fluidregulates excahange of fluids, cushions against environmental shock and temperature changeswater breaking TERM 7 placenta DEFINITION 7 passes oxygen and nutrients from mother to baby, gets rid of wastefilters mothers blood allowing nutrients in and ridding waste TERM 8 umbilical cord DEFINITION 8 tube with blood vessels that carry blood between embryo and placenta TERM 9 embryonic stage DEFINITION 9 prenatal stage 23-8 weeks after conception; called embryoplacenta barrier is semi permeable TERM 10 teratogens DEFINITION 10 agents that can cause harm to prenatal organismdrugs, alcohol, viruses and certain chemicals in food TERM 21 egocentrism DEFINITION 21 limited ability to see things through other peoples point of viewcognitive imaturities TERM 22 concrete operational periods DEFINITION 22 between 7-11 years oldable to perform mental operations and think logically about concrete events TERM 23 formal operational stage DEFINITION 23 11 and upable to think logically about abstract cocepts TERM 24 temperament DEFINITION 24 a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity- when/where you were born- building blocks of personalityeasy babies: sensitive and moving all the timedifficult babies: meaniesss TERM 25 quality of attachment DEFINITION 25 ainsworthsecure: healthy, strong bondresistant: anxious whether mother is there or not; do not exploreavoidant: bond is missing; ignore caregiverquality of attachment can have long lasting affect TERM 26 erikson's psych stages of development DEFINITION 26 8 stageseach stage a crisis that person must deal with- if not successful, less healthy development and harder to deal with next stage TERM 27 sensation DEFINITION 27 actual process of sense organs being stimulated TERM 28 preception DEFINITION 28 process of organizing and interpreting sensory information TERM 29 absolute threshold DEFINITION 29 lowest intensity at which participants notices stimuli 50% of the time o Vision: candle flame 30 miles away o Hearing: tick of a watch 20 feet away o Smell: one drop of perfume diluted throughout 3 rooms o Taste: one tsp of sugar in 2 gallons of water o Touch: wing of a fly falling onto neck from 1 cm away TERM 30 difference threshold DEFINITION 30 smallest difference between two stimuli that is needed for a person to notice 50% of the timewebers law TERM 31 selective attention DEFINITION 31 art of focusing on a specific stimulus while ignoring others TERM 32 inattentional blindness DEFINITION 32 failure to notice unexpected events when working on a task TERM 33 sensory adaptation DEFINITION 33 change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding sensation o Smell is 50% less sensed after every 4 minutes TERM 34 vision DEFINITION 34 stimulus: light wavessense organ: the eye TERM 35 pupil DEFINITION 35 adjustable opening in center of eye- open and close to change amount of light entering eye TERM 46 blind spot DEFINITION 46 hole in retina where light can not be processesbrains fill in info for us using info from other eye or surrounding visual areas, constant eye movement TERM 47 tactile system DEFINITION 47 sense of touch: sense organ is skinskin covered with receptors: on sensitive areas closer together- tactile stimulation: pressure- warmth- cold- pain: like warning signal for the body to tell people to stop doing something that is hurting them TERM 48 pain DEFINITION 48 feel it cause people have different tolerancesrare genetic disorders cause people to feel pain TERM 49 audition DEFINITION 49 sense of hearingstimulus: sound wavessense organ: ear TERM 50 outer ear DEFINITION 50 pinna: collects sounds waves and send them into auditory canal TERM 51 middle ear DEFINITION 51 channels sounds to pass it to the inner ear TERM 52 eardrum DEFINITION 52 membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves TERM 53 hammer, anvil, stirrup DEFINITION 53 tiny bones in middle ear that vibrate in response to eardrum TERM 54 inner ear DEFINITION 54 converts vibrations caused by sound waves to neural impulses that are sent to the brainstirrup causes oval window to vibrate TERM 55 cochlea DEFINITION 55 coiled, fluid filled tube in er membranelined with Basilar membrane, covered with hair cells which are sensory receptors vibrations of oval window cause waves in fluidbending of hair cells causes activation and info is sent to brain TERM 56 locate sound DEFINITION 56 difference in timing of sound hitting each ear used to determine location of sound TERM 57 cone of confusion DEFINITION 57 area where sound will hit both ears at same time; difficult to tell where sound is coming from TERM 58 gustatory DEFINITION 58 tastechemicals in food dissolve by siliva, active receptors on tongue TERM 59 taste buds DEFINITION 59 clusters of taste receptors that line bumps on tongue- 1-2 