test two | GEOG 1001 - HUMN GEOG: AMER EURP, Quizzes of Geography

Download test two | GEOG 1001 - HUMN GEOG: AMER EURP and more Quizzes Geography in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 US DEFINITION 1 area 3.7 mil. Sq. mi. population: 308.7 mil. TERM 2 canada DEFINITION 2 area: 3.8 mil. Sq. mi. pop. 34.4. mil map: pg. 75 TERM 3 topography of NA DEFINITION 3 1/3 mountainous, north/south orientation west: Rocky Mountains, higher elevations, more recent East: Appalachian Mountains lower elevations, older interior: central plains, low elevation, flat east coast shore: low elevation, flat, estuaries west coast shore: Pacific Coastal Ranges, mountainous TERM 4 volcanoes DEFINITION 4 surface vents for magma below tectonic plates TERM 5 70 DEFINITION 5 ______volcanoes in NA, many dormant located on west coast, Juan de Fuca & N. American plate boundaries TERM 6 shield composite cone DEFINITION 6 ______: Hawaii: Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Mauna kea, Haleakala _____________: Cascade Range: 12 active, Mt. St. Helens, Lassen Peak, Mt. Rainiertypes of volcanoes in NA, categorized by shape TERM 7 glaciation in NA DEFINITION 7 northern part of continent covered until 10,000 years ago continental glacier extended south to Missouri, Columbia, & Hudson Rivers TERM 8 erosion & deposition from glaciers DEFINITION 8 Great Lakes Rocky Mountains drumlins in northern states moraines: ( a mass of rocks carried down and deposited by a glacier) Long Island & Midwest Outwash plain, Exit Glacier, Alaska TERM 9 hydrology DEFINITION 9 mechanical & chemical fluvial processes, weathering, erosion, transportation, & deposition of surface material, inland & coastal TERM 10 largest systems are east of continental divide DEFINITION 10 Great Lakes- St. Lawrence System, drains SE Canada & NE/N central U.S., main transport artery connecting center with Atlantic Coast Mississippi-Missouri System, drains southern Canada & south central U.S., main transport artery from central U.S. to Gulf of Mexico some drainage is internal, e.g. lakes, evaporation, percolation, aquiferswhich side of the continental divide??? TERM 21 biogeography & ecology in NA DEFINITION 21 distribution, frequency, range, & specific characteristics of plant species are impacted by o climate o topography o soil o culture patterns in vegetation & other environmental features may correspond compare vegetation map with soil, climate & precipitation maps TERM 22 NA settlement and cultural imprints DEFINITION 22 consider role of physical geography in native migration & settlement 1st effective settlements & cultural landscapes of NA 1st settlement dates back 25,000 years ago TERM 23 theories of early migration DEFINITION 23 Bering Strait land bridge, 16,500 years ago navigation to east & west coasts North to south interior migration , eat & west dispersal TERM 24 Native Americans DEFINITION 24 To meet their needs, _____________ transformed NAs physical landscape into cultural landscape hunter/gatherer/fisher & agricultural societies invented technology, tools, & knowledge to obtain terrestrial & aquatic animals & plants for food, other materials for clothing, shelter, ect. TERM 25 Native Americans settlement patterns DEFINITION 25 settlements dispersed among different climates & landforms preference for open areas with abundant animals, e.g. Great Plains, prairies coasts, rivers, lakes highest population of hunter gatherers in Cali 2/3 of NA was settled by agriculturalists, think about plant & animal domestication, requires time & space TERM 26 other features of native american settlement DEFINITION 26 rituals & beliefs systems, sacred sites trading networks modes of transportation political organization TERM 27 native american legacy DEFINITION 27 place names, foods, clothing styles, environmental attitudes, religions, beliefs, political organization e.g., U.S. Constitution influenced by influence Gayanashagowa or the Great Law of Peace of the Iroquois Confederacy TERM 28 native population transition in america DEFINITION 28 up to 112 million before 1492 European conquest in US/Canada: 2 million> 530,000 by 1900 o today less than 1% of total population (309 million) communicable diseases: small pox, influenza, measles, typhus war, slavery, political acts, Dawes Act of 1887 reservations: 1st in 1658, Virginia, 210 today 40 million Europeans in NA by 1950 4.5 million in Latin America TERM 29 european DEFINITION 29 __________migration to & settlement of the Americas since 1500s is most significant recent redistribution that shaped current migration & population patterns TERM 30 17th-18th late 19th, early 20th DEFINITION 30 centuries: 400,000-1,000,000 mostly from N&W Europe centuries: over 30 million, mostly from S&E Europetwo waves of european migration TERM 31 age of exploration DEFINITION 31 1400s-1600s: opened NA to Euro colonization, migration, settlement, & cultural contact with Natives & Africans preceded by Viking around 1000 ce in Vinland Columbus 1492- landed in Bahamas 1500s: Spanish, English, French, Portuguese (SA) pull factors: eastward trade routes, silk, spices, gold push factors: trade blocked, ottoman empire 1565: St. Augustine, Spanish settlement in FL, oldest continually occupied European settlement in NA TERM 32 African Diaspora DEFINITION 32 movement of Africans & their descendants to places throughout the world slave trade: 1526-1870, 10-12 million total, 645,000 in US, 2,000 in Canada 1619 Jamestown 1st 20 slaves; 1860 4 million in US mostly in agricultural areas of SE shaped by trading, slave laws, & underground railroad great migration: internal migration south > north TERM 33 slave trade DEFINITION 33 16th-19thcenturies: chattel slavery, buying & selling of kidnapped Africans to Americans 645,000 to US TERM 34 French settlement DEFINITION 34 jaques cartier 1534, exploration of St. Lawrence River founding of new ______ 1534-1763: NA territory: newfoundland to rocky mountains, Hudson bay