Test 5! | GEOG 1111 - Introduction to Physical Geography, Quizzes of Geography

Download Test 5! | GEOG 1111 - Introduction to Physical Geography and more Quizzes Geography in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 soil profile DEFINITION 1 the array of soil layers; their sequence from top (surface) to bottom (bedrock) TERM 2 soil horizon DEFINITION 2 a distinct layer of soil within the soil profile. TERM 3 soil properties DEFINITION 3 - color- structure- porosity- texture (sand, clay, silt)- consistence (cohesion)- moisture TERM 4 minerals DEFINITION 4 elements or compounds with a crystalline structure; the building blocks of rocks; found in all soils. TERM 5 organic matter DEFINITION 5 that part originally from living matter; decaying matter of plants, animals, and their waste products. TERM 6 water DEFINITION 6 fills spaces in the soil or forms a thin film around particles. TERM 7 air DEFINITION 7 also fills in pore spaces. TERM 8 parent material DEFINITION 8 the type of rock and minerals the soil was formed from. TERM 9 residual soil DEFINITION 9 made from underlying rock. TERM 10 transported soil DEFINITION 10 made from material not found in underlying rock. TERM 21 'E' horizon DEFINITION 21 lighter colored layer just below the 'A' horizon, created by depletion downward of certain soil particles. TERM 22 'B' horizon DEFINITION 22 created by translocation of particles from 'A' and 'E' horizons above; this layer takes the most time to develop. TERM 23 'C' horizon DEFINITION 23 where the parent material is transformed by weathering into soil particles to become future soil; by transformation. TERM 24 'R' horizon DEFINITION 24 where solid rock (bedrock) is first affected by weather; a mixture of large pieces of rock and future soil. TERM 25 solum DEFINITION 25 the A, E, and B horizons; those layers in which plant roots are most active.sol: used as a suffix in soil classification. TERM 26 pedon DEFINITION 26 column of soil, extending from the 'O' horizon into the 'C' horizon.ped: naturally occurring "clump" of soil TERM 27 soil texture DEFINITION 27 - size of the particles in the soil- an indication of the soils compactness and amount of pore space TERM 28 loam DEFINITION 28 a term used to describe a soil, similar to a clay or sand, but based on the percent of sand, silt, and clay and NOT on particle size. TERM 29 field capacity DEFINITION 29 ability of a soil to hold water against the downward pull of gravity.sand = low field capacity (soaks up a lot of water)clay = high field capacity TERM 30 soil structure DEFINITION 30 the type of arrangement of a soils' peds; also plays a role in determining a soils field capacity. TERM 31 platy DEFINITION 31 layered peds, like flakes stacked horizontally; high field capacity. TERM 32 prismatic DEFINITION 32 peds arranged in columns; high field capacity TERM 33 blocky or angular DEFINITION 33 straight sided; irregularly shaped peds TERM 34 spheroidal or granular DEFINITION 34 small, rounded shaped peds TERM 35 soil color DEFINITION 35 can be used to indicate the organic content and fertility of a soil, and/or the type of minerals and elements that are in the soil.dark brown to black soils = high organic contentred or orangish soils = high iron and/or aluminum oxide content TERM 46 oxisols DEFINITION 46 tropical areas with high rainfall; rain forests; rich in Fe and Al oxides; subject to laterization. TERM 47 gelisols DEFINITION 47 cold and frozen soils subject to crytoturbation (frost churning); found in high latitudes and elevations. TERM 48 biodiversity DEFINITION 48 the variety of life forms, the ecological roles they perform and the genetic diversity they contain. TERM 49 genetic diversity DEFINITION 49 variety in the genetic makeup among individuals within a species. TERM 50 species diversity DEFINITION 50 variety among the species or distinct types of organisms found in different habitats of the planet. TERM 51 ecological diversity DEFINITION 51 variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, streams, lakes, oceans, coral reef wetlands and other biological communities. TERM 52 functional diversity DEFINITION 52 biological and chemical processes or functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities. TERM 53 matter DEFINITION 53 from subatomic particles to ecosystem, based on atoms- elements can by natural or human-made- compounds can be organic or inorganic TERM 54 2 sub-areas of biogeography DEFINITION 54 Phytogeography and Zoogeography TERM 55 Photosynthesis DEFINITION 55 the process of converting CO2 and H2O into carbohydrate and O2 using sunlight as the energy source.- occurs in the cells of plants which contain chloroplasts, which contain the pigment chlorophyll.6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ENERGY = glucose TERM 56 limits of photosynthesis: rate of respiration DEFINITION 56 the plant uses some of the energy-food created in photosynthesis- if increase respiration, then decrease efficiency of photosynthesis- if increase heat, then increase respiration TERM 57 limits of photosynthesis: availability of water DEFINITION 57 - if increase in water, then increase carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake by plant which increases photosynthesis. TERM 58 limits of photosynthesis: rate of evaporation and transpiration DEFINITION 58 - if increase rate of evapotranspiration, then decrease efficiency of photosynthesis. TERM 59 results of photosynthesis DEFINITION 59 - creation of biomass, or useful chemical energy, created directly by photosynthesis.- animal biomass is created indirectly by photosynthesis.- highest amounts of biomass created in warm, wet areas.