Neurological Disorders & Child Psychology: TBI, ADHD, ODD, Conduct Disorder, Anxiety, Quizzes of Abnormal Psychology

Download Neurological Disorders & Child Psychology: TBI, ADHD, ODD, Conduct Disorder, Anxiety and more Quizzes Abnormal Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 organic mental disorders DEFINITION 1 prior to DSM IV, this term conveyed that there was some kind of identifiable pathology causing problemexamples: brain tumor, stroke, drug intoxicationTreated by neurologists TERM 2 functional mental disorders DEFINITION 2 prior to the DSM IV, brain disorders that were not considered to have organic basistreated by psychiatrists TERM 3 Diagnosing Cognitive Disorders DEFINITION 3 for cognitive disorders with underlying medical problem as cause, both cognitive problem and medical cause on Axis I, then cognitive problem listed again on Axis IIIexample: Axis I: dementia due to HIV diseaseAxis III: HIV diseasefor pathological brain damage due to toxic effects of abusing certain substances (alcohol, drugs), included on Axis I, and no Axis III diagnosis. TERM 4 anosognosia DEFINITION 4 impairment in capacity of realistic self appraisal - clinical sign of brain damage.leaves patients relatively unaware of losses and poorly motivated for rehabilitation TERM 5 Psychological Impairments from Damage of Brain Tissue DEFINITION 5 depends on: nature, location, and extent of neural damage premordid competence and personality of person individual's life situation amount of time since first appearance of condition TERM 6 Diffuse Damage DEFINITION 6 damage that is widespread, can occur from moderate oxygen deprivation or ingestion of toxic substances.can lead to memory problems, mild cognitive impairments, attention TERM 7 Focal Damage DEFINITION 7 circumscribed areas of abnormal change in brain structure, occurring from sharply defined traumatic injury or interruption of blood supply to part of the brain (stroke)location will determine what problems the person will have. TERM 8 Left Hemisphere (generalized) DEFINITION 8 conducts functions like serial processing of familiar information, like language and solving math equations TERM 9 Right Hemisphere (generalized) DEFINITION 9 used for grasping overall meaning in new situations, reasoning on nonverbal level, intuition, spatial relations TERM 10 Damage to frontal areas DEFINITION 10 can cause behavioral inertia, passivity, apathy, perseverative thought OR impulsivity and distractibility TERM 21 Delirium: Treatments and Outcomes DEFINITION 21 true medical emergency most cases reversible (except when caused by terminal illness or severe brain trauma) Treatments: medication, environmental manipulations, family support. Medications used: neuroepileptics (same ones used to treat schizophrenia) For delirium caused by drug or alcohol withdrawal: benzodiazepines (also used for treating anxiety disorders) use of calendars, staff prompting, nightlights TERM 22 Dementia DEFINITION 22 Criteria: memory impairment cognitive disturbances like aphasia (language disturbance), apraxia (difficulty in motor tasks), agnosia (failure to recognize objects), disturbance in executive functioning (planning, organizing) cognitive deficits cause severe impairment in functioning, significant decline from previous level of functioning Onset is gradual, continuing cognitive decline TERM 23 Dementia: Characteristics DEFINITION 23 early on, memory is affected, especially memory of recent events over time, marked deficits in abstract thinking, acquisition of new knowledge of skills, visuospatial comprehension, motor control, problem solving, and judgment may be accompanied by impairments in emotional control and moral and ethical sensitivities may be progressive (worse over time, more common) or static can be reversible if cause can removed or treated (like vitamin deficiency) TERM 24 Dementia: Causes DEFINITION 24 over 50 disorders known to cause dementia degenerative diseases like Huntington's and Parkinson's strokes infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, syphilis, meningitis head tumors dietary deficiencies (especially B vitamins) severe or repeated head injury anoxia (oxygen deprivation) inhalation or ingestion of toxic substances like mercury or lead. most common cause: Alzheimer's disease TERM 25 Parkinson's Disease DEFINITION 25 effects between .5-1% of people 65-69, 1-3% over 80 characterized bytremors, rigid movementdue to loss of dopamine neurons dopamine: neurotransmitter involved in control of movement later on, dementia may develop causes not clear: both genetic and environmental factors suspected. treatments: symptoms can be temporarily reduced by medicine that increases dopamine in brain now trying deep brain stimulation, stem cell research hopeful TERM 26 Huntington's Disease DEFINITION 26 rare degenerative disorder of central nervous system, effects 1 out of 10,000 people begins 40s, effects men and women equally chronic, progressive chorea (involuntary movements that flow randomly from one area to another eventually develop dementia, death occurs 10-20 years of first developing illness caused by autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 4 