Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals Test Bank, Exams of Advanced Education

Download Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals Test Bank and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 01: Psychology: An Introduction Chapter 01: Psychology: An Introduction 1. The term that describes the idea that human behaviour is determined by genetics and biology is a. prefrontal lobotomy. b. nurture. *c. nature. d. DNA. General Feedback: Through attempting to understand why humans behave as they do, a further question arises: are human behaviour and personality determined by genetics and biology (nature) or shaped by one’s upbringing, experiences and environmental factors (nurture)? Feedback: *c) Through attempting to understand why humans behave as they do, a further question arises: are human behaviour and personality determined by genetics and biology (nature) or shaped by one’s upbringing, experiences and environmental factors (nurture)? 2. The theory that behaviour is driven by unconscious processes is known as *a. psychoanalytic. b. behavioural. c. cognitive. d. eclectic. General Feedback: Psychoanalytic theory asserts that behaviour is driven by unconscious processes and influenced by childhood/developmental conflicts that have either been resolved or remain unresolved. Feedback: *a) Psychoanalytic theory asserts that behaviour is driven by unconscious processes and influenced by childhood/developmental conflicts that have either been resolved or remain unresolved. 3. The idea that constitutional predisposition combined with environmental stress will lead to mental illness is known as a. positive growth. *b. the diathesis-stress model. c. unacceptable theorising. d. schizophrenia. General Feedback: Gottesman’s research is important because it supports the diathesis-stress model, a widely held explanation for the development of mental disorders that proposes that constitutional predisposition combined with environmental stress will lead to mental illness (Gottesman 1991, 1997; Kring et al. 2017). Feedback: *b) Gottesman’s research is important because it supports the diathesis-stress model, a widely held explanation for the development of mental disorders that proposes that constitutional predisposition combined with environmental stress will lead to mental illness (Gottesman 1991, 1997; Kring et al. 2017). 1 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 01: Psychology: An Introduction 4. Internalising the moral standards of society is Freud’s idea of a. the id. b. latent thought processes. c. cognitive behavioural functioning. *d. superego. General Feedback: According to Freud the superego internalises the moral standards of the society in which one lives. It represents the person’s ideal self, and can be equated to a conscience. Feedback: *d) According to Freud the superego internalises the moral standards of the society in which one lives. It represents the person’s ideal self, and can be equated to a conscience. 5. Bedwetting by a toilet-trained child following the birth of a sibling is an example of which of Freud’s defence mechanisms? a. Reaction formation b. Projection c. Denial *d. Regression General Feedback: Regression is the avoidance of present difficulties by a reversion to an earlier, less mature way of dealing with the situation (e.g. a toilet-trained child who becomes incontinent following the birth of sibling). Feedback: *d) Regression is the avoidance of present difficulties by a reversion to an earlier, less mature way of dealing with the situation (e.g. a toilet-trained child who becomes incontinent following the birth of sibling). 6. Freud’s ideas of the unconscious influences on behaviour have been criticised because a. it is difficult to test. b. there is little good evidence to support it. c. it does not give an accurate account of women. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: The unconscious nature of Freud’s concepts and stages renders them difficult to test and therefore there is little evidence to support Freudian theory. Feminists, too, object to Freud’s interpretation of the psychological development of women, arguing that there is scant evidence to support the hypothesis that women view their bodies as inferior to men’s because they do not have a penis (Kring et al. 2017). Feedback: *d) The unconscious nature of Freud’s concepts and stages renders them difficult to test and therefore there is little evidence to support Freudian theory. Feminists, too, object to Freud’s interpretation of the psychological development of women, arguing that there is scant evidence to support the hypothesis that women view their bodies as inferior to men’s because they do not have a penis (Kring et al. 2017). 2 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 01: Psychology: An Introduction Feedback: *b) Since the 1960s, prominent psychiatrist Thomas Szasz has challenged the concept of mental illness, arguing that disease implies a pathology that often cannot be objectively identified. 13. One critique of sociological theories is that they *a. are overly correlational. b. focus too much on causes. c. are individualistic. d. are too difficult to understand. General Feedback: It is important to note, however, that although social factors are associated with better or poorer health outcomes, the relationships are correlational and cannot be assumed to be in themselves causative. Feedback: *a) It is important to note, however, that although social factors are associated with better or poorer health outcomes, the relationships are correlational and cannot be assumed to be in themselves causative. 14. The clearest example of a nature theory is a. self-actualisation. b. behaviourism. c. Durkheim’s anomie. *d. the biomedical model. General Feedback: The biomedical model argues for a nature explanation. Feedback: *d) The biomedical model argues for a nature explanation. 15. In twin studies, heredity accounts for less than 50% in predicting schizophrenia. This shows that a. it is important to study the neurobiology of schizophrenics. *b. both nature and nurture need to be accounted for to understand schizophrenia. c. Gottesman was correct to rear siblings together. d. you cannot escape your destiny. General Feedback: In the case of schizophrenia, however, heredity accounts for less than 50% of the predictability of the disorder. Genetic inheritance is only a partial influence, with the environment accounting for the rest. Feedback: *b) In the case of schizophrenia, however, heredity accounts for less than 50% of the predictability of the disorder. Genetic inheritance is only a partial influence, with the environment accounting for the rest. 5 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 01: Psychology: An Introduction 16. The biomedical model assumes that a. normal behaviour is a consequence of equilibrium within the body. b. abnormal behaviour results from pathological bodily functions. c. abnormal behaviour results from pathological brain functions. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: The biomedical model of health asserts that normal behaviour is a consequence of equilibrium within the body and that abnormal behaviour results from pathological bodily or brain functions. Feedback: *d) The biomedical model of health asserts that normal behaviour is a consequence of equilibrium within the body and that abnormal behaviour results from pathological bodily or brain functions. 17. Which of the following is true for humanistic psychology? a. It objected the emphasis on unconscious drives. b. It focused on intrinsic human qualities such as free will, self-esteem and self-actualisation. c. It criticised the focus on environment in shaping behaviour, as in behaviourism. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: Humanistic psychology objected to the determinism of two prevailing theories: psychoanalysis, with its emphasis on unconscious drives, and behaviourism, which saw the environment as central in shaping behaviours. It focused on intrinsic human qualities of the individual, such as free will, altruism, self-esteem, freedom and self-actualisation, qualities which, they asserted, distinguished humans from animals. Feedback: *d) Humanistic psychology objected to the determinism of two prevailing theories: psychoanalysis, with its emphasis on unconscious drives, and behaviourism, which saw the environment as central in shaping behaviours. It focused on intrinsic human qualities of the individual, such as free will, altruism, self-esteem, freedom and self-actualisation, qualities which, they asserted, distinguished humans from animals. 18. For nature and nurture debate on personality development, the idea that personality should be viewed as ‘a meaningful, organised whole’, influenced by genes and environment, was presented by a. cognitive psychology. b. behaviouristic psychology. *c. gestalt psychology. d. sociological theories. General Feedback: Gestalt psychology views personality development as a gestalt means that neither nature not nurture can be considered in isolation from the other. Both are vital, inseparable and interdependent components of personality. 6 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 01: Psychology: An Introduction Feedback: *c) Gestalt psychology views personality development as a gestalt means that neither nature not nurture can be considered in isolation from the other. Both are vital, inseparable and interdependent components of personality. 19. Which statement is true about Maslow’s theory of human needs? a. Safety needs are at the base of needs hierarchy. *b. An individual can have self-actualisation needs met but can have unmet needs of safety. c. There are four categories of needs. d. There is a different set of basic needs in each culture. General Feedback: Maslow identified three categories of human needs, having physiological needs at the base and self-actualisation needs at the top. He didn’t suggest that progression through this hierarchy was in one direction (i.e. ascending). Feedback: *b) Maslow identified three categories of human needs, having physiological needs at the base and self-actualisation needs at the top. He didn’t suggest that progression through this hierarchy was in one direction (i.e. ascending). 20. Contemporary cognitive behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy and motivational interviewing are most closely based on a. humanistic psychology. *b. cognitive psychology. c. psychoanalytic psychology. d. gestalt psychology. General Feedback: Cognitive theories underpins many contemporary psychological therapies; for example, cognitive behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing. Feedback: *b) Cognitive theories underpins many contemporary psychological therapies; for example, cognitive behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing. 7 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 02: Research Informed Practice Feedback: *b) In randomised controlled trials with human subjects, participants agree to enrol following informed consent and are then randomly allocated to a new treatment or control group. Depending on the type of study, the control group may receive a placebo or sham intervention or may receive current best practice. 7. A correlational study *a. explores the relationship between two variables. b. attempts to show that one event causes another. c. randomly assigns participants to groups. d. is interpretive and critical. General Feedback: Correlational studies are a type of quantitative research design. Other quantitative research designs include experimental, quasi-experimental and descriptive. Feedback: *a) Correlational studies are a type of quantitative research design. Other quantitative research designs include experimental, quasi-experimental and descriptive. 8. The most scientifically robust method is a. ethnography. b. research context trials. *c. randomised controlled trial. d. demography. General Feedback: Randomised controlled trials provide the highest level of evidence because the random allocation of participants to study groups minimises the influences of selection bias, of known and unknown confounders, and of prognostic factors such as patient characteristics on the study results. Feedback: *c) Randomised controlled trials provide the highest level of evidence because the random allocation of participants to study groups minimises the influences of selection bias, of known and unknown confounders, and of prognostic factors such as patient characteristics on the study results. 9. Biases in randomised controlled trials can be prevented by a. making sure that the researchers and the patients cannot see each other. *b. blinding participants and researchers to the treatment conditions. c. minimising the sample size. d. not providing participants with financial incentives to participate. General Feedback: The effects of bias can be reduced by the random allocation of participants to study groups, blinding the participants and the research team to group status and by ensuring that both groups have equal contact with the study team. 10 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 02: Research Informed Practice Feedback: *b) The effects of bias can be reduced by the random allocation of participants to study groups, blinding the participants and the research team to group status and by ensuring that both groups have equal contact with the study team. 10. Using research in your day-to-day work by reading it, analysing or critiquing it and then basing your practice on it is called __________ by Schneider. *a. being a consumer of research b. evidence-based practice c. applied clinical research d. triangulation General Feedback: While most health professionals do not conduct research in their day-to-day work, all will use research findings on a daily basis. Feedback: *a) While most health professionals do not conduct research in their day-to-day work, all will use research findings on a daily basis. 11. The most credible research results can be found *a. in peer-reviewed journal articles. b. on websites, such as Wikipedia. c. at conference presentations. d. in government reports. General Feedback: The peer review process aims to ensure that the research design is sound and ethical, and that the conclusions drawn and claims made by the authors can be substantiated by the process and results presented. Feedback: *a) The peer review process aims to ensure that the research design is sound and ethical, and that the conclusions drawn and claims made by the authors can be substantiated by the process and results presented. 12. The idea that every clinical intervention should be supported by contemporary research findings is called a. positivism. b. clinical interventionism. c. research-based intervention. *d. evidence-based healthcare practice. General Feedback: In theory this means that the health professionals will utilise effective practices, question practices that lack supporting evidence and cease practices that are harmful (Greenhalgh 2014, 2018). 11 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 02: Research Informed Practice Feedback: *d) In theory this means that the health professionals will utilise effective practices, question practices that lack supporting evidence and cease practices that are harmful (Greenhalgh 2014, 2018). 