basic taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty and bitterhave 10k budsdie and replaced by new taste buds nearly constantly but the older you get, the taste buds slowdown in productionshaped by genetics TERM 60 olfactory DEFINITION 60 smell; chemical particle float through air to nose- dissolved by mucus in noseonly sense that does not go through thalamusdoes not go through speech thought of the brain which is why it is hard to describe smell Different smells are represented in the brain by different patterns in the olfactory bulb TERM 71 stage 4 sleep DEFINITION 71 very deep sleep, hard to wake upbody very relaxed: BP, temp, breathing, blood to brain reduceddelta waves dominatebed wetting, sleep walking occurstill somewhat aware of the environment TERM 72 stages of REM sleep DEFINITION 72 After stage 4, go back up through stages o 1-2-3-4-3-2 Instead of re-entering stage one, enter 5th stage: REM Cycle repeats throughout sleep o 1-2-3-43-2-REM-2-3-4-3-2-REM Each time through takes about 90 minutes o Less and less time in stages 2-4, more time in REM as night progresses TERM 73 REM sleep characteristics DEFINITION 73 rapid eye movement every 3o secondshigher level of arousal- breathing faster and irregular, heart rate increases- brain waves similar to beta waves- sexual arousal occursfrequent dreaming- dreams more vivid, more likely to be remembered TERM 74 paradoxical sleep DEFINITION 74 body still, peaceful while highly arousedbrain sends signals stopping muscle contraction of major body areas- relaxed to point pf paralysis TERM 75 dreaming DEFINITION 75 o Usually mundane: familiar people, places o Majority have negative content o Women dream equally of men and women but men dream of mostly men o Cultural background, experiences affect content o About 50% have content relating to recent experiences TERM 76 sleep deprivation DEFINITION 76 being completely denied sleep TERM 77 sleep restriction DEFINITION 77 getting less than adequate sleep for days in a rowboth cause problem with mood, cognitive and physical activities TERM 78 insomnia DEFINITION 78 chronic problem about getting adequate sleep o Problems falling asleep, staying asleep, or early morning awaking o Most common sleep disorder in the U.S.; 10-40% of adults suffer from this at one point in their lives o Side effects: fatigue, problems with concentration, memory, lack of well being o Causes: many possibilities o Treatment: lifestyle/sleeping habits change; medication TERM 79 sleep apnea DEFINITION 79 repeated periods during sleep in which person stops breathing for 10 seconds to 2 minutes 200-500 times a night- gasping for air waves person up, but they usually do notice, return to sleep; usually snore loudly-Lack of adequate sleep: exhaustion, irritability, accident prone-Cause: airway obstruction,overweight, middle aged, men-Treatment: weight loss, dont sleep on back,Continuous Positive Airway Pressure system (CPAP): constant flow of air forces airways to remain open or surgery TERM 80 narcolepsy DEFINITION 80 extreme daytime sleepiness; suddenly falling asleep during normal activity o Go directly into REM sleep o Sleep for 5-30 minutes, wake feeling refreshed o Cataplexy: complete loss of muscle control o Extreme emotions trigger it in some o Causes: not known, genetic component o Treatment: no cure, stimulants or antidepressants may help TERM 81 sleepwalking DEFINITION 81 when a person gets up and moves around during sleep o Usually in 1st-2nd hours after sleep, in stages 3-4 o Most will have no memory in morning o More common in childhood - 10-30% of kids 5% of adults o causes unknown, genetics play role TERM 82 sleep paralysis DEFINITION 82 when walking or falling asleep o Typically lasts a few minutes o Occurs when waking or falling asleep o Cause: brain becomes aware before deep muscle relaxation of REM stops o Hypnologic Sleep Paralysis: in addition to paralysis, experience hallucinations o Stress, sleep deprivation, alcohol increase likelihood TERM 83 REM Behavior Disorder DEFINITION 83 o Loss of muscle tone during REM does not occur -Person moves, acts out dreams o Causes: sometimes neurological damage, withdrawal from alcohol/meds, often unknown o Treatment: medication, otherwise safety is main concern TERM 84 hypnosis DEFINITION 84 state of heightened relaxation and suggestibility; not asleep Able to control behavior, will not act against your will Who can be hypnotized? 15% easily, 10% not at all Need:Good concentration,Ability to relax,Strong visual imagery,Suggestibility,Desire to hypnotized o Often able to perform amazing feats under hypnosis: planking, allergic relations o People able to perform these feats without hypnosis TERM 85 hypnotic anesthesia DEFINITION 85 reducing pain after receiving suppositions during hypnosis