person with parent with disease has 50% chance of developing disease himself. TERM 27 Alzheimer's Disease DEFINITION 27 progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder most common cause of dementia referred to in DSM on Axis I as " dementia of the Alzheimer's type" dementia syndrome with imperceptible onset and slow but progressively deteriorating course, terminating in delirium and death. diagnosis only given after all other potential causes of dementia are ruled out usually begins after 45 TERM 28 Alzheimer's Disease: Characteristics DEFINITION 28 multiple cognitive deficits gradual declining course that involves slow mental deterioration simple deterioration typically begins with memory loss of recent events progresses to disorientation, poor judgment, neglect of personal hygiene, loss of contact with reality,empty speech delusions of persecution, sometimes delusional jealousy, can lead to physical aggressiveness TERM 29 Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment DEFINITION 29 medication, maintenance of calm, reassuring, unprovocative social environment may alleviate symptoms however, downward course over months or years leads to oblivion, resistance to disease lowered, so death usually results from pneumonia or cardiac or respiratory problems death usually occurs 7-10 years after diagnosis TERM 30 Alzheimer's Disease: Prevalence DEFINITION 30 accounts for most cases of dementia age major risk factor rate of disease doubles every 5 years after a person reaches 40 1% of 60 year olds, 30% of 85 year olds have it will triple in next 50 years women slightly higher risk, partly because they live longer than men so prevalence is higher, partly because of loneliness after spouse has died lower in non-Western developed countries like Japan, also in less industrialized countries like Nigeria and India TERM 31 Alzheimer's: Lifestyle Factors DEFINITION 31 high fat/cholesterol diets implicated for developing disease also high levels of amino acid called "homocysteine" which also causes heart disease, increases person's risk for developing disease TERM 32 Early Onset Alzheimer's DEFINITION 32 affects people in 40s and 50s cognitive decline is rapid due to rare genetic mutation, 3 mutations identified APP (chromosome 21), chromosome 14, chromosome 1 mutations - onset between 30-50 years of age extremely rare mutations TERM 33 Alzheimer's and Down's Syndrome DEFINITION 33 APP gene - chromosome 21, which is same chromosome for Down's Syndrome people with Down's Syndrome survive beyond age 40 develop AD dementia mothers who give birth to child with DS before 35 have 4.8 times greater risk of developing AD mutations on this gene associated with onset between 55 and 60 TERM 34 Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease DEFINITION 34 APOE gene on chromosome 19 gene codes for blodo protein that carries cholesterol through bloodstream APOE-E4 allele, enhances risk for late onset, predictor of memory deterioration in older adults, common in people from Europe or NA, especially African Americans APOE-E2 allele may convey protection against late onset AD APOE-E3, most common form, "neutral" significance TERM 35 Alzheimer's Disease: Environmental Factors DEFINITION 35 diet being overweight Type II diabetes (insulin levels are low in brain areas affected most by AD) not being physically active exposure to aluminum head trauma experience depression ibuprofen may be protective and lower risk of AD puzzles may also help TERM 46 Korsakoff's Syndrome DEFINITION 46 amnestic disorder caused by deficiency in B vitamin B1 (thiamine) often found in chronic alcoholics or people who don't eat healthy common cause of amnestic disorder TERM 47 Amnestic Disorder due to Head Trauma DEFINITION 47 stroke surgery in temporal lobe hypnoxia (oxygen deprivation) brain infections disorder can remit with time TERM 48 Criteria for Amnestic Disorder DEFINITION 48 development of memory impairment memory disturbance causes significant impairment in functioning and represents decline from previous level of functioning memory disturbance does not occur exclusively during course of delirium or dementia TERM 49 Traumatic Brain Injury DEFINITION 49 occurs frequently most common cause: motor vehicle accidents men 15-24 highest risk disorders that result from TBIs more common than any other form of neurological disease other than headaches\ coded on Axis I in DSM IV if they have notable, long standing effects "due to head trauma" TERM 50 TBI: Closed Head Injury DEFINITION 50 cranium remains intact damage to brain indirect because produced by inertial forces that cause brain to come into violent contact with interior skull wall or rotational forces that twist the brain mass relative to brain stem causes diffuse neuron damage softer brain tissue keeps moving after rigid cranium is stopped, shearing effect on nerve fibers TERM 51 TBI: Penetrating Head Injury and Skull Fracture DEFINITION 51 Penetrating Head Injury cranium and underlying brain penetrated by something such as a bullet epilepsy common result Skull fracture with or without compression of brain by fragmented bone concavity post-trauma epilepsy common TERM 52 TBI: Effects DEFINITION 52 immediate acute reactions like unconsciousness, disruption of circulatory, metabolic, and neurotransmitter regulation retrograde amnesia: inability to recall events immediately preceding accident anterograde amnesia: or post traumatic amnesia, inability to store memory events that happen during periods of time after the trauma unconsciousness starts with stupor and confusion and ends with recovering consciousness - can last minutes to days coma- living without regaining consciousness, may be followed by delirium TERM 53 TBI: Risk Factors DEFINITION 53 after concussion, brain is 4-5 times more vulnerable to second impact, lasts for several weeks APOE-E4 allele; results in more chronic neurological deficits, predicted patients doing more poorly on 6 month follow up Phineas Gage TERM 54 TBI: Outcomes DEFINITION 54 prompt treatment may prevent further damage common aftereffects of moderate brain injury include headaches, dizziness, impaired memory and concentration, reduction in intellectual level, especially if suffered severe temporal lobe or parietal lobe lesions 24% TBI patients develop post traumatic epilepsy because of scar tissue in brain seizures and depression may occur also dramatic personality changes may occur the younger the child when TBI occurs, the moreadversethe effects TERM 55 TBI: Treatment DEFINITION 55 requires neurologists, psychologists, neuropsychologists, occupational, physical, speech/language therapists, cognitive rehabilitation specialists, vocational and recreational therapists provide patients with new techniques to compensate for losses that may be permanent treatment with donepezil, ACh inhibitor TERM 56 TBI: Predictors of Clinical Outcome DEFINITION 56 Favorable when: short period of unconsciousness or post traumatic anterograde amnesia minimal cognitive impairment well functioning preinjury personality higher education stable work history preinjury motivation to recover favorable life situation to return to early intervention appropriate rehabilitation program TERM 57 Developmental Psychopathology DEFINITION 57 studying the origins and course of individual maladaptation in context of normal growth process important to view child's behavior in context of normal childhood development TERM 58 Psychological Vulnerabilities of Young Children DEFINITION 58 don't have complex/realistic view of themselves immediately perceived threatsdisproportionatelyimportant limited perspectives lead to unrealistic concepts to explain events more dependent on other people lack of experience in dealing with adversity TERM 59 Classification of Childhood/Adolescent Disorders DEFINITION 59 until 1950s no formal system to classify emotional or behavioral problems of children and adolescents 1952 first formal classification of childhood disorders: childhood schizophrenia and adjustment reaction 1968 DSM several problems: same classification system for adults used for children environmental factors play important role in expression of symptoms- family is important for children symptoms not considered with respect to child's developmental level TERM 60 ADHD: Criteria DEFINITION 60 inattention has persisted at least 6 months and is maladaptive to child's developmental level inattention: difficulty in attending to tasks or play activities, does not seem to listen when spoken to, difficulty organizing tasks, forgetful hyperactivity-impulsivity persisted for at least 6 months and is maladaptive hyperactivity; fidgeting, runs, climbs, always on the go impulsivity: blurts out stuff, difficulty awaiting turn, interrupts others TERM 71 CD: Age of Onset DEFINITION 71 children who develop CD at an earlier age more likely to develop psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder than adolescents who develop CD suddenly link between CD and APD stronger in lower SES children 25-40% of early onset of CD go on to develop adult antisocial personality disorder, 80% continue to have problems in adulthood of social dysfunction CD developed in adolescence usually only have problems during adolescent years TERM 72 CD: Psychosocial Factors DEFINITION 72 Aggressive children rejected by peers, exacerbates antisocial behavior children with higher levels of conduct problems 4 times more likely to have depressive episode in early adulthood parents and teachers can react with anger, causing child to become more isolated family setting: ineffective parenting, rejection, harsh and inconsistent discipline, neglect, unstable marital relationship children are "trained" in antisocial behavior by family low SES, poor neighborhoods, parental stress and depression TERM 73 CD: Treatments and Outcomes DEFINITION 73 emphasis on "teaching them a lesson" intensifies behavior and doesn't correct it Cohesive Family Model: treatment focuses on interaction between parent and child because parents reinforce inappropriate behavior, don't socialize with children, increasing parents' aversive interactions and criticisms, child models aggressive behavior many times dealing with overburdened parents who don't have time to be a better parent child can be removed from home TERM 74 CD: Treatments and Outcomes (continued) DEFINITION 