13. The principle that the potential benefits of research will outweigh the potential harm is called a. the Hippocratic Oath. *b. beneficence. c. common sense. d. ethics. General Feedback: This is the primary ethical consideration of any research involving human subjects. Feedback: *b) This is the primary ethical consideration of any research involving human subjects. 14. Consultation and negotiation are important components when doing research a. as a postgraduate student. b. in a university setting. c. with clinical patients. *d. with Indigenous people. General Feedback: Australia and New Zealand have developed guidelines that stipulate that consultation and negation are required when undertaking research with Indigenous people. Feedback: *d) Australia and New Zealand have developed guidelines that stipulate that consultation and negation are required when undertaking research with Indigenous people. 15. The notion that a research participant can only agree to participate in research if they totally understand what it is they are participating in is called a. confidentiality. b. ethnographic approaches. *c. informed consent. d. understanding agreement. General Feedback: It is crucial that health professionals are aware of the ‘rights’ of research participants, including themselves (Schneider et al. 2016). With regard to caring for patients who are research participants, the health professional’s role includes ensuring the patient understands fully what they are consenting to. Feedback: *c) It is crucial that health professionals are aware of the ‘rights’ of research participants, including themselves (Schneider et al. 2016). With regard to caring for patients who are research participants, the health professional’s role includes ensuring the patient understands fully what they are consenting to. 12 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 03: Lifespan: The early years (birth to adolescence) Chapter 03: Lifespan: The early years (birth to adolescence) 1. Theories of human development are influenced by a. the age of the theorist. *b. their observational sources. c. parenting style. d. the linguistic ability of the participants. General Feedback: What researchers and theorists observe (such as children’s behaviour) and how they observe it (in context, in testing situations) contributes to the theories that are developed. Feedback: *b) What researchers and theorists observe (such as children’s behaviour) and how they observe it (in context, in testing situations) contributes to the theories that are developed. 2. Child development is influenced by a. the colour and decoration in a child’s bedroom. b. how many toes are on a child’s left foot. c. physical, social and emotional characteristics. *d. family, friends and school. General Feedback: Looking at some research, people might think that any one of these are the ‘sole’ influence on children, but all of these contribute to development. Feedback: *d) Looking at some research, people might think that any one of these are the ‘sole’ influence on children, but all of these contribute to development. 3. A theory in which complex things are reduced or understood in terms of basic, simplified elements is known as *a. reductionism. b. mediationism. c. behavioural theory. d. atomism. General Feedback: Reductionism is about ‘reducing’ things down to basic elements. Feedback: *a) Reductionism is about ‘reducing’ things down to basic elements. 4. A theoretical approach in which the behaviour of a group of people (e.g. a group based on religion, ethnicity or ‘race’) is considered to be fixed or not able to be changed is known as a. contextualism. 15 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 03: Lifespan: The early years (birth to adolescence) b. racism. *c. essentialism. d. authoritarianism. General Feedback: Essentialism views characteristics of groups (e.g. groups based on ethnicity, gender or age) as fixed or unchangeable so risk-taking by adolescents would be seen as an essential quality or characteristic of adolescents that is not changeable or influenced by context. Feedback: *c) Essentialism views characteristics of groups (e.g. groups based on ethnicity, gender or age) as fixed or unchangeable so risk-taking by adolescents would be seen as an essential quality or characteristic of adolescents that is not changeable or influenced by context. 5. As per Piaget’s theory, a child develops abstract thinking and logical reasoning in a. pre-operational stage. b. concrete operational stage. c. sensorimotor stage. *d. formal operational stage. General Feedback: According to Piaget’s theory, the ability to complete complex tasks or abstract ways of thinking arise in formal operational stage in which abstract thinking is possible and can be used in reasoning and logical processes. Feedback: *d) According to Piaget’s theory, the ability to complete complex tasks or abstract ways of thinking arise in formal operational stage in which abstract thinking is possible and can be used in reasoning and logical processes. 6. In Piaget’s formal operational stage, children begin to *a. have abstract thinking and can think logically. b. have words for things. c. understand things exist even if they cannot be seen. d. dress better. General Feedback: The ability to complete complex tasks or abstract ways of thinking arise in the formal operational stage in which abstract thinking is possible and can be used in reasoning and logical processes. Feedback: *a) The ability to complete complex tasks or abstract ways of thinking arise in the formal operational stage in which abstract thinking is possible and can be used in reasoning and logical processes. 7. A good way for health professionals to work with children is to a. focus on asking the parents what is going on because children do not know what they are talking about. b. have a jar of jellybeans in their office. 16 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 03: Lifespan: The early years (birth to adolescence) *c. ask questions more than once in very different ways and ask in different contexts if there seems to be a problem. d. spend as little time as possible so that children do not develop anxiety about going to see health professionals. General Feedback: In all cases, the best strategy for health professionals is to ask questions more than once in very different ways and ask in different contexts if there seems to be a problem. Feedback: *c) In all cases, the best strategy for health professionals is to ask questions more than once in very different ways and ask in different contexts if there seems to be a problem. 8. The zone of proximal development is a Vygotskian concept that relates to *a. the developmental changes we see in children and how they relate to social interactions. b. how the thinking abilities change in children as they grow older. c. how proxils develop in children. d. how close children stand to other children. General Feedback: The changes occur within interactions with other people through processes of imitation, cooperation, support, guidance, enrichment and so on. Feedback: *a) The changes occur within interactions with other people through processes of imitation, cooperation, support, guidance, enrichment and so on. 9. Erik Erikson’s theory of human development was based on a. the antecedents and consequences of behaviour. b. how the cognitive abilities change in people as they grow older. *c. the resolution of conflicts that are common at different ages or stages of development. d. the diets of people during critical stages. General Feedback: Instead of proposing a series of stages we all purportedly travel through, Erikson suggested a series of life conflicts, tasks or issues that we all must deal with at different ages. These can have good outcomes or poor outcomes depending upon the environment and the previous history of the individual. He proposed eight stages from infancy through to late adulthood (60 years old and beyond). Feedback: *c) Instead of proposing a series of stages we all purportedly travel through, Erikson suggested a series of life conflicts, tasks or issues that we all must deal with at different ages. These can have good outcomes or poor outcomes depending upon the environment and the previous history of the individual. He proposed eight stages from infancy through to late adulthood (60 years old and beyond). 10. According to the authors of the chapter, the most useful approaches to understanding changes in human behaviour and development are a. psychoanalytic, because these approaches are based on Greek mythology. b. physiological, because this is the only real science. 17 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 03: Lifespan: The early years (birth to adolescence) b. ambivalent. *c. resistant. d. avoidant. General Feedback: Mary Ainsworth and colleagues (1978) worked on Bowlby’s work and proposed three major patterns of attachment dependent on the primary caregiver’s ability to respond appropriately to the child. These were termed as secure, ambivalent and avoidant, later on, a fourth layer was identified as disorganised attachment by Main and Solomon (1986). Feedback: *c) Mary Ainsworth and colleagues (1978) worked on Bowlby’s work and proposed three major patterns of attachment dependent on the primary caregiver’s ability to respond appropriately to the child. These were termed as secure, ambivalent and avoidant, later on, a fourth layer was identified as disorganised attachment by Main and Solomon (1986). 17. Parenting styles fall neatly and perfectly into three categories. a. True *b. False General Feedback: There is much diversity in parenting styles and while there are categories of parenting styles, there is much diversity and influences on parenting. Feedback: *b) There is much diversity in parenting styles and while there are categories of parenting styles, there is much diversity and influences on parenting. 18. Parental influence on child development is universal, regardless of culture. a. True *b. False General Feedback: Parent-centred life for children is not universal around the world. Feedback: *b) Parent-centred life for children is not universal around the world. 19. Pressure from peers to act in certain ways is a major contributing factor to adolescents taking up smoking. a. True *b. False General Feedback: ‘Peer pressure’ is seen as one of the social strategies among others for indulging in behaviours they would not do otherwise. Peer influence is bi-directional and can be both positive and negative. 20 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 03: Lifespan: The early years (birth to adolescence) Feedback: *b) ‘Peer pressure’ is seen as one of the social strategies among others for indulging in behaviours they would not do otherwise. Peer influence is bi-directional and can be both positive and negative. 20. Parenting styles don’t differ in their outcomes for children across cultures. a. True *b. False General Feedback: There are different impacts of the same parenting style on children in different cultures. Authoritarian parenting style is associated with high achieving in China while in Western countries, it has been associated with poor academic success (Smetana 2017). Feedback: *b) There are different impacts of the same parenting style on children in different cultures. Authoritarian parenting style is associated with high achieving in China while in Western countries, it has been associated with poor academic success (Smetana 2017). 21 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 04: Lifespan: Middle and later years (adulthood to ageing) Chapter 04: Lifespan: Middle and later years (adulthood to ageing) 1. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is referred to as a. a nightmare. b. the teenage years. *c. emerging adulthood. d. psychological adjustment. General Feedback: Arnett (2000, 2018) and Arnett et al. (2011) refer to the transition from adolescence to adulthood as emerging adulthood. Feedback: *c) Arnett (2000, 2018) and Arnett et al. (2011) refer to the transition from adolescence to adulthood as emerging adulthood. 2. Age in terms of physical health and development is also known as ____________ age. *a. biological b. social c. psychological d. chronological General Feedback: The time at which pivotal life events occur varies substantially in different people’s lives. It is therefore essential to have an understanding of the various conceptions of age, such as chronological, psychological, social and biological. Feedback: *a) The time at which pivotal life events occur varies substantially in different people’s lives. It is therefore essential to have an understanding of the various conceptions of age, such as chronological, psychological, social and biological. 3. When a child says it is okay to lie to someone to protect your relationship with them, it is an example of which of Kohlberg’s stages or levels? a. Level I: preconventional morality *b. Level II: conventional morality c. Level III: postconventional morality d. Stage 7: the cosmic stage General Feedback: Level II, or conventional morality, generally relates to children aged 10–13 and includes stages 3 (maintaining mutual relations and approval of others) and 4 (social concern and conscience or maintaining the social order). Feedback: *b) Level II, or conventional morality, generally relates to children aged 10–13 and includes stages 3 (maintaining mutual relations and approval of others) and 4 (social concern and conscience or maintaining the social order). 22 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 04: Lifespan: Middle and later years (adulthood to ageing) Feedback: *d) According to Elliot (2008) marriage reduces the risk of an earlier death because a person is less likely to participate in risky behaviour and more likely to nurture or ‘guardian’ each other’s health through promoting good diet and physical care. 10. Parents in poorer countries often want many children because *a. children can bring in more resources than what they cost. b. they can use hand-me-down clothes. c. children are just so cute. d. culture and religion require that they do. General Feedback: In some places children are viewed as a resource for parents because: they can work and bring money into the household; they can do work around the house and relieve the parents to bring in money; or they will marry into another family and hopefully bring in wealth. Feedback: *a) In some places children are viewed as a resource for parents because: they can work and bring money into the household; they can do work around the house and relieve the parents to bring in money; or they will marry into another family and hopefully bring in wealth. 11. Parents in Western countries often only want one or two children because a. it is easy to use birth control. b. children are hard work. *c. having many children is an economic disadvantage. d. culture and religion requires this. General Feedback: To gain resources over a lifetime in the West, having more children does not help as it does in other social systems. What helps most for children in the West is having a smaller number of children who can be well educated. Feedback: *c) To gain resources over a lifetime in the West, having more children does not help as it does in other social systems. What helps most for children in the West is having a smaller number of children who can be well educated. 