- lowest amounts created in cold and dry areas. TERM 60 net primary productivity DEFINITION 60 the net photosynthesis for a given community; this considers all growth and reduction factors that affect the amount of biomass fixed in an ecosystem.NPP = photosynthesis (chemical energy made by plants) - respiration (chemical energy used by plants) TERM 71 mutations DEFINITION 71 random changes of the DNA in a cell, brought about by:- exposure to external agents (radiation, chemicals)- random mistakes during DNA replicationthey are random and unpredictable, only source of totally new genetic raw material, relatively rare events TERM 72 natural selection DEFINITION 72 process by which a particular beneficial gene or set of genes is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other genes.- this leads to a population of organisms with a greater proportion of individuals better adapted to certain environmental conditions. TERM 73 adaptation DEFINITION 73 any genetically controlled structural, physiological, or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions. TERM 74 structural adaptations DEFINITION 74 coloration, mimicry, protective cover, gripping mechanisms TERM 75 physiological adaptations DEFINITION 75 hibernation, chemical protection TERM 76 behavioral adaptations DEFINITION 76 migration, various mating behaviors TERM 77 ecological niche DEFINITION 77 total way of life or role of a species in a ecosystem; all physical, chemical and biological conditions a species needs to live and reproduce in an ecosystem. TERM 78 habitat DEFINITION 78 the physical location in which a species lives. TERM 79 species DEFINITION 79 group of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup and processes and genetic makeup. TERM 80 generalists DEFINITION 80 species with a broad ecological niche; can live in many different habitats, eat a variety of foods and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions; less prone to extinction.ex: humans, flies, rats, coyotes TERM 81 specialists DEFINITION 81 species with a narrow ecological niche; may live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only one type or a few types of food, tolerate only a narrow range of environmental conditions; more prone to extinction.ex: red-cockaded woodpecker, giant pandas TERM 82 native species DEFINITION 82 species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem in which they evolved or are 'naturally' found. TERM 83 nonnative species DEFINITION 83 species that migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem; also known as exotic, alien, or introduced species.ex: kudzu, nutria, Argentine fire ants TERM 84 indicator species DEFINITION 84 species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded. TERM 85 keystone species DEFINITION 85 species that play role affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem. TERM 96 landforms DEFINITION 96 - elevation affects temp. and moisture- slope steepness affects water availability and soil thickness- slope aspect (compass direction a slope is facing) affects amount of sunlight, and thus temperature and moisture levels. TERM 97 biotic factors DEFINITION 97 species interactions TERM 98 interspecific competition DEFINITION 98 members of two or more species trying to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem.could lead to:1) migration of one species2) shift in habits or behaviors through natural selection/evolution3) sharp population decline4) extinction from that area TERM 99 resource partitioning DEFINITION 99 the process of diving up resources in an ecosystem (each organism is developing it's own ecological niche), is one way to adapt to these conditions. TERM 100 predation DEFINITION 100 situation in which an organism of one species (the predator) captures and feeds on parts or all of an organism of another species (the prey)- often increases the biodiversity of the ecosystem TERM 101 parasitism DEFINITION 101 interaction between species in which one organism (the parasite) preys on another organism (the host) by living on or in the host; the parasite benefits and the host is often harmed. TERM 102 mutualism DEFINITION 102 species interaction in which the presence of one species is often essential to the survival of another species, but usually both species benefit from the interaction.ex: honeybees and flowers (food/pollination) TERM 103 commensalism DEFINITION 103 interaction between organisms of different species in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed to any great degree. TERM 104 amensalism DEFINITION 104 the inhibition of one species by another through chemical means.ex: some plants release toxins into the soil and make the soil unusable to other plants TERM 105 phytogeography (plant geography) DEFINITION 105 the study of the distribution of plants and their ecosystems, both spatially and temporally. TERM 106 biogeochemical cycles DEFINITION 106 the atoms, molecules, elements, etc. that are important to organisms are cycled between living and nonliving components of the environment. TERM 107 hydrologic (water) cycle DEFINITION 107 the collection, purification, and distribution of the Earth's water supply through both the abiotic and biotic components of the environment.- evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation, run-off- causes soil erosion and moves weathered fragments of rock- major medium for transporting nutrients within environment- water supply purified as it goes through evaporation and precipitation, flows through lakes and streams and the ground. TERM 108 carbon cycle DEFINITION 108 the flow of carbon, primarily as carbon dioxide, through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere (the environment)- key element in controlling temperature at earth's surface, greenhouse gas- key element in formation of organic molecules and compounds upon which life is based.