Test 4 Study Guide - The Study of Language | LING 2100, Exams of Linguistics

Download Test 4 Study Guide - The Study of Language | LING 2100 and more Exams Linguistics in PDF only on Docsity! Ling 2100 Test 4 Study Guide Section 1: Definitions Sociolinguistics: study of language as it relates to a person’s social situation Internal Variation: same meaning by different speakers (individually, regionally) Idiolect: language of a single individual Dialect: language variety noticeably different from others Accent: quality of a person’s speech defined by systematic phonological variation (park and pak) Slang: informal lexical variants found in different varieties Common slang: everyday shortenings of formal words (fridge) In group slang: informal usages associated with a particular group and time (wasted) Jargon: technical terminology (countdown) Mutual Intelligibility: quality shared by two or more languages that allow them to communicate Dialect continuum: varieties of languages where the extreme varieties are not mutually intelligible, but adjacent are Register/Speech Style: degrees of formality Style Shifting: informal (tu) and formal (usted) pronouns Standard Dialect: an idealized form of a language Overt Prestige: quality of a language that makes people aspire to speak that way (interview speech) Covert Prestige: quality of a language that makes people aspire to speak that way (interview speech) NON-STANDARD Hypercorrection: extending grammatical rule outside of its domain (Between you and I) SAE: based on grammatical rule; not pronunciation Phonetic Variation: differing pronunciation of phonemes (latter and ladder) Phonological Variation: change in the number of distribution of phonemes (caught and cot) Morphological Variation: switching one morpheme for another (my-self and ourselves) Syntactic Variation: assignment of words to different lexical categories (might could) Lexical Variation: use of different words for the same object (soda, soda pop, pop) Direct Language Contact: speakers of two languages in one area (conquest, trade, migration) Indirect Language: learning a 2nd language w/o contact to native speakers Loanwords: words brought into one language from another (taco or nacho) Loan Translation/Calque: morpheme for morpheme translation of a foreign word (dishwasher) Phonological Borrowing: transfer of phonemes or phonological rule from one language to another (genre) Morphological Borrowing: transfer of a bound or free morpheme from one language to another (cacti) Intensity of Contact: trade is low, conquest is high, migration is high Adstratum Languages: about equal in Prestige (OE and ON in 10th century Britain) Superstratum Language: language w/ higher prestige in a contact situation (English in the US) Substratum Language: language w/ lower prestige in a contact situation (Russian in Athens) Language Shift: switching from substratum and superstratum language Language Death: language shift when three aren’t any other populations using the substratum Pidgin Language Creation: simplified language created by speakers w/ no shared language Synchronic Linguistics: static view (together in time) Diachronic Linguistics: dynamic view (through time) Proto Language: language reconstructured based on comparisons of related daughter languages Section 2: US Regions Regions Phonetic Phonology Syntax Lexical North block NONE Are you coming with? Pop New England NONE Park NONE Soda South House Pen/Pin Might could Coke Appalachia November NONE He was a runnin Poke Midland House Belt The table needs washed. Pop West Dude [sin] I’m like soda