12. Compared with the past, people in employment today are more likely to a. be better paid. b. have poor benefits. *c. change jobs more frequently during their careers. d. get fired. General Feedback: Employment and careers are obviously important to our life stages, but research shows that the nature of career development has changed over time. While parents or grandparents may have been employed in the same place for their entire adult life, many people today make substantial career changes throughout their working life. 25 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 04: Lifespan: Middle and later years (adulthood to ageing) Feedback: *c) Employment and careers are obviously important to our life stages, but research shows that the nature of career development has changed over time. While parents or grandparents may have been employed in the same place for their entire adult life, many people today make substantial career changes throughout their working life. 13. ‘The process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age’ is the definition for *a. healthy ageing. b. ideal ageing. c. crises of old age. d. None are correct. General Feedback: The World Health Organization (WHO) says ‘the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age’ (WHO 2015). Feedback: *a) The World Health Organization (WHO) says ‘the process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age’ (WHO 2015). 14. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. The number of marriages per year has decreased b. Age at marriage has been decreasing c. Cohabitating has been increasing *d. Unmarried people are overall healthier than those who are married General Feedback: As reported by the ABS (2017) and Statistics New Zealand (2014), overall the marriage rate and number of marriages per year has decreased. Age at marriage has been steadily increasing and cohabitating is now a very common practice. Married people are overall healthier than unmarried (Carr & Springer 2010). Feedback: *d) As reported by the ABS (2017) and Statistics New Zealand (2014), overall the marriage rate and number of marriages per year has decreased. Age at marriage has been steadily increasing and cohabitating is now a very common practice. Married people are overall healthier than unmarried (Carr & Springer 2010). 15. A Muslim man marrying a Muslim woman is an example of ________ marriage. a. exogamous *b. endogamous c. polygamy d. polygyny General Feedback: An exogamous marriage is one in which the partners are from differing groups (like Catholic marrying Muslim) and an endogamous marriage is one where the bride and groom are from the same group (like Italians marrying other Italian people or Jewish people marrying other Jewish people). Polygamy is a 26 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 04: Lifespan: Middle and later years (adulthood to ageing) man marrying up to four wives and polyandrous is a marriage where woman has more than one husband at the same time. Feedback: *b) An exogamous marriage is one in which the partners are from differing groups (like Catholic marrying Muslim) and an endogamous marriage is one where the bride and groom are from the same group (like Italians marrying other Italian people or Jewish people marrying other Jewish people). Polygamy is a man marrying up to four wives and polyandrous is a marriage where woman has more than one husband at the same time. 16. Research evidence indicates that grief experience and bereavement always have negative effects on a person. a. True *b. False General Feedback: Research is exploring the positive aspects of grief; for example, Waugh et al. (2018) looked at posttraumatic growth following the death of a child bereavement and Heilman (2018) looked at the diversity of the grief experience, particularly the positive dimensions, following the 9/11 attacks. Feedback: *b) Research is exploring the positive aspects of grief; for example, Waugh et al. (2018) looked at posttraumatic growth following the death of a child bereavement and Heilman (2018) looked at the diversity of the grief experience, particularly the positive dimensions, following the 9/11 attacks. 17. Kohlberg’s theory has little relevance for modern-day health professionals. a. True *b. False General Feedback: Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning (1976) includes three levels and six stages roughly from age four to adulthood. There are many moral and ethical dilemmas that health professionals contend with on a regular basis and the resolution of these dilemmas will partly depend on where a person is at in terms of the stages defined in Kohlberg’s theory. Feedback: *b) Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning (1976) includes three levels and six stages roughly from age four to adulthood. There are many moral and ethical dilemmas that health professionals contend with on a regular basis and the resolution of these dilemmas will partly depend on where a person is at in terms of the stages defined in Kohlberg’s theory. 18. Religious or spiritual needs are important for health professionals to consider for their clients. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Given the importance of links between religion or spirituality and health, health professionals may find it very beneficial for clients to have their religious or spiritual needs considered, particularly in acute care or end-of-life contexts. 27 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 05: Health and health psychology Feedback: *a) It was also evident, particularly in Western countries, that the diseases that threatened communities were no longer infectious and acute but were chronic and related to lifestyle. 4. The World Health Organization defines health as a state of a. physical, social cultural and emotional equilibrium. b. absence of disease and infirmity. c. physical, emotional and social balance. *d. physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. General Feedback: WHO was given the brief to work towards ‘the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health’ and in 1946 the organisation released its, then groundbreaking, definition of health, which stated that: ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO 1946). Feedback: *d) WHO was given the brief to work towards ‘the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health’ and in 1946 the organisation released its, then groundbreaking, definition of health, which stated that: ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO 1946). 5. To generate living and working conditions that are safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable is the action relating to which of the Ottawa Charter strategies? *a. Create supportive environments b. Build healthy public policy c. Develop personal skills d. Reorient health services General Feedback: This is one of five strategies that make up the Ottawa Charter, which has become the cornerstone of the primary healthcare/new public health movement. Feedback: *a) This is one of five strategies that make up the Ottawa Charter, which has become the cornerstone of the primary healthcare/new public health movement. 6. Mortality figures have improved for many health conditions over the past 25 years in Australia. Name two health conditions for which mortality has worsened. a. Colon cancer and stroke b. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stroke *c. Diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d. Diabetes mellitus and colon cancer General Feedback: While mortality figures for most health conditions, including coronary heart disease, stroke and colon cancer, have improved over the past 25 years in Australia, the mortality figures have worsened for some conditions such as diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 30 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 05: Health and health psychology Feedback: *c) While mortality figures for most health conditions, including coronary heart disease, stroke and colon cancer, have improved over the past 25 years in Australia, the mortality figures have worsened for some conditions such as diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 7. Health psychology has been criticised for a. blaming individuals for their poor health behaviours. b. ignoring the social determinants of health. c. focusing exclusively on changing unhealthy behaviours. *d. blaming individuals for their poor health behaviours. and ignoring the social determinants of health. General Feedback: Contemporary critical health psychologists, however, question the moral and ethical stance of the psychological approaches to health that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s and blame individuals for their health behaviours (such as smoking or eating unhealthy food). They focus exclusively on changing an individual’s health behaviours. Also, in the 21st century there is abundant evidence that social determinants play a major role in health outcomes. Feedback: *d) Contemporary critical health psychologists, however, question the moral and ethical stance of the psychological approaches to health that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s and blame individuals for their health behaviours (such as smoking or eating unhealthy food). They focus exclusively on changing an individual’s health behaviours. Also, in the 21st century there is abundant evidence that social determinants play a major role in health outcomes. 8. ‘An aggregate of the specific educational, scientific and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction, and the improvement of the healthcare system and health policy formation’ is the definition of *a. health psychology. b. health promotion. c. behavioural psychology. d. cognitive behavioural psychology. General Feedback: Matarazzo provided this definition of health psychology in 1980 in his article, ‘Behavioral health and behavioral medicine: frontiers for a new health psychology’ in the journal American Psychologist. Feedback: *a) Matarazzo provided this definition of health psychology in 1980 in his article, ‘Behavioral health and behavioral medicine: frontiers for a new health psychology’ in the journal American Psychologist. 31 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 05: Health and health psychology 9. Sleeping between seven and eight hours a day, eating breakfast, rarely eating between meals, being roughly the appropriate weight, not smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation or not at all and engaging in physical activity have been found to significantly a. reduce an individual’s risk for depression. *b. reduce an individual’s risk of dying at any age. c. improve an individual’s mood. d. increase an individual’s risk of dying at any age. General Feedback: In 1983 Berkman and Breslow identified seven health practices that their research demonstrated could significantly reduce an individual’s risk of dying at any age. Feedback: *b) In 1983 Berkman and Breslow identified seven health practices that their research demonstrated could significantly reduce an individual’s risk of dying at any age. 10. Type D personality has been described as *a. distressed personality. b. diligent personality. c. easily distracted personality. d. distrustful personality. General Feedback: With the introduction of the distressed personality type or type D, Denollet (2005, 2017) refers to individuals who simultaneously experience high levels of negative affectivity (NA) or mood and high levels of social inhibition (SI). Feedback: *a) With the introduction of the distressed personality type or type D, Denollet (2005, 2017) refers to individuals who simultaneously experience high levels of negative affectivity (NA) or mood and high levels of social inhibition (SI). 11. An individual’s belief as to whether outcomes or events in their life are brought about by themselves (internally) or through others (externally) is called a. personality. b. resilience. c. self-efficacy. *d. locus of control. General Feedback: Locus of control (LOC) is an attribution style that was identified by Rotter in his social learning theory (1966). It refers to the individual’s belief as to whether outcomes or events in their life are brought about by themselves (internal LOC), powerful others or are random (external LOC). Feedback: *d) Locus of control (LOC) is an attribution style that was identified by Rotter in his social learning theory (1966). It refers to the individual’s belief as to whether outcomes or events in their life are brought about by themselves (internal LOC), powerful others or are random (external LOC). 32 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 05: Health and health psychology Feedback: *b) Increased longevity in Western countries over the past two centuries is attributed not only to advances in medical treatments, but also to public health initiatives and population-level interventions such as access to safe water and sanitation, programs to address global road safety, tobacco control and vaccination programs for preventable diseases (Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention 2011). Overall, there has been a decrease in the rate of marriages in Western countries. 18. Health is a dynamic concept that is constantly changing, is multidimensional and is influenced by factors that are internal and external to the individual. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Health is a state of mental, physical, social and spiritual wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease. Feedback: *a) Health is a state of mental, physical, social and spiritual wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease. 19. Australia’s obesity levels are among the highest in the world. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Australia has the unenviable honour of being ranked in the ‘worst’ third of OECD countries for obesity levels, measured by a body mass index greater than 30. This puts these Australians at increased risk for conditions such as high cholesterol hypertension, heart disease and some cancers (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018). Feedback: *a) Australia has the unenviable honour of being ranked in the ‘worst’ third of OECD countries for obesity levels, measured by a body mass index greater than 30. This puts these Australians at increased risk for conditions such as high cholesterol hypertension, heart disease and some cancers (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2018). 20. One has to be cautious while applying psychological theories of behaviour, developed in Western Europe and the United States, to Indigenous Australians or New Zealand Māori and the immigrant populations of the two countries. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Western Europe and the United States have individualistic cultures while Indigenous Australians or New Zealand Māori and the immigrant populations come from collectivistic cultures. Due to this, these psychological theories may not be relevant across these two cultures. 35 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 05: Health and health psychology Feedback: *a) Western Europe and the United States have individualistic cultures while Indigenous Australians or New Zealand Māori and the immigrant populations come from collectivistic cultures. Due to this, these psychological theories may not be relevant across these two cultures. 