74 behavioral techniques: teaching parents to reinforce desirable behavior modify environmental conditions that were reinforcing maladaptive behavior family therapy, parental counseling used to make sure parent is responsible for child's discipline and is following through with program TERM 75 Anxiety and Depression in Children/Adolescents DEFINITION 75 Children with anxiety disorders are oversensitive, have unrealistic fears, are shy, feel inadequate, have sleep disturbances overly depend on others for help anxiety disorders often comorbid with depressive disorders, may be influential in later depression, these children have more symptoms than children without depression affects more girls than boys TERM 76 Separation Anxiety Disorder DEFINITION 76 most common of childhood anxiety disorders 2-41% of children unrealistic fears, oversensitivity, self-consciousness, nightmares, chronic anxiety apprehensive to new situations overly dependent upon parents upon separation, children have morbid fears of something bad happening to loved one more common in girls disorder not stable over time children with SAD also experience other anxiety based disorders like phobias or OCD TERM 77 Selective Mutism DEFINITION 77 persistent failure to speak in specific social situations, interferes with social and educational adjustment Many times have developmental disorder/ delay only diagnosed when child does know how to speak condition must have lasted for a month, not including first month of school rare in clinical populations biological and learning factors: specific deficiencies in auditory nerve activity occurs more in families where uncommunicative behavior prominent symptoms can be reduced by fluoxetine TERM 78 Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders DEFINITION 78 parents' behavior influential factor sensitivity to aversive stimuli traumatic events make child anxious overanxious parent can sensitize child to dangers of world indifferent, detached parents foster anxiety in children; child may not feel adequately supported repeat experiences of failure due to poor learning skills leads to anxiety in threatening situations, or children can be overcritical of themselves TERM 79 Child Anxiety Across Cultures DEFINITION 79 cross cultural study of fears found that cultures that favor inhibition, compliance, and obedience experience more fear differences between African American children and white children and types of anxiety disorders strong association between exposure to violence and reduced sense of security anxiety can also be induced by early experiences of feeling of lack of control over environmental events TERM 80 Anxiety Disorders: Treatments and Outcomes DEFINITION 80 Biologically based treatments: fluoxetine useful Psychological treatments: assertiveness training desensitization to reduce anxious behavior in vivo methods more effective than imagining situation TERM 81 Childhood Depression DEFINITION 81 Depression includes: withdrawal, crying, avoidance of eye contact, physical complaints, poor appetite, aggressive behavior, suicide currently childhood depression is classified in DSM IV according to same diagnostic criteria for adults treatment responses of children show differences in hormonal levels and response to treatment in comparison with adults irritability in children instead of depressed mood seen in adults TERM 82 Childhood Depression: Prevalence DEFINITION 82 under age 13, 2.8% age 13-18 5.6% girls: 5.9%, boys 4.6% rates consistent over past 30 years 1.7% of 14-18 year olds with depression made suicide attempt bipolar diagnosis increasing TERM 83 Biological Causal Factors in Childhood Depression DEFINITION 83 association between parental depression and behavioral and mood problems in children children with parents with depression are more impaired, receive more psychological treatment, and have more psychological diagnoses suicide attempt rate higher for children with depressed parents alcohol intake during pregnancy related to childhood depression TERM 84 Learning Factors in Childhood Depression DEFINITION 84 depression symptoms and feelings of hopelessness in children higher in Hong Kong exposure to early traumatic events increases risk exposure to negative parental behavior (childhood depression more common in divorced families) mother-child interaction: depressed mothers can transmit low mood to infants TERM 85 Childhood Depression: Treatments and Outcomes DEFINITION 85 fluoxetine shown to be effective with cognitive behavioral therapy, some side effects in children antidepressant medication associated with increased risk in suicide important: supportive emotional environmnent in which they can learn more adaptive coping strategies and more effective emotional expression older children - discussing feelings therapeutic younger children - play therapy predominant approach: combined use of meds and psycotherapy TERM 96 Autism DEFINITION 96 developmental disorder - deficits in language, perceptual and motor development, defective reality testing, inability to function in social situations usually identified before child is 30 months old, can be suspected in first weeks of life lack of