- produced during aerobic respiration- 'energy' source for fossils fuels TERM 109 nitrogen cycle DEFINITION 109 the movement of nitrogen in various chemical forms through the environment.- important element for most organisms, BUT in its most abundant form, N2, it cannot be absorbed and used directly as a nutrient by plants and animals. TERM 110 nitrogen fixation DEFINITION 110 process in which specialized bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) that can be used by plants.ex: soybeans TERM 121 temperate or mid-latitude grassland DEFINITION 121 dominated by sod-forming grasses, areas of both short-grass and long-grass prairie.ex: Great Plains TERM 122 temperate or mid-latitude deciduous and mixed forest DEFINITION 122 dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees of eastern US, Europe, and eastern China; also large areas of mixed deciduous and needle-leaf evergreen trees, esp. in southern areas such as southeast USex: oak, birch, walnut, maple, pine in the south TERM 123 temperate rainforest DEFINITION 123 needle-leaf trees of US northwest coast; also known as the temperate evergreen forest.ex: redwoods TERM 124 mediterranean scrub or scrubland DEFINITION 124 consists of widely spaced evergreen and deciduous trees and hard or waxy-leaved evergreen brushes- dominated by cyclic fire disturbance. TERM 125 northern coniferous forest DEFINITION 125 dominated by coniferous or cone-bearing trees; also known as boreal forest in Canada or Taiga in Siberia. TERM 126 tundra DEFINITION 126 dominated by mosses, lichens, sedges, and a few dwarf trees/shrubs; this area is controlled by permafrost TERM 127 primary succession DEFINITION 127 sequential development of communities in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organisms, or and area that has been recently denuded of an existing community and the associated soil and is thus starting in a condition of bare rock.ex: a recently glaciated area that has been stripped bare of soil down to the bedrock. TERM 128 secondary succession DEFINITION 128 sequential development of communities in an area in which vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil is not destroyed; some plants and seeds may still exist in the soil.ex: an old farming field that has been left fallow and on which vegetation begins to take hold. TERM 129 linear autogenic succession DEFINITION 129 basically, a one-way succession such that a particular stage or assemblage is not required. TERM 130 cyclic autogenic DEFINITION 130 stages or assemblages can be repeated and often are. TERM 131 allogenic DEFINITION 131 change in species composition brought about by "outside" forces or disturbance (disease, fire, flood, landslide, etc) TERM 132 climax community DEFINITION 132 a kind of end point or final stage, where the plant assemblage is in balance or best suited for the existing climate and soil characteristics. TERM 133 zoogeography DEFINITION 133 the geographical distribution of animal species and populations on the earth's surface. TERM 134 marine systems: coastal zone DEFINITION 134 high net primary productivity3 ecosystems:- estuaries: areas where freshwater and saltwater mix- coastal wetlands: land areas covered with saltwater all or part of the year; salt marshes and mangrove forest swamps- coral reefs: found in relatively shallow, tropical waters; really high in biodiversity TERM 135 marine systems: open sea DEFINITION 135 low net primary productivity3 vertical zones:- euphotic: high levels of sunlight penetrate- bathyal: medium levels of sunlight penetrate- abyssal: very low levels of sunlight penetrate TERM 146 Madagascan DEFINITION 146 the island of Madagascar and nearby Comoro Islands- quite different from Africa, despite being close- lemurs, elephant shrew TERM 147 Indo-Malayan (Oriental) DEFINITION 147 south-central and southeast Asia- fairly diverse fauna, but not quite as diverse as the Ethiopian- ex: orangutan, Bengal tiger, mongoose TERM 148 Australian DEFINITION 148 Australia, New Guinea and nearby islands- Australia has the highest diversity of marsupial mammals of any realm or region on Earth- also the only known place where Monotreme mammals reside (platypus) TERM 149 New Zealand DEFINITION 149 sometimes included within the Australian realm, but has rather unique fauna.- no endemic or native mammals, only those brought in by humans. TERM 150 Pacific DEFINITION 150 the islands of the Pacific not included in any other realm; Fiji, Hawaii, etc.- each island group is often quite unique do it's isolation- ex: Hawaiian honeycreeper and Galapagos finches (birds) TERM 151 conservation DEFINITION 151 should single species be saved, or should the emphasis be on whole habitats and ecosystems? TERM 152 habitat destruction DEFINITION 152 - effect on populations and species and species assemblages- effect on increasing extinction rates (considered the main cause of extinction among plants and animals) TERM 153 introduced or exotic species DEFINITION 153 effect on local or native speciesex: kudzu, Argentine fire ants, mongoose in Hawaii TERM 154 soils DEFINITION 154 structure, texture both affect plant root systems and thus plant survival and dispersal; root and plant support and water availability. TERM 155 SLOSS debate DEFINITION 155 should there be created protected areas that are Single Large or Several Small reserves, parks, etc.