36 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 06: The Social Context of behaviour Chapter 06: The Social Context of behaviour 1. The social model of health involves *a. a person’s social situation and the social situation of their country. b. a person’s immediate social situation. c. a person’s wider social situation. d. the sociopolitical situation of their country. General Feedback: There are two major components to a social model of health. First, health and illness are seen to be partly attributed to the social circumstances of individuals and populations. The second aspect of the social model of health suggests that the health of individuals and populations is influenced by the social, economic, political and welfare policies of a country. Feedback: *a) There are two major components to a social model of health. First, health and illness are seen to be partly attributed to the social circumstances of individuals and populations. The second aspect of the social model of health suggests that the health of individuals and populations is influenced by the social, economic, political and welfare policies of a country. 2. Which are likely to be potent social determinants of health? a. Poverty b. Networks c. Unemployment *d. All are correct General Feedback: Potent social determinants of health include childhood poverty, differences in social class between groups, stress (Wickham et al. 2016), social exclusion, unemployment (van Bergen et al. 2017), type of work (Benach et al. 2015) and lack of social support (WHO & Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation 2014). Feedback: *d) Potent social determinants of health include childhood poverty, differences in social class between groups, stress (Wickham et al. 2016), social exclusion, unemployment (van Bergen et al. 2017), type of work (Benach et al. 2015) and lack of social support (WHO & Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation 2014). 3. What is one important implication of treating health as a human right? a. Doctors need to employ lawyers. b. More money must come from the United Nations. *c. Individuals often have little control over the social determinants. d. Medicines need to be distributed worldwide. General Feedback: If health is a right for all humans then it falls outside the individual to solely provide for it. 37 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 06: The Social Context of behaviour c. social policies and service provision of the country. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: Marked differences in health status between individuals, as well as marked differences between countries, appear to be the result of life chances and the kind of social institutions and welfare policies a country has. Feedback: *d) Marked differences in health status between individuals, as well as marked differences between countries, appear to be the result of life chances and the kind of social institutions and welfare policies a country has. 11. Social stratification can be based on a. ethnicity. b. sexual preference. c. gender. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: Social stratification is the division created in the society between groups. It can be based on income, gender, ethnicity, sexual preference, education or occupation. Feedback: *d) Social stratification is the division created in the society between groups. It can be based on income, gender, ethnicity, sexual preference, education or occupation. 12. _________ is the gap between the most advantaged quintile and the least advantaged quintile. a. Social determinants *b. Social gradient c. The Index of economic resources d. The Index of relative socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage General Feedback: Social gradient is the gap between the most advantaged quintile and the least advantaged quintile. Feedback: *b) Social gradient is the gap between the most advantaged quintile and the least advantaged quintile. 13. Which of the following are ways by government to manage income inequality? a. Superannuation b. Welfare benefits c. Taxation *d. All are correct General Feedback: 40 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 06: The Social Context of behaviour Policy around pensions, welfare benefits, superannuation and taxation are all ways in which governments seek to manage (or not) income inequality. Feedback: *d) Policy around pensions, welfare benefits, superannuation and taxation are all ways in which governments seek to manage (or not) income inequality. 14. Thinking about the social determinants of health highlights the gaps in health outcomes between groups in society. *a. True b. False General Feedback: The work of McKeown et al. was instrumental in highlighting the gaps in health outcomes of population groups that were directly related to social conditions. (See McKeown, T., et al., 1976. The modern rise of population. Academic Press, New York.) Feedback: *a) The work of McKeown et al. was instrumental in highlighting the gaps in health outcomes of population groups that were directly related to social conditions. (See McKeown, T., et al., 1976. The modern rise of population. Academic Press, New York.) 15. Social policy is a determinant of health. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Morbidity and mortality rates for a population are a result of social conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify what these social determinants of health are and to introduce policy that will reduce their impact. Feedback: *a) Morbidity and mortality rates for a population are a result of social conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify what these social determinants of health are and to introduce policy that will reduce their impact. 16. Providing medicines for treating illness does not involve the social determinants of health. a. True *b. False General Feedback: The second aspect of the social model of health suggests that the health of individuals and populations is influenced by the social, economic, political and welfare policies of a country. This includes policies covering: taxation; welfare payments and eligibility; public services such as health and education; and employment opportunities. Feedback: *b) The second aspect of the social model of health suggests that the health of individuals and populations is influenced by the social, economic, political and welfare policies of a country. This 41 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 06: The Social Context of behaviour includes policies covering: taxation; welfare payments and eligibility; public services such as health and education; and employment opportunities. 17. Liberal and neoliberal governments may promote policies to change the social determinants of health in a positive way. a. True *b. False General Feedback: Neoliberal policies may encourage governments to reduce public spending on health, housing, employment and other welfare services thus turning away from a social model. Feedback: *b) Neoliberal policies may encourage governments to reduce public spending on health, housing, employment and other welfare services thus turning away from a social model. 18. When a health professional is examining a person, they should look at not only the person in front but the social networks and chains ‘behind’ them. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Illness and disease in individuals, populations and nations is not simply a matter of germs and viruses (biomedical) or individual psychology and behaviour (biopsychological) but a complex interaction between the social system of a given society and the individual (biopsychosocial) and their particular genetic inheritance (biomedical). Feedback: *a) Illness and disease in individuals, populations and nations is not simply a matter of germs and viruses (biomedical) or individual psychology and behaviour (biopsychological) but a complex interaction between the social system of a given society and the individual (biopsychosocial) and their particular genetic inheritance (biomedical). 19. Lack of social support and social patterns of addiction are examples of social determinants of health. *a. True b. False General Feedback: In addition to Dahlgren and Whitehead’s (1991) model having four layers of social determinants, several alternatives have also been suggested. These include lack of social support (WHO & Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation 2014) and social patterns of addiction (Jervis & Wardle 2006) among many others. Feedback: *a) In addition to Dahlgren and Whitehead’s (1991) model having four layers of social determinants, several alternatives have also been suggested. These include lack of social support (WHO & Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation 2014) and social patterns of addiction (Jervis & Wardle 2006) among many others. 42 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 07: Behaviour change 4. Which is NOT one of the main theories of psychology? *a. Pan-theoretic behaviour change b. Behavioural and learning theories c. Cognitive psychology d. Health belief model General Feedback: The main psychological theories of health behaviour fall into two broad categories: behaviourist/learning theories and cognitive theories. Behaviourist/learning approaches include: operant conditioning; classical conditioning; and modelling or imitation. Cognitive approaches include the health belief model and the transtheoretical model of behavioural change. Feedback: *a) The main psychological theories of health behaviour fall into two broad categories: behaviourist/learning theories and cognitive theories. Behaviourist/learning approaches include: operant conditioning; classical conditioning; and modelling or imitation. Cognitive approaches include the health belief model and the transtheoretical model of behavioural change. 5. The three major learning/conditioning theories in psychology are a. classical, operant and consequential. b. classical, baroque and social. c. classical, operant and behavioural. *d. classical, operant and social. General Feedback: The three main learning approaches are: classical conditioning (learning by association), operant conditioning (learning by reinforcement) and social learning theory (vicarious learning or modelling/observation and copying). Feedback: *d) The three main learning approaches are: classical conditioning (learning by association), operant conditioning (learning by reinforcement) and social learning theory (vicarious learning or modelling/observation and copying). 6. Changing the contingencies or context for behaviour changes a person’s behaviour. This is an example of thinking within which types of learning/conditioning theory? a. Classical conditioning *b. Operant conditioning c. Consequential conditioning d. Social learning theory General Feedback: B. F. Skinner formulated the notion of instrumental or operant conditioning in which reinforcers (rewards) contribute to the probability of a response being either repeated or extinguished. Feedback: *b) B. F. Skinner formulated the notion of instrumental or operant conditioning in which reinforcers (rewards) contribute to the probability of a response being either repeated or extinguished. 45 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 07: Behaviour change 7. Which theory emphasises the importance of children learning by modelling what others do? a. Operant conditioning *b. Social learning theory c. Health belief model d. Classical belief model General Feedback: Social learning theory (also called observational learning theory or modelling) was proposed by Bandura (1969, 2006, 2016) who asserts that observational learning has a more significant influence on how humans learn than intrapsychic (psychoanalytic) or environmental (behaviourist/learning) forces alone. Feedback: *b) Social learning theory (also called observational learning theory or modelling) was proposed by Bandura (1969, 2006, 2016) who asserts that observational learning has a more significant influence on how humans learn than intrapsychic (psychoanalytic) or environmental (behaviourist/learning) forces alone. 8. What are the three components of operant conditioning? *a. Antecedents, behaviours and consequence b. Antecedents, behaviours and conditioning c. Antecedents, operants and conditioning d. Antecedents, operants and classical conditioning General Feedback: The principles of operant conditioning describe the relationship between behaviour and environmental events, both antecedents and consequences that influence behaviour. Antecedents are stimulus events that precede or trigger the target behaviour; behaviours are responses, usually the identified problem behaviour; and consequences are the outcomes of the behaviour, that is, what actually happened immediately after the problem behaviour occurred. Feedback: *a) The principles of operant conditioning describe the relationship between behaviour and environmental events, both antecedents and consequences that influence behaviour. Antecedents are stimulus events that precede or trigger the target behaviour; behaviours are responses, usually the identified problem behaviour; and consequences are the outcomes of the behaviour, that is, what actually happened immediately after the problem behaviour occurred. 9. What are the three components of a behavioural change program? a. Stop, look, listen b. Finding the antecedents, watching the behaviour and noting the consequences c. Noting the antecedents, watching the behaviour and finding the consequences *d. Selecting the target behaviour, identifying the current contingencies, and measuring and recording behaviour General Feedback: Conducting a functional analysis of behaviour is the first step in designing a behavioural change program. This is achieved through selecting the target behaviour, identifying the current contingencies, and measuring and recording behaviour. 46 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 07: Behaviour change Feedback: *d) Conducting a functional analysis of behaviour is the first step in designing a behavioural change program. This is achieved through selecting the target behaviour, identifying the current contingencies, and measuring and recording behaviour. 10. Cognitive theories propose that a. other people’s behaviour is guided by what we think of them. b. our behaviour is guided by what people think about us. *c. we are not affected by things but by our perceptions of things. d. our cognitive processes affect our thinking. General Feedback: Cognitive psychological theories propose that people actively interpret their environment and cognitively construct their world. Feedback: *c) Cognitive psychological theories propose that people actively interpret their environment and cognitively construct their world. 11. The health belief model is an example of which psychological theory? a. Behavioural and learning theories *b. Cognitive psychology c. Learning theories only d. Behaviour theories only General Feedback: The health belief model was the first cognitive explanatory model in health psychology. Feedback: *b) The health belief model was the first cognitive explanatory model in health psychology. 12. What does the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) add to previous cognitive theories of behaviour change? *a. The individual’s perceived ability to make the changes b. Planning of actions c. Acting on plans d. The individual’s perceived plans for changes General Feedback: Overall, the TPB is a better predictor of health behaviour change than previous cognitive models because it takes account of the individual’s belief in their capability in achieving the desired outcome (self-efficacy). Feedback: *a) Overall, the TPB is a better predictor of health behaviour change than previous cognitive models because it takes account of the individual’s belief in their capability in achieving the desired outcome (self-efficacy). 