to gulf of mexico TERM 35 french settlement distribution DEFINITION 35 largest settlements: drainage areas of St. Lawrence & Mississippi rivers, concentrated near Quebec population: 1692: 10,000; mid 1700s 70,000 dispersed rural population, long lot landholding system organized linear patterns of farms TERM 46 2; US & canada DEFINITION 46 according to our book, how many states does NA have? TERM 47 colonial period post-independence period conquest treaty, & purchase DEFINITION 47 how did Europeans acquire western lands? period: conquest, royal charters, land grantsperiod: conquest, treaty, purchase US territory tripled by 1860s Examples: : American Indian Wars : treaty of Paris 1783, Britain ceded territories to US : Louisiana purchase 1803, lands west of miss. River, from France TERM 48 shaping population distribution in the west DEFINITION 48 US pattern of settlement shaped by resource geography, homesteading, transportation arteries, e.g., railroads, rivers, ports o agriculture made this possible; access to water, soil TERM 49 NA historical population geography DEFINITION 49 19th century of US population concentrated south of Mason/Dixon line, east of Appalachians 1920 of US population urbanized map from book TERM 50 township and range system DEFINITION 50 rectangular grid patterns, 36 sq. mile townships, subdivided into smaller ranges & sections o shaped spatial organization of housing, street patterns, infrastructure, economic activities, social relations, ect. TERM 51 US: worlds largest economy DEFINITION 51 GDP $14.66 trillion ranks 4th, .092, UN Human Development Index labor force: 154.9 million exports: Canada 19%, Mexico 12%, china 7%, japan 5%, UK 4%, Germany 4%(2009) agricultural products 9%, industrial supplies, 27, capital goods, 49, consumer goods 15 NA remains worlds largest agricultural exporter, $108.6 billion 2010, agriculture 1.2 % of GDP TERM 52 four economic sectors DEFINITION 52 primary, pre-industrial: extraction secondary, industrial: manufacturing o P & S are US workers in the pasat tertiary, post-industrial: services quaternary: management o T&Q US workers today TERM 53 types of employment basic non-basic DEFINITION 53 jobs that produce exports o primary basic job in LA; fishing : jobs that serve needs of basic jobs o multiplier effect: basic jobs multiply non-basic jobs o *basic& non basic jobs are found in all economic sectors TERM 54 agriculture DEFINITION 54 primary sector TERM 55 agriculture DEFINITION 55 a human invented system, science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising crops, & feeding, breeding, & raising livestock; farming. before 1900 NA mostly in primary sector, agriculture today less than .07% of labor force TERM 56 types of agriculture DEFINITION 56 subsistence: food for self & family commercial: food for profit polyculture: raising a variety of crops monoculture: specializing in one crop TERM 57 commercial agriculture DEFINITION 57 dominates NA o capital intensive-investment in machinery, chemicals, improved seeds, pesticides o large farm size o products sold to agribusiness companies o fewer family owned farms TERM 58 cash grain farming DEFINITION 58 type of commercial farming; corn, soybeans, cereals, e.g., wheat, barley, oats, rye o distribution: warm & cold mid-lat. Regions, Midwest, Great Plains o technology: highly mechanized, less human labor o market orientation: wholesale to food processors or consumers, export o human consumption, some livestock feed o flour, bread, pasta, ect. TERM 59 truck farms DEFINITION 59 type of commercial; fruits, vegetables, flowers o distribution: dispersed, located near consumers o technology: small scale, labor intensive o market orientation: farmers markets, roadside stands, supermarkets o human consumption TERM 60 dairy farms DEFINITION 60 cows & livestock products: milk, eggs, cheese, butter, milk powder o distribution: 65,000 farms, western Cali, NW, Upper MW, NE, located near consumers o technology: mechanized, milking machines, refrigerators o market orientation: wholesale & retail, mostly internal consumption TERM 71 state structure DEFINITION 71 since independence (1783) democratic rights slowly extended to marginalized groups, e.g., 13th amendment (1865): abolished slavery, 19th amendment (1920): womens suffrage, 1924 Indian Citizenship act, 15th amendment; voting rights to blacks civic participation of different groups in different levels of government varies by time, place, & settlement & economic patterns political parties dominate certain regions; political geography Republicans in rural areas & south, Democrats in cities & coasts TERM 72 geopolitics DEFINITION 72 Geopolitics is a theory within the International Relations and describes the relation between politics and territory and comprises the art and practice of analyzing, proscribing, forecasting and using political power over a given territory. TERM 73 military geography DEFINITION 73 defined by president, Dept. of Defense, joint chiefs of staff, 1.4 mil. Active duty, 1.4 mil. Reserve TERM 74 135 DEFINITION 74 presence in over _____ countries, 5.4 mil. Acres, pentagon is landowner TERM 75 unified combatant commands UCC DEFINITION 75 a DoD command comprised of forces from at least two military departments to provide command & control of US military forces in peace & war, created during WWII, AFRICOM most recent in 2008 TERM 76 unified command plan UCP DEFINITION 76 defines Area of responsibility or geographic regions where UCC commanders authorize plans & operations TERM 77 battle space organization DEFINITION 77 theater of war, theater of operations, combat zone, communications zone TERM 78 US military spending DEFINITION 78 54% of federal budget outlays for past & present military, income tax dollars $692 bill. (2010) 4.7% of GDP ranked 1st by spending, 42.8% of world military spending unified combatant commands: area of responsibility o January 2008 o these are formal regions; specific geographical areas