Understanding Sleep and Dreams: From Circadian Rhythms to REM Sleep Stages and Beyond, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Understanding Sleep and Dreams: From Circadian Rhythms to REM Sleep Stages and Beyond and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Sleep and Dreams DEFINITION 1 your perceptual window is not completely shut, the brains auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli during sleep, you process most information outside your conscious awareness TERM 2 circadian rhythm DEFINITION 2 the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms that occur in a 24 hour cycle, our body temperature raises in the morning, peaks mid day and drops at night, bright light in the morning tweaks the circadian clock by activating the light-sensitive retinal proteins, being bathed in light disrupts our 24 hour biological clock TERM 3 About every 90 minutes... DEFINITION 3 we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages TERM 4 REM sleep- (rapid eye movement sleep) DEFINITION 4 a recurring sleep stage in which vivid dreams occur, the muscles are relaxed but the body systems are active, your heart rate rises, your breathing becomes irregular, your eyes dart around in momentary bursts of activity behind closed lids, sexual arousal occurs, announces the beginning of the dream, REM dreams are more emotional TERM 5 Alpha waves DEFINITION 5 the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state TERM 6 Delta waves DEFINITION 6 the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep, occurs during stage 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle TERM 7 Why Do We Need Sleep? DEFINITION 7 1. Sleep protects 2. Sleep helps us recuperate 3. Sleep is for rebuilding memories from the day 4. Sleep feeds creative thinking 5. Sleep may play a role in the growth process TERM 8 Sleep Protects DEFINITION 8 we are better off sleeping during the dark hours, animals with the most need to graze and the least need to hide tend to sleep less such as elephants TERM 9 Sleep helps us recuperate DEFINITION 9 it helps us restore and repair brain tissue, gives resting neurons time to recuperate themselves TERM 10 Sleep is for making memories DEFINITION 10 restoring and rebuilding our fading memories of the days experiences TERM 21 age regression DEFINITION 21 Age regression is a hypnotic procedure -- probably doesn't work -- people don't experience events exactly as they happen -- rather, they fill in the blanks with constructions that are often not true. TERM 22 Posthypnotic suggestion DEFINITION 22 A suggestion made during hypnosis to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized, used by some physicians to control undesired symptoms or behaviors TERM 23 Dissociation DEFINITION 23 a split between the different levels of consciousness, which allows some thoughts to occur simultaneously with others TERM 24 Animal magnetism DEFINITION 24 a presumed intangible or mysterious force that is said to influence human beings, sex appeal TERM 25 what hypnosis can and cannot do DEFINITION 25 it relies on the subjects openness to suggestion, cannot bring back memories (they tend to be made up), it cannot get people to act against their will (people would do the same thing unhyponotized), it can help in therapeutic ways, it can relieve pain, it may block our attention to stimuli TERM 26 Classical Conditioning Pavlov's Experiments DEFINITION 26 a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events TERM 27 Unconditioned response DEFINITION 27 an unlearned naturally occurring response to the US (salivating when food is in the mouth) TERM 28 Unconditioned stimulus DEFINITION 28 the stimulus that naturally triggers the UR (the food that makes the dog salivate) TERM 29 Conditioned response DEFINITION 29 the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (salivating to the tone) TERM 30 Conditioned stimulus DEFINITION 30 a previously neutral stimulus that when paired with the unconditioned stimulus triggers the conditioned response TERM 31 Extinction DEFINITION 31 the diminished responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals the impending unconditioned stimulus (not giving food after repeating the tone) TERM 32 spontaneous recovery DEFINITION 32 the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause, shows that extinction doesnt completelty eliminate the conditioned response TERM 33 generalization DEFINITION 33 tendancy to respond to similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus TERM 34 discrimination DEFINITION 34 the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli TERM 35 Do cognitive processes and biological constraints affect classical conditioning? (Pavlov) DEFINITION 35 An animal can learn the predictability of an event, the more