47 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 07: Behaviour change General Feedback: The health belief model was the first cognitive explanatory model in health psychology and continues to be used today. It was first developed in the 1950s by Hockbaum and Rosenstock to explain the unexpected low levels of participation in health screening and illness prevention programs (Rosenstock 1966, 1974, 1991). Feedback: *a) The health belief model was the first cognitive explanatory model in health psychology and continues to be used today. It was first developed in the 1950s by Hockbaum and Rosenstock to explain the unexpected low levels of participation in health screening and illness prevention programs (Rosenstock 1966, 1974, 1991). 20. In developed countries, the major health threats have been shifted from infectious diseases to lifestyle- based diseases. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Up until the mid-20th century, global health threats were mainly from infectious and communicable diseases. However, in developed countries, a shift occurred over the past 100 years whereby the major health threats are now posed by diseases in which lifestyle plays a role in the aetiology and/or management of illness (Frieden 2010; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW] 2018). Feedback: *a) Up until the mid-20th century, global health threats were mainly from infectious and communicable diseases. However, in developed countries, a shift occurred over the past 100 years whereby the major health threats are now posed by diseases in which lifestyle plays a role in the aetiology and/or management of illness (Frieden 2010; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW] 2018). 50 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 08: Communication in healthcare practice Chapter 08: Communication in healthcare practice 1. Is empathy a quality inherent in the individual or is it a skill that can be taught? How does the textbook answer this? a. It is an inherent quality and cannot be learned. b. It is a skill that can be taught to everyone. *c. This might be natural to some health professionals but there is a need to strengthen this skill. d. None are correct. General Feedback: Experts have different opinions on this. Rogers (1987) states that ‘sensitive empathy, with all its intensity and personal involvement, cannot be taught’ whereby Gerace (2017) asserts that health professionals can improve their empathy by engaging in deliberate perspective-taking skills. The textbook suggests that while some health professionals may be naturally empathic, there is always a good reason for all health professionals to strengthen this skill. Feedback: *c) Experts have different opinions on this. Rogers (1987) states that ‘sensitive empathy, with all its intensity and personal involvement, cannot be taught’ whereby Gerace (2017) asserts that health professionals can improve their empathy by engaging in deliberate perspective-taking skills. The textbook suggests that while some health professionals may be naturally empathic, there is always a good reason for all health professionals to strengthen this skill. 2. What is the purpose of paraphrasing? a. To sum up the conversation b. To check whether the counsellor is understanding correctly c. Adding clarity to the conversation *d. To check whether the counsellor is understanding correctly and Adding clarity to the conversation General Feedback: While using the technique of paraphrasing, the health professional during the interaction repeats back in his/her own words what the other person has said. It can help in checking whether you are correct in understanding the meaning of what other person has said, adds clarity to the conversation and reduces the possibility of misunderstanding. Feedback: *d) While using the technique of paraphrasing, the health professional during the interaction repeats back in his/her own words what the other person has said. It can help in checking whether you are correct in understanding the meaning of what other person has said, adds clarity to the conversation and reduces the possibility of misunderstanding. 3. In a multicultural society, which of the following might be language-related barriers for health professional–client interaction? a. Slang words b. Euphemisms c. Colloquial language *d. All are correct 51 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 08: Communication in healthcare practice General Feedback: In a multicultural society, language proficiency between clients, families and the members of a health team may differ considerably. Linguistic differences such as the use of colloquial language, slang words and euphemisms can cause confusion and misunderstandings. Feedback: *d) In a multicultural society, language proficiency between clients, families and the members of a health team may differ considerably. Linguistic differences such as the use of colloquial language, slang words and euphemisms can cause confusion and misunderstandings. 4. Which of the following is not true about power imbalance in the health professional–client relationship? *a. The health professional should demonstrate his/her power. b. The client may feel vulnerable due to the professional’s power. c. The use of micro skills during communication can help in alleviating this power imbalance. d. The health professional should encourage the client to be an active partner in the therapeutic alliance. General Feedback: The skills, knowledge and authority on the part of the health professional creates a disequilibrium of power between professional and client and the client may feel vulnerable due to the professional’s power. A health professional should not misuse this power and should try to alleviate this power imbalance by using micro skills and encouraging the client to be an active partner in the therapeutic alliance. Feedback: *a) The skills, knowledge and authority on the part of the health professional creates a disequilibrium of power between professional and client and the client may feel vulnerable due to the professional’s power. A health professional should not misuse this power and should try to alleviate this power imbalance by using micro skills and encouraging the client to be an active partner in the therapeutic alliance. 5. One way to help people to talk or engage in conversation is to a. provide lollies. *b. ask open-ended questions. c. look at the floor when someone starts to talk. d. close your eyes when you ask a question. General Feedback: Ways of encouraging the person to speak about their experience may vary. Ivey writes about the importance of ‘open invitations to talk’, or open-ended questions, in encouraging communication in comparison with closed questions. Feedback: *b) Ways of encouraging the person to speak about their experience may vary. Ivey writes about the importance of ‘open invitations to talk’, or open-ended questions, in encouraging communication in comparison with closed questions. 52 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 08: Communication in healthcare practice information sceptically is a way forward to debunk pseudoscience and create an opportunity to discuss evidence-based information and improves health literacy. 12. There is a standard exact level or type of communication required for each client. a. True *b. False General Feedback: It is not easy to define the exact level or type of communication required for each client because the variation in people’s needs and experiences are unique and different for each individual. Feedback: *b) It is not easy to define the exact level or type of communication required for each client because the variation in people’s needs and experiences are unique and different for each individual. 13. Research identifies ineffective communication as one of the main factors leading to poor health outcomes in Indigenous Australians. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Lawrence et al. (2009) and Lowell et al. (2012) provided the research evidence which identified ineffective communication as one of the main factors leading to poor health outcomes in Indigenous Australians. Feedback: *a) Lawrence et al. (2009) and Lowell et al. (2012) provided the research evidence which identified ineffective communication as one of the main factors leading to poor health outcomes in Indigenous Australians. 14. One skill that can help in conversation is to reflect back the person’s feelings or to listen and respond to the emotions being expressed and not just the content of what is being said. *a. True b. False General Feedback: As a beginner, it is often helpful to practice reflection of feelings; that is, reflecting back the person’s feelings, listening and responding to the emotions being expressed, not just the content of what they have said. Feedback: *a) As a beginner, it is often helpful to practice reflection of feelings; that is, reflecting back the person’s feelings, listening and responding to the emotions being expressed, not just the content of what they have said. 55 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 08: Communication in healthcare practice 15. An important role in healthcare is to educate patients. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Although much of a health professional’s time centres on treatment, an important role in working with patients is that of providing information and health promotion to individuals and groups. Feedback: *a) Although much of a health professional’s time centres on treatment, an important role in working with patients is that of providing information and health promotion to individuals and groups. 16. One skill that can help in conversation is to reflect back the person’s feelings or to listen and respond to the emotions being expressed and not just the content of what is being said. *a. True b. False General Feedback: As a beginner, it is often helpful to practice reflection of feelings; that is, reflecting back the person’s feelings, listening and responding to the emotions being expressed, not just the content of what they have said. Feedback: *a) As a beginner, it is often helpful to practice reflection of feelings; that is, reflecting back the person’s feelings, listening and responding to the emotions being expressed, not just the content of what they have said. 17. An important role in healthcare is to educate patients. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Although much of a health professional’s time centres on treatment, an important role in working with patients is that of providing information and health promotion to individuals and groups. Feedback: *a) Although much of a health professional’s time centres on treatment, an important role in working with patients is that of providing information and health promotion to individuals and groups. 18. The jargon for various health disciplines can present a challenge to effective communication in a healthcare setting. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Various disciplines may have jargon or specialised language that other workers may not understand and which should be considered when communicating between disciplines. 56 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 08: Communication in healthcare practice Feedback: *a) Various disciplines may have jargon or specialised language that other workers may not understand and which should be considered when communicating between disciplines. 19. Interpersonal relationships can be both personal and professional. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Interpersonal relationships can be both personal and professional, with interpersonal interactions being central to both. Personal relationships may include friendships, intimate or romantic relationships, whereas the health professional–client relationship, though therapeutic, is a professional relationship established to meet the needs of the client. Feedback: *a) Interpersonal relationships can be both personal and professional, with interpersonal interactions being central to both. Personal relationships may include friendships, intimate or romantic relationships, whereas the health professional–client relationship, though therapeutic, is a professional relationship established to meet the needs of the client. 20. Health professionals who have a dual relationship with a client are not required to communicate clear boundaries between the personal and professional relationship. a. True *b. False General Feedback: It is of paramount importance that all aspects of the relationship, such as role and boundary shifts, are clarified by articulating what your role and responsibility will include while working with the person as a health professional. Communicating in such a transparent manner helps protect client confidentiality and ensure the client’s needs are a priority. Feedback: *b) It is of paramount importance that all aspects of the relationship, such as role and boundary shifts, are clarified by articulating what your role and responsibility will include while working with the person as a health professional. Communicating in such a transparent manner helps protect client confidentiality and ensure the client’s needs are a priority. 57 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 09: Stress and coping 7. The activation of the endocrine system in response to stress results in a. elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate and dilated pupils. b. elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate, diverted blood supply and dilated pupils. *c. the secretion of cortisol. d. the secretion of catecholamines. General Feedback: Activation of the endocrine system prompts the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands, which provides a quick burst of energy, heightened alertness and memory and increases the organism’s pain threshold. Together they enable the organism to confront or withdraw from the threat. Feedback: *c) Activation of the endocrine system prompts the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands, which provides a quick burst of energy, heightened alertness and memory and increases the organism’s pain threshold. Together they enable the organism to confront or withdraw from the threat. 8. The two Whitehall studies found that a. British civil servants smoked more because of stress. b. British civil servants were stressed. *c. low control over work predicted heart disease among British civil servants. d. higher status British civil servants had more heart disease. General Feedback: In the landmark Whitehall I and II studies civil servants in lower level jobs experienced greater stress due to having less control of their workload than higher level employees (Marmot et al. 1997). Feedback: *c) In the landmark Whitehall I and II studies civil servants in lower level jobs experienced greater stress due to having less control of their workload than higher level employees (Marmot et al. 1997). 