Descriptive & Inferential Stats, Normal Distribution, Surveys, Data Validity, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Descriptive & Inferential Stats, Normal Distribution, Surveys, Data Validity and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Use of Limited Samples DEFINITION 1 Describe the population (Descriptive statistics)Make inferences about the population (Inferential Statistics) TERM 2 Naturally occurring varialbes are normally distributed only IF DEFINITION 2 Randomly sampled TERM 3 u DEFINITION 3 the mean of the viariable in the population TERM 4 o DEFINITION 4 The variability of the variable in the population TERM 5 u (generally refers to the center) can be estimated in 3 ways DEFINITION 5 MeanMedianMode (Most frequently occurring value of X TERM 6 When do we use median and mode DEFINITION 6 Best used when scores are not normally distributedProblems:No assumed distribution--> No good estimate of variability (use of Range) TERM 7 Best use of Mean DEFINITION 7 We can use it to get an estimate of variabilityOnly useful if X is reasonbly normally distributed in the sample, AND the population TERM 8 If it is not normally distributed THEN? DEFINITION 8 We can use range to estimate variabilityNot helpful for generalizing to the population, only tells about the sample TERM 9 If scores are normal THEN WE CAN USE? DEFINITION 9 Standard DeviationStart by calculating VARIANCE: Average distance between individual scores, X, and the sample mean, M TERM 10 How do i know if scores are normally distributed DEFINITION 10 Look at histogramsStatistical goodness-of-fit tests TERM 21 Construct Validity Evidence DEFINITION 21 Ensures the trait is related to what it should be, unrelated to what it should be--Typically some analysis of a correlations between variables (factor analysis) TERM 22 Criterion-Related Validity Evidence DEFINITION 22 Does the measure predict the things it should?--E.g., Conscientiousness surveys predict job performance across all jobs TERM 23 Observational Design DEFINITION 23 Observation without direct manipulation of the researcher-- Does NOT address q's of cause and effect TERM 24 APA code DEFINITION 24 Informed Consent combats Coercion Must have signed consent that they understand the experiment and are willing to participate Also have to let them know they can quit at any time TERM 25 Exceptions to APA code DEFINITION 25 1) Reuction of Harm due to Deception2) Ensure the Confidentiality of participants TERM 26 How is the APA code enacted? DEFINITION 26 Throught the institutional review board (IRB)Also called Human subjects review boardReviews whether your study is in line with ethics code TERM 27 Plagiarism DEFINITION 27 Claiming someone else's work as your own TERM 28 Fabrication/ Misrepresentation of Data DEFINITION 28 Making up of Data TERM 29 Confederate DEFINITION 29 A person who is part of a research study but acts as though he or she is not, to deceive the participant about the study's purpose TERM 30 Debriefing DEFINITION 30 discussing the purpose and benefits of a research study with participants, often done at the end of the study TERM 31 Demand characteristics DEFINITION 31 a source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants' changing their behavior based on their perception of the study and its purpose TERM 32 Response rate DEFINITION 32 the percentage of people out of the total number available who respond to a survey TERM 33 Null hypothesis DEFINITION 33 The hypothesis that an effect or relationshp does not exist TERM 34 T-test DEFINITION 34 A test that allows us to test the hypotheses about a difference of means TERM 35 Alpha level DEFINITION 35 The probability level used by researchers to indicate the cutoff probability level (highest value) that allows them to reject the null hypothesis