predictable the association the stronger the conditioned response, the animal developes an expectancy. An animals capacity for conditioning is restrained by its biology. We are more likely to avoid eating something if it causes nausea but we dont avoid seeing it or smelling it. TERM 46 punishment DEFINITION 46 a consequence that decreases the frequency of the preceding behavior TERM 47 Do cognitive processes and biological constraints affect operant conditioning? (Skinner) DEFINITION 47 cognative processes are at work in operative conditioning. Rats develop a cognative map. Latent learning develops. An animals natural predispositions constrain its capacity for operant learning. Animals can learn actions that are naturally adaptive but not actions that they dont usually do. Instinctive drift occurs. TERM 48 Habituation DEFINITION 48 if a gun keeps being shot you would get used to it and not fear it as much, same with bad breath, not noticing or responding to a stimulus after repeated behavior TERM 49 superstitious learning DEFINITION 49 if they think they will be rewarded for something they will keep doing things TERM 50 short term memory DEFINITION 50 activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten, rehearsing keeps it there, 7 items TERM 51 long term memory DEFINITION 51 the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Involves the hippocampus. TERM 52 spacing effect DEFINITION 52 we retain information better when our rehearsal is spaced over time, better than massed practice TERM 53 serial position effect DEFINITION 53 our tendancy to better recall the last and first items on a list TERM 54 Mnemonic DEFINITION 54 memory aids, use vivid imagery and organizational devides TERM 55 method of loci DEFINITION 55 visualize places you know well, when he walked around the room associating the place he was standing with a certain object TERM 56 peg DEFINITION 56 word system- requires you to memorize a jingle, associate numbers with items TERM 57 chunking DEFINITION 57 we more easily recall information when we organize them into familiar, manageable chunks. TERM 58 iconic memory DEFINITION 58 a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasts no more than a few tenths of a second, clears quickly with new images TERM 59 echoic memory DEFINITION 59 a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, lasts 3 or 4 seconds, can repeat the last few words your friend was saying even if you werent fully listening TERM 60 the magical number seven, plus or minus two DEFINITION 60 - you can typically store about 7 bits of information in your short-term memory TERM 71 retroactive interference DEFINITION 71 something you learned second interferes with what you learned first TERM 72 childrens misinformation effect DEFINITION 72 incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event TERM 73 childrens eyewitness recall DEFINITION 73 when interviewers give suggestive techniques, children are likely to produce inaccurate recall TERM 74 retrograde amnesia DEFINITION 74 you cant remember what happened before an accident, the part right before often never comes back TERM 75 posttraumatic amnesia DEFINITION 75 cant remember events that occur after an accident, comes back out of order and with gaps, if you have this you also have retrograde amnesia TERM 76 Algorithm DEFINITION 76 try all the solutions until you find the right one, a sure way to solve something but it is also time consuming TERM 77 Heuristic DEFINITION 77 we take short cuts, use a rule of thumb, try the more likely solutions first TERM 78 fixation (cognitive set) DEFINITION 78 our tendancy to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked for us previously, its a survival thing TERM 79 functional fixedness DEFINITION 79 our tendency to think about things working in their "normal" or most common way TERM 80 representativeness heuristic DEFINITION 80 how similar is this to events we know? James seems like a librarian so he must be a librarian TERM 81 availability heuristic DEFINITION 81 think of the likeliness of an event based on how many examples of it you know TERM 82 framing DEFINITION 82 the way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly effect judgements, a condom with a 95% success rate is good but one with a 5% failure rate is bad TERM 83 probabilistic inference DEFINITION 83 educated guess that goes into a heuristic, based on experience, it powers a heuristic, not always right TERM 84 regression to the mean DEFINITION 84 the tendancy for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back to the average TERM 85 anchoring DEFINITION 85 using a previously used starting point to make a decision, if you take an extreme position then people will use that as a starting point and at least go to a more moderate position