9. Hans Selye is famous in stress research for identifying a. the pathways of catecholamines. b. the pathways of cortisol. *c. there is a general reaction to stress regardless of the type of stress. d. All are correct. General Feedback: Hans Selye was a stress researcher who identified the relationship between stress and illness in a model he called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). The theory identifies a pattern of reaction to a threat or challenge and proposes that stress is the individual’s non-specific response to the specific environmental stressor—which Selye defined as a demand on the body that induces the stress response; that is, the individual is required to adapt (Selye 1956). Feedback: *c) Hans Selye was a stress researcher who identified the relationship between stress and illness in a model he called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). The theory identifies a pattern of reaction to a threat or challenge and proposes that stress is the individual’s non-specific response to the 60 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 09: Stress and coping specific environmental stressor—which Selye defined as a demand on the body that induces the stress response; that is, the individual is required to adapt (Selye 1956). 10. What is a phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? a. Resistance b. Exhaustion c. Alarm reaction *d. All are correct General Feedback: The GAS includes three phases, namely: alarm reaction, in which the organism is alerted to a perceived threat; the resistance stage, in which the body attempts to regain equilibrium and adapt to the stressor; and the exhaustion stage, which occurs when the body’s attempts to resist the stressor are unsuccessful. Feedback: *d) The GAS includes three phases, namely: alarm reaction, in which the organism is alerted to a perceived threat; the resistance stage, in which the body attempts to regain equilibrium and adapt to the stressor; and the exhaustion stage, which occurs when the body’s attempts to resist the stressor are unsuccessful. 11. What is a limitation of Hans Selye’s work on stress? a. He did not consider burnout. b. He ignored illness models. *c. He did not include anticipated or imagined threats. d. He did not consider the influence of cognitions. General Feedback: Selye’s model refers to responses to actual stress, whereas an individual can experience the stress response to an anticipated stressor. Feedback: *c) Selye’s model refers to responses to actual stress, whereas an individual can experience the stress response to an anticipated stressor. 12. What is the Yerkes–Dodson law? a. Catecholamines increase upon immediate stress. b. Cortisol increases upon immediate stress. *c. Arousal and performance relate in an inverted U-curve. d. Arousal and stress relate in an inverted U-curve. General Feedback: Yerkes and Dodson (1908) hypothesised that a relationship exists between arousal and performance, and that stress is a stimulus that prompts the individual to take action. According to the Yerkes–Dodson law, when stressed (aroused), the individual’s performance increases to a maximum point, after which performance reduces. The relationship is represented graphically as an inverted ‘U’. 61 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 09: Stress and coping Feedback: *c) Yerkes and Dodson (1908) hypothesised that a relationship exists between arousal and performance, and that stress is a stimulus that prompts the individual to take action. According to the Yerkes–Dodson law, when stressed (aroused), the individual’s performance increases to a maximum point, after which performance reduces. The relationship is represented graphically as an inverted ‘U’. 13. A diabetic patient, keeping a record of his daily blood sugar levels because he knows his doctor will want to review them at the next appointment, presents an example of *a. self-regulatory behaviour. b. information support. c. optimism. d. None are correct. General Feedback: Self-regulation refers to the individual proactively taking action to manage their health condition and to limit the negative effects of the illness. Feedback: *a) Self-regulation refers to the individual proactively taking action to manage their health condition and to limit the negative effects of the illness. 14. Which one of the following is NOT the type of social support? a. Getting validation of feelings from friends b. Receiving financial help from family c. Joining a group for cancer patients *d. Not accepting the death of close family member General Feedback: There are five types of social support. These include emotional support, esteem support (getting validation of feelings from friends), instrumental support (receiving financial help from family), information support and network support (joining a group for cancer patients). Denying the death of family member is an internal emotion-focused coping strategy. Feedback: *d) There are five types of social support. These include emotional support, esteem support (getting validation of feelings from friends), instrumental support (receiving financial help from family), information support and network support (joining a group for cancer patients). Denying the death of family member is an internal emotion-focused coping strategy. 15. Acute stress _____ protective immunologic response, whereas chronic stress ______ protective immunologic response. a. suppresses, enhances b. does affect, doesn’t affect *c. enhances, suppresses d. doesn’t affect, does affect 62 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 10: Loss Chapter 10: Loss 1. A reduction in a person’s resources, whether personal, material or symbolic, to which the person was emotionally attached, is the definition of a. resource reduction. b. grief. *c. loss. d. None are correct. General Feedback: Loss, in one form or another, will affect all of us—whether we are patients or practitioners. Because loss is a universal experience, defining it may seem unnecessary. However, establishing a common description of loss is useful. Feedback: *c) Loss, in one form or another, will affect all of us—whether we are patients or practitioners. Because loss is a universal experience, defining it may seem unnecessary. However, establishing a common description of loss is useful. 2. Death of a family member or close friend, or losing everything in a bushfire or other natural disaster, are sometimes called *a. major losses. b. minor losses. c. life threatening losses. d. grief. General Feedback: Weenolsen (1988) proposed a classification of losses: major versus minor loss, primary versus secondary loss, actual versus threatened loss, internal versus external loss, chosen versus imposed loss and direct versus indirect loss. Feedback: *a) Weenolsen (1988) proposed a classification of losses: major versus minor loss, primary versus secondary loss, actual versus threatened loss, internal versus external loss, chosen versus imposed loss and direct versus indirect loss. 3. Becoming unemployed and experiencing financial stress and family difficulties as a result of a chronic health condition are referred to as a. inconvenient. *b. secondary loss. c. chronic stress. d. All are correct. General Feedback: While primary losses usually are identified easily, secondary, derivative losses may not be recognised and can be more painful. A major illness, such as chronic fatigue or heart disease, can lead to secondary losses of unemployment, significant financial loss, and family stress and reduced life choices. 65 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 10: Loss Feedback: *b) While primary losses usually are identified easily, secondary, derivative losses may not be recognised and can be more painful. A major illness, such as chronic fatigue or heart disease, can lead to secondary losses of unemployment, significant financial loss, and family stress and reduced life choices. 4. The feeling or experience of loss or grief even when there was not actually a loss (such as when there has been a threat to safety, self-identity or health) is called _____ loss. a. threatened b. deprivation c. threatened nor deprivation *d. threatened and deprivation General Feedback: A loss need not actually occur for a grief response to be generated. Weenolsen notes that a threat to safety, self-identity or health can result in a sense of loss—‘a biopsy may be negative, but the self is not the same afterward’ (1988, p. 22). Threatened loss is similar to Hockley’s description of deprivation loss, where grief is experienced for something one never had. Couples undergoing in-vitro fertilisation treatment can experience a powerful sense of loss each time a treatment is unsuccessful, complicated by the prospect of childlessness that is threatened if a pregnancy never eventuates. Feedback: *d) A loss need not actually occur for a grief response to be generated. Weenolsen notes that a threat to safety, self-identity or health can result in a sense of loss—‘a biopsy may be negative, but the self is not the same afterward’ (1988, p. 22). Threatened loss is similar to Hockley’s description of deprivation loss, where grief is experienced for something one never had. Couples undergoing in-vitro fertilisation treatment can experience a powerful sense of loss each time a treatment is unsuccessful, complicated by the prospect of childlessness that is threatened if a pregnancy never eventuates. 5. Choosing to migrate to a new country or moving to a new country as a refugee both have losses and grief associated with the move. Loss under these sorts of circumstances is called _____ loss. a. internal versus external b. direct versus indirect *c. chosen versus imposed d. actual versus threatened General Feedback: Losses can result from both chosen and imposed life events. For example, migration as a refugee is imposed by persecution or dislocation, leading to such major losses as family connections, freedom and financial security. However, choosing to migrate, while often involving positives such as new opportunities, can also involve associated grief. Those who migrate voluntarily can still experience a sense of loss of homeland, national identity, connections to their past, shared experiences with family ‘back home’ and continuity of cultural practices. Feedback: *c) Losses can result from both chosen and imposed life events. For example, migration as a refugee is imposed by persecution or dislocation, leading to such major losses as family connections, freedom and financial security. However, choosing to migrate, while often involving positives such as new opportunities, can also involve associated grief. Those who migrate voluntarily can still experience a sense of loss of homeland, national identity, connections to their past, shared experiences with family ‘back home’ and continuity of cultural practices. 66 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 10: Loss 6. Weenolsen’s five levels of loss are a. primary, secondary, tertiary, imposed and external. b. internal, external, direct, indirect and chosen. c. primary, secondary, tertiary, anger, denial. *d. primary, secondary, holistic, self-conceptual, metaphorical. General Feedback: Weenolsen also describes five levels of loss, a framework that is particularly useful for understanding the full impact of loss situations: the primary level of loss, the secondary level of loss, the holistic level of loss, the self-conceptual level of loss and the metaphorical level of loss. Feedback: *d) Weenolsen also describes five levels of loss, a framework that is particularly useful for understanding the full impact of loss situations: the primary level of loss, the secondary level of loss, the holistic level of loss, the self-conceptual level of loss and the metaphorical level of loss. 7. The most devastating of all losses in personal relationships is _____ loss. *a. ambiguous b. minor c. holistic d. external General Feedback: Ambiguous loss has been described as the most devastating of all losses in personal relationships due to the uncertain, unclear and indeterminate nature of the loss. Feedback: *a) Ambiguous loss has been described as the most devastating of all losses in personal relationships due to the uncertain, unclear and indeterminate nature of the loss. 8. In a study of families of people who have Alzheimer’s, what did the families say was the most helpful thing for dealing with the situation? *a. Receiving information b. Counselling c. Anti-depressant medication d. Meditation General Feedback: In Bull’s (1998) study of Alzheimer’s families, respondents listed receiving information as the most helpful thing for dealing with dementia in the family. Information assists in constructing a reality amid the ambiguity. Feedback: *a) In Bull’s (1998) study of Alzheimer’s families, respondents listed receiving information as the most helpful thing for dealing with dementia in the family. Information assists in constructing a reality amid the ambiguity. 67 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 10: Loss General Feedback: The preferred term today is complicated grief. It is estimated that 10% to 20% of people experience a prolonged, painful grieving process in which the loss is not integrated into one’s life (Prigerson & Jacobs 2001, Jett 2016). Feedback: *d) The preferred term today is complicated grief. It is estimated that 10% to 20% of people experience a prolonged, painful grieving process in which the loss is not integrated into one’s life (Prigerson & Jacobs 2001, Jett 2016). 15. Family stress due to heart disease is termed as a. primary loss. b. external loss. *c. secondary loss. d. internal loss. General Feedback: While primary losses are usually identified easily, secondary losses may not be recognised and can be more painful. A major illness, such as chronic fatigue or heart disease, can lead to secondary losses of unemployment, significant financial loss, family stress and reduced life choices. Feedback: *c) While primary losses are usually identified easily, secondary losses may not be recognised and can be more painful. A major illness, such as chronic fatigue or heart disease, can lead to secondary losses of unemployment, significant financial loss, family stress and reduced life choices. 16. Weenolsen described five levels of loss to understand the full impact of loss situation. Which one of the following is NOT a level of loss? a. Primary level b. Holistic level c. Metaphorical level *d. Spiritual level General Feedback: Weenolsen described five levels of loss including primary level, secondary level, holistic level, self-conceptual level and metaphorical level of loss. Feedback: *d) Weenolsen described five levels of loss including primary level, secondary level, holistic level, self-conceptual level and metaphorical level of loss. 17. Which of the following is NOT an example of ambiguous loss? a. Missing soldier b. Kidnapped child c. Mental illness *d. Partner with skin cancer 70 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 10: Loss General Feedback: Boss (2016) described two types of ambiguous loss. The first type occurs when a loved one is perceived as physically absent but psychologically present. Examples include missing soldiers, lost or kidnapped children, family members separated by divorce, and relinquishment through adoption. The second type of ambiguous loss is experienced when a loved one is perceived as physically present but psychologically absent. Health-related conditions such as dementia, addictions, mental illnesses and brain injury involve this type of ambiguous loss. Feedback: *d) Boss (2016) described two types of ambiguous loss. The first type occurs when a loved one is perceived as physically absent but psychologically present. Examples include missing soldiers, lost or kidnapped children, family members separated by divorce, and relinquishment through adoption. The second type of ambiguous loss is experienced when a loved one is perceived as physically present but psychologically absent. Health-related conditions such as dementia, addictions, mental illnesses and brain injury involve this type of ambiguous loss. 18. Ambiguous loss can have symptoms similar to a. depression. *b. posttraumatic stress disorder. c. mood disorder. d. generalised anxiety disorder. General Feedback: Ambiguous loss also can be traumatising, with symptoms similar to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Boss 2000, 2016). Feedback: *b) Ambiguous loss also can be traumatising, with symptoms similar to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Boss 2000, 2016). 