empathy, inattention to others, inability to imitate can be seen as early as 20 months babies, never cuddly, never reaching out, never smiling, never notice other people coming and going TERM 97 Autism: Social Deficit DEFINITION 97 do not show any need for affection or contact with anyone do express emotions, don't lack them completely inability to respond emotionally due to lack of social understanding "mind blindness" - inability to see things as others do deficits in attention and locating sounds in environment do not show spontaneous play encopresis common high prevalence of sleep problems TERM 98 Autism: Absence of Speech DEFINITION 98 imitative deficit, do not effectively learn by imitation, causes severely limited use of speech echolalia - parrot like repetition of a few words, found in 75% of autistic children TERM 99 Autism: Self Stimulation DEFINITION 99 head banging, spinning, rocking, may continue by the hour actively arrange the environment on their own terms active aversion to auditory stimuli, not always consistent to reaction of loud noises TERM 100 Autism: Intellectual Ability DEFINITION 100 marked impairment in intellectual ability impaired on memory tasks can manipulate objects, but deficits in social reasoning skilled at fitting objects together like puzzles have difficulty understanding the meaning of the puzzles difficulty in imitating tasks when using imaginary objects TERM 101 Autism: Maintaining Sameness DEFINITION 101 preoccupied with and form strong attachments to unusual objects when preoccupation with object disturbed, throw temper tantrum TERM 102 Causal Factors in Autism DEFINITION 102 fundamental disturbance of central nervous system inborn defect that impairs infant's perceptual-cognitive functioning abnormalities in brain anatomy may contribute to metabolic differences and behavioral phenotype in autism defective genes or damage from radiation or other conditions during prenatal development genetic contribution seen from examining siblings of autistic children (families with one autistic child, 3-5% risk of sibling being autistic) results from faulty wiring in early development; glutamate increases neuronal activity- faulty glutamate system TERM 103 Autism: Treatments and Outcomes DEFINITION 103 treatment prognosis poor use of medications not effective - may be used to lower aggression. clomipramine possible benefits behavioral treatment: elimination of self injurious behavior, mastery of social behavior, development of language skills Lovaas' study - 2 years one on one with children - marked improvement in intellectual functioning parents can sign treatment contracts TERM 104 Autism: The Effectiveness of Treatments DEFINITION 104 prognosis for autistic children before age of 2 is poor children with severe developmental disabilities do not transfer skills across situations well; cannot take what they learned in one situation and apply it to another less than 1/4 autistic children who receive treatment attain marginal adjustment in later life. "Eden Model", professionals and families recognize that autistic children may need to have different therapeutic regimes at different points in their lives TERM 105 Asperger's Disorder DEFINITION 105 Autistic spectrum disorder appears later than other pervasive disorders social impairment disorder, restricted interests, repetitive behaviors like Autism behavior seen as odd or eccentric - nonverbal learning disability, maintain sameness, physically awkward, language and social skill problems, severe and sustained impairment of interpersonal interactions, like impairment of facial expressions, body postures, gestures, etc. no delays in early language or age appropriate self help skills like seen in autism TERM 106 Asperger's Disorder: Treatment DEFINITION 106 treated with antidepressants, antipsychotic, mood stabilizers (lithium) social-behavioral learning strategies TERM 107 Learning Disabilities DEFINITION 107 learning disorder, or mental retardation, delayed development manifested in language,speech, math or motor skills, not due to physical or neurological defect. most well known - dyslexia apparent disparity between expected academic achievement and actual performance often treated as troublemakers because LDs are not at status they should be in school jurisdiction can have disastrous results on child's self esteem TERM 108 Dyslexia DEFINITION 108 problem in word recognition and reading comprehension deficient in spelling and memory has to be clear impairment in school performance children with this said to be learning disabled, LD TERM 109 Causal Factors in Learning Disabilities DEFINITION 109 products of subtle central nervous system impairments dyslexia due to failure of left and right hemispheres to form symmetrically, portions of left hemisphere remain underdeveloped can be genetically transmitted, found on chromosome 6 TERM 110 Mental Retardation DEFINITION 110 subaverage intellectual functioning and limitations in adaptive functioning problems must begin before 18 "mental retardation" with an onset after 17 considered dementia Prevalence: 1%, hard to pinpoint because there are so many levels initial diagnosis around 5 to 6 years old