19. ________is defined as the grief that persons experience following losses that are not or cannot be openly acknowledged, socially sanctioned or publicly shared. a. Ambiguous grief *b. Disenfranchised grief c. Silent grief d. Nonfinite grief General Feedback: Disenfranchised grief is defined as the grief that persons experience following losses that are not or cannot be openly acknowledged, socially sanctioned or publicly shared. Feedback: *b) Disenfranchised grief is defined as the grief that persons experience following losses that are not or cannot be openly acknowledged, socially sanctioned or publicly shared. 20. ‘Normal’ grief does not benefit from supportive intervention. a. True *b. False 71 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 10: Loss General Feedback: Grievers appreciate the concern, care and support shown by others during times of significant loss clearly indicates that there is benefit from such helping actions. Feedback: *b) Grievers appreciate the concern, care and support shown by others during times of significant loss clearly indicates that there is benefit from such helping actions. 72 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 11: Pain Feedback: *c) The gate control theory (Melzack & Wall 1965) was the most influential and the first attempt to combine neurophysiological mechanisms with psychological processes such as cognitions and emotions. In this model, pain was viewed as an end product of a number of interacting processes in which the central nervous system played an active role in determining the nature and degree of pain following harmful stimulation in the periphery. 7. An increase in the responsiveness of central neurons with continued transmission of noxious information from the periphery is known as *a. central sensitisation. b. neuropathy. c. responsive neurons. d. All are correct. General Feedback: Continued transmission of noxious information from the periphery leads to a cascade of events within the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain) that contribute to an increase in responsiveness of central neurons. This is known as central sensitisation. Feedback: *a) Continued transmission of noxious information from the periphery leads to a cascade of events within the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain) that contribute to an increase in responsiveness of central neurons. This is known as central sensitisation. 8. Research techniques that have been used to study neural representations of pain include a. immunohistochemical techniques. b. PET or fMRI. c. VBM or injection of dyes or markers into nerves or supraspinal structures. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: A number of research techniques have been used to study these neural representations. Injection of dyes or markers into nerves or supraspinal structures allows researchers to trace their pathways. Immunohistochemical techniques are used to study changes in gene expression in neurons following noxious stimulation. Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), detect changes in regional blood flow or changes in local blood oxygen levels, which coincide with changes in local functional brain activity in pain versus non-pain states (Apkarian et al. 2011). Anatomical imaging using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) has been used to study the anatomical changes in the human brain in patients with chronic lower back pain (Ruscheweyh et al. 2011). Feedback: *d) A number of research techniques have been used to study these neural representations. Injection of dyes or markers into nerves or supraspinal structures allows researchers to trace their pathways. Immunohistochemical techniques are used to study changes in gene expression in neurons following noxious stimulation. Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), detect changes in regional blood flow or changes in local blood oxygen levels, which coincide with changes in local functional brain activity in pain versus non-pain states (Apkarian et al. 2011). Anatomical imaging using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) has been used to study the anatomical changes in the human brain in patients with chronic lower back pain (Ruscheweyh et al. 2011). 75 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 11: Pain 9. Some of the cognitive factors that will influence the pain experience are a. intensity, duration and frequency. *b. attention, expectations and appraisals. c. emotions, affectivity and attention. d. social, emotional and behavioural. General Feedback: There are many cognitive factors that will influence the pain experience. The degree of attention paid to the pain modulates the pain experience such that a person is likely to experience less pain if their attention is actively engaged elsewhere. Similarly, a number of studies have demonstrated that when expectations about pain are manipulated, the level of pain changes. Appraisals, or what the person assumes the pain means, is another important cognitive factor. At the extreme level this can lead to ‘catastrophising’ about the pain which, in turn, can lead to high levels of distress and disability. Feedback: *b) There are many cognitive factors that will influence the pain experience. The degree of attention paid to the pain modulates the pain experience such that a person is likely to experience less pain if their attention is actively engaged elsewhere. Similarly, a number of studies have demonstrated that when expectations about pain are manipulated, the level of pain changes. Appraisals, or what the person assumes the pain means, is another important cognitive factor. At the extreme level this can lead to ‘catastrophising’ about the pain which, in turn, can lead to high levels of distress and disability. 10. Not engaging in physical activity because of fear of increased pain or of re-injury is called *a. fear avoidance. b. pain behaviour. c. posttraumatic stress disorder. d. psychological distress. General Feedback: People in pain can experience a high level of ‘fear avoidance’ such that they become fearful of engaging in physical activity due to the risk of increased pain and/or (re)injury, and therefore avoid the activity. Feedback: *a) People in pain can experience a high level of ‘fear avoidance’ such that they become fearful of engaging in physical activity due to the risk of increased pain and/or (re)injury, and therefore avoid the activity. 11. Although health professionals may need to be aware of cultural issues influencing pain and pain management of their patients, health professionals also need to ensure that a. pain medication is locked in secure cabinets. *b. they do not stereotype their patients. c. their office is painted appropriate colours. d. None are correct. General Feedback: In the case of cultural factors, the research is not conclusive, partly because culture is not itself a clear construct and can be influenced by a number of factors including ethnicity, gender, education and religion. In the clinical context, although it is important to be culturally sensitive to a person’s background, it is equally important to avoid stereotyping. 76 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 11: Pain Feedback: *b) In the case of cultural factors, the research is not conclusive, partly because culture is not itself a clear construct and can be influenced by a number of factors including ethnicity, gender, education and religion. In the clinical context, although it is important to be culturally sensitive to a person’s background, it is equally important to avoid stereotyping. 12. Psychological approaches to pain management include a. providing information and education. b. distraction from the pain. c. self-hypnosis. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: A range of psychological strategies can be used to help people manage both acute and chronic pain. In the case of acute pain, information and education about what is going to happen in a proposed treatment and what to expect in terms of pain can be helpful for allaying fears and reducing distress; for example, prior to a surgical procedure. Training a patient in ways to calm themselves, such as by relaxation, forms of meditation and self-hypnosis, can also be beneficial. Attentional techniques such as distraction can be useful. Feedback: *d) A range of psychological strategies can be used to help people manage both acute and chronic pain. In the case of acute pain, information and education about what is going to happen in a proposed treatment and what to expect in terms of pain can be helpful for allaying fears and reducing distress; for example, prior to a surgical procedure. Training a patient in ways to calm themselves, such as by relaxation, forms of meditation and self-hypnosis, can also be beneficial. Attentional techniques such as distraction can be useful. 13. Some stimulation techniques to treat pain are a. TENS or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. b. acupuncture. c. spinal cord stimulation. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: A variety of stimulation techniques have been used for treating pain with varying levels of success. These include acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), spinal cord stimulation and deep brain stimulation. Acupuncture has been demonstrated to be useful for some types of acute and chronic pain, but the effects are short lived and, in the case of chronic pain, treatment needs to be repeated at regular intervals. The other stimulation techniques mentioned above are thought to act on inhibitory mechanisms at the level of the spinal cord and brain and can be particularly useful for treating certain types of neuropathic pain. Feedback: *d) A variety of stimulation techniques have been used for treating pain with varying levels of success. These include acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), spinal cord stimulation and deep brain stimulation. Acupuncture has been demonstrated to be useful for some types of acute and chronic pain, but the effects are short lived and, in the case of chronic pain, treatment needs to be repeated at regular intervals. The other stimulation techniques mentioned above are thought to act on inhibitory mechanisms at the level of the spinal cord and brain and can be particularly useful for treating certain types of neuropathic pain. 77 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 11: Pain Feedback: *a) Pain is a completely subjective experience and because there are no objective measures, health professionals can only go by the person’s report. 20. Massage, manipulation, hot packs and cold packs are highly helpful in managing chronic pain. a. True *b. False General Feedback: Passive modalities including massage, manipulation, ultrasound, hot packs and cold packs are helpful in relieving acute musculoskeletal pain, but they are less useful in managing chronic pain. Feedback: *b) Passive modalities including massage, manipulation, ultrasound, hot packs and cold packs are helpful in relieving acute musculoskeletal pain, but they are less useful in managing chronic pain. 80 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 12: Partnerships in health Chapter 12: Partnerships in health 1. A shared relationship where the health professional and patient share some degree of responsibility for treatment outcome is sometimes referred to as a. legally binding. *b. a partnership c. legally binding and a partnership d. None are correct General Feedback: Using the term ‘partnership’ in healthcare helps to reinforce the concept of a shared relationship where health professional and patient both share some degree of responsibility for treatment outcome. Feedback: *b) Using the term ‘partnership’ in healthcare helps to reinforce the concept of a shared relationship where health professional and patient both share some degree of responsibility for treatment outcome. 2. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that one way of achieving effective partnerships and collaborative practice is a. avoiding working in multidisciplinary teams. *b. delivering interprofessional education. c. relying on stereotyping of professionals. d. All are correct. General Feedback: Recent evidence from WHO suggests that one way of achieving effective partnerships and collaborative practice is delivering interprofessional education. By different professionals learning together, they are able to learn ‘from and about each other’; this, in turn, will enhance their partnership, leading to improved health outcomes for the person at the centre of care. Feedback: *b) Recent evidence from WHO suggests that one way of achieving effective partnerships and collaborative practice is delivering interprofessional education. By different professionals learning together, they are able to learn ‘from and about each other’; this, in turn, will enhance their partnership, leading to improved health outcomes for the person at the centre of care. 3. A person’s motivation to engage in healthy behaviours depends on how severe they see their problem and how susceptible they perceive themselves to be. This is known as *a. the health belief model. b. the transtheoretical model. c. motivational health theory. d. adherence. General Feedback: Becker and Rosenstock’s (1984) work that resulted in their health belief model (HBM) was concerned with how people make decisions about their health. They concluded that a person’s motivation 81 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 12: Partnerships in health to engage in healthy behaviours depended on how severe they saw their problem and how susceptible they perceived themselves. Feedback: *a) Becker and Rosenstock’s (1984) work that resulted in their health belief model (HBM) was concerned with how people make decisions about their health. They concluded that a person’s motivation to engage in healthy behaviours depended on how severe they saw their problem and how susceptible they perceived themselves. 4. Reasons why patients may not intentionally comply with or adhere to medical advice may include a. worrying side effects. b. unpleasant quality of life. c. confusion about treatment. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: The main reasons for rational or intentional non-adherence are side effects that are worrying, unpleasant or reduced quality of life, practical barriers such as cost or changes to lifestyle, and confusion about when and how much of a treatment to take. Feedback: *d) The main reasons for rational or intentional non-adherence are side effects that are worrying, unpleasant or reduced quality of life, practical barriers such as cost or changes to lifestyle, and confusion about when and how much of a treatment to take. 5. Healthcare provision based on medical diagnosis and treatment of disorders can be referred to as *a. the medically driven model. b. a patient-based approach. c. the transtheoretical model. d. the health belief model. General Feedback: Unfortunately, the health service industry is still largely based on medical diagnosis and treatment of disorders, rather than the patient. In spite of this medically driven model still being common, research now seems quite conclusive that, where health professionals use a patient-based approach to care rather than a diagnosis basis, patients are more likely to cooperate in their care. Feedback: *a) Unfortunately, the health service industry is still largely based on medical diagnosis and treatment of disorders, rather than the patient. In spite of this medically driven model still being common, research now seems quite conclusive that, where health professionals use a patient-based approach to care rather than a diagnosis basis, patients are more likely to cooperate in their care. 6. Patients are more likely to cooperate with healthcare if the care is delivered using a. the health belief model. b. a case-based approach. *c. a patient-based approach. d. financial incentives. 82 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 12: Partnerships in health Feedback: *d) Evidence suggests that while working in a multidisciplinary healthcare team, there are several barriers that hinder partnerships. These include miscommunication, misunderstanding of each other’s role and responsibility, lack of trust, rivalry, stereotyping of professionals, conflicting opinions and role insecurity. 12. If a health professional attempts to explore the reasons and empathise with a client adequately, there is no possibility of a client being uncooperative. a. True *b. False General Feedback: There are few clients who do not cooperate with any form of treatment regimen, no matter how much a health professional attempts to explore their reasons and to empathise with them. There are clients who don’t desire to be active in their treatment and some may simply require health professional to make them better, with no ability or motivation to change behaviours. Some may have previous unpleasant experiences with a health professional. Even after a great deal of explanation and education, a health professional may not succeed in gaining the cooperation of a client. Feedback: *b) There are few clients who do not cooperate with any form of treatment regimen, no matter how much a health professional attempts to explore their reasons and to empathise with them. There are clients who don’t desire to be active in their treatment and some may simply require health professional to make them better, with no ability or motivation to change behaviours. Some may have previous unpleasant experiences with a health professional. Even after a great deal of explanation and education, a health professional may not succeed in gaining the cooperation of a client. 13. The higher a person’s internal locus of control, the more likely they are to see themselves as able to manage their own health. *a. True b. False General Feedback: A person’s internal locus of control refers to their belief that responsibility for reinforcing a particular behaviour is controlled by the self, so the higher a person’s internal locus of control, the more likely they are to see themselves as able to manage their own health. Feedback: *a) A person’s internal locus of control refers to their belief that responsibility for reinforcing a particular behaviour is controlled by the self, so the higher a person’s internal locus of control, the more likely they are to see themselves as able to manage their own health. 14. It is not appropriate to interview a patient in an open area about their personal life and illness history. *a. True b. False General Feedback: It is not appropriate for a health professional to interview a patient in an open area about their personal life and illness history, although circumstances may sometimes mean that there is no choice. 85 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 12: Partnerships in health Feedback: *a) It is not appropriate for a health professional to interview a patient in an open area about their personal life and illness history, although circumstances may sometimes mean that there is no choice. 15. Health professionals are expected to like all their clients. a. True *b. False General Feedback: Health professionals cannot be expected to like all their patients, but that doesn’t mean they can’t combine both psychosocial and physiological knowledge and skills to provide the best care within their level of competence. Feedback: *b) Health professionals cannot be expected to like all their patients, but that doesn’t mean they can’t combine both psychosocial and physiological knowledge and skills to provide the best care within their level of competence. 16. The main reasons for rational non-adherence are adverse effects of medication, barriers such as cost, uncertainty about treatment and changes to lifestyle. *a. True b. False General Feedback: The main reasons for rational non-adherence are: side effects that are worrying, unpleasant or reduce the quality of life; practical barriers such as cost or changes to lifestyle; and confusion about when and how much of the treatment to take. Others may choose not to accept treatment on philosophical, religious or cultural grounds. Feedback: *a) The main reasons for rational non-adherence are: side effects that are worrying, unpleasant or reduce the quality of life; practical barriers such as cost or changes to lifestyle; and confusion about when and how much of the treatment to take. Others may choose not to accept treatment on philosophical, religious or cultural grounds. 17. Due to the increased availability of information through sources such as the internet, many patients are now more knowledgeable about their conditions than their health professional. *a. True b. False General Feedback: Health professionals will have to accept that sometimes sufferers of some disorders are more knowledgeable than they are and may challenge their decisions and use a valid evidence base to support their viewpoint. 86 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 12: Partnerships in health Feedback: *a) Health professionals will have to accept that sometimes sufferers of some disorders are more knowledgeable than they are and may challenge their decisions and use a valid evidence base to support their viewpoint. 18. The term or label used to describe a person has no relevance to how a health professional relates to that person. a. True *b. False General Feedback: The term or label we use to describe a person can significantly evoke different perceptions, attitudes and behaviour towards that person. Feedback: *b) The term or label we use to describe a person can significantly evoke different perceptions, attitudes and behaviour towards that person. 19. Recovery-oriented healthcare should be only be used in mental health practice. a. True *b. False General Feedback: Recovery-oriented practice should not be thought of as philosophy of care in mental health practice only. The guiding principles of recovery-oriented healthcare are universal and can be applied to a range of healthcare settings. Feedback: *b) Recovery-oriented practice should not be thought of as philosophy of care in mental health practice only. The guiding principles of recovery-oriented healthcare are universal and can be applied to a range of healthcare settings. 20. Chronic illness can be prevented with the right behavioural strategies. *a. True b. False General Feedback: The onset of chronic illness can be prevented in the first instance with the right behavioural strategies implemented. Areas to be targeted in health promotion, prevention and education include exercise, nutrition, cessation of smoking and alcohol moderation, to name but a few. Feedback: *a) The onset of chronic illness can be prevented in the first instance with the right behavioural strategies implemented. Areas to be targeted in health promotion, prevention and education include exercise, nutrition, cessation of smoking and alcohol moderation, to name but a few. 87 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 13: Health promotion 7. Population interventions are referred to as *a. upstream. b. midstream. c. downstream. d. None are correct. General Feedback: Theories and models for health promotion offer opportunities for intervention at three levels, namely, the level of the individual, the community and at a population level. These are also referred to as downstream (individual), midstream (community) and upstream (population) levels. Feedback: *a) Theories and models for health promotion offer opportunities for intervention at three levels, namely, the level of the individual, the community and at a population level. These are also referred to as downstream (individual), midstream (community) and upstream (population) levels. 8. If we were to ban the growing and sale of tobacco using government policy, this would be referred to as *a. upstream. b. midstream. c. downstream. d. None are correct. General Feedback: This would be intervention at the population level and therefore upstream. Feedback: *a) This would be intervention at the population level and therefore upstream. 9. Primary prevention refers to *a. preventing illness before it occurs. b. treating illness after it has occurred. c. dealing with illness when it cannot be reversed. d. services provided by a general practitioner (GP). General Feedback: Primary prevention aims to foster wellbeing and prevent the occurrence of illness; it includes both midstream and upstream strategies. Midstream strategies focus on ‘at-risk individuals’ and ‘at-risk groups’, with the goal of changing the individual’s risky behaviour. Strategies for individuals include ceasing tobacco smoking, and for the community, improving access to health services for people who live in regional areas. Feedback: *a) Primary prevention aims to foster wellbeing and prevent the occurrence of illness; it includes both midstream and upstream strategies. Midstream strategies focus on ‘at-risk individuals’ and ‘at-risk groups’, with the goal of changing the individual’s risky behaviour. Strategies for individuals include ceasing tobacco smoking, and for the community, improving access to health services for people who live in regional areas. 90 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 13: Health promotion 10. Going to your GP when you are unwell is considered a __________ intervention. a. primary *b. secondary c. tertiary d. None are correct General Feedback: Secondary prevention refers to interventions that are, in the main, delivered downstream when symptoms, injury or illness are identified and treated as early as possible to restore health. It includes the range of health services that the general public will be most familiar with, for example, attending an emergency department when injured or visiting a GP when symptoms are present. Feedback: *b) Secondary prevention refers to interventions that are, in the main, delivered downstream when symptoms, injury or illness are identified and treated as early as possible to restore health. It includes the range of health services that the general public will be most familiar with, for example, attending an emergency department when injured or visiting a GP when symptoms are present. 11. Finding ways to help care for multiple sclerosis (MS) sufferers is a __________ intervention. a. primary b. secondary *c. tertiary d. None are correct General Feedback: Tertiary prevention is also a downstream approach and is implemented when the disease cannot be cured or the illness process is prolonged. Its aim is to assist individuals (and their family and careers) to cope with a change in their health status, to limit disability from the health problem and to promote health and quality of life. Feedback: *c) Tertiary prevention is also a downstream approach and is implemented when the disease cannot be cured or the illness process is prolonged. Its aim is to assist individuals (and their family and careers) to cope with a change in their health status, to limit disability from the health problem and to promote health and quality of life. 12. Most but not all tertiary interventions are a. upstream. b. midstream. *c. downstream. d. None are correct. General Feedback: Tertiary prevention is also a downstream approach and is implemented when the disease cannot be cured or the illness process is prolonged. Feedback: *c) Tertiary prevention is also a downstream approach and is implemented when the disease cannot be cured or the illness process is prolonged. 91 Test Bank For Psychology: An Introduction for Health Professionals 1st Edition Chapter 13: Health promotion 13. Tobacco smoking is *a. the most preventable cause of diseases and death in Australia. b. a common poor health behaviour in Australia and New Zealand. c. more common in young women than men. d. increasing in incidence. General Feedback: According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare tobacco smoking is the ‘single most preventable cause of ill health and death in Australia’ (AIHW 2018). Feedback: *a) According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare tobacco smoking is the ‘single most preventable cause of ill health and death in Australia’ (AIHW 2018). 14. The reduction in tobacco use over time is due to a. legislation. b. health education in schools and social marketing. c. access to QUIT programs. *d. All are correct. General Feedback: Since the 1980s, public health programs with a whole-of-population focus have targeted tobacco smoking cessation and successfully reduced smoking rates in developed countries. Feedback: *d) Since the 1980s, public health programs with a whole-of-population focus have targeted tobacco smoking cessation and successfully reduced smoking rates in developed countries. 15. Which of the following population sections of Australia have NOT been identified as experiencing the greatest health inequities? a. Newly arrived refugees *b. People living in urban areas c. People from low socioeconomic backgrounds d. People living with disabilities General Feedback: Populations in Australia, for example, that have been identified as experiencing the greatest health inequities and therefore the greatest need for intervention include Indigenous people, newly arrived migrants and refugees, people living with disabilities, people from low socioeconomic backgrounds, people living in rural and remote areas and people living with mental illness (AIHW 2018). Feedback: *b) Populations in Australia, for example, that have been identified as experiencing the greatest health inequities and therefore the greatest need for intervention include Indigenous people, newly arrived migrants and refugees, people living with disabilities, people from low socioeconomic backgrounds, people living in rural and remote areas and people living with mental illness (AIHW 2018). 92