Biology: Stabilizing Forces in Proteins, Prostaglandins, Sugars, and Amino Acids, Quizzes of Organic Chemistry

Download Biology: Stabilizing Forces in Proteins, Prostaglandins, Sugars, and Amino Acids and more Quizzes Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Define a Lipid DEFINITION 1 A lipid is an organic compound that is soluable in nonpolar solvents. TERM 2 Name 5 stabilizing forces in tertiary structures of proteins DEFINITION 2 Metal ion Binding DiSulfide Bonds Hydrophobic Interactions Electrostatic forces Hydrogen Bonding TERM 3 What are prostaglandins DEFINITION 3 Hormones of relatively short lifetime. A lipid derivative made from fatty acids It is responsible for pain in bodies Anti- inflammatory drugs work by inhibiting them Ex. Arachidonic Acid TERM 4 What are the products of periodate oxidation of sugar DEFINITION 4 4 Formic Acid 1 Formaldehyde C1 -> COOH2 C2,3,4 -> CH (OH)3 --> (lose water) --> COOH2 C5 --> CH2 (carboxyl group) h5i1o6 --> Periodic Aid (HIO4 + 2 H20 TERM 5 What is a peptide bond DEFINITION 5 It is the special name given to the amide bond formed between the alpha amino group and one amino acid. an N - C bond TERM 6 What is an alpha amino acid DEFINITION 6 An amino acid in which the amino group is on the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl TERM 7 Describe Electrophoresis DEFINITION 7 A process of separating compounds on the basis of electronic charges A paper starch is saturated in a buffer solution (ex. PH 5) Add sample onto paper. Amino Acids will migrate toward the electrode charge opposite of their own. (Ex. Amino Acid charge 4.5 is less then PH 5 so it has a negative charge so it will migrate toward the positive electrode) TERM 8 Name 4 Categories for Classifying Amino Acids DEFINITION 8 - relative location (alpha) - configuration - nutritionally > essential > non-essential -r group classification > non-polar (classification) > polar uncharged (@ PH7) > polar charged (@ PH7) TERM 9 Describe an Amino Group DEFINITION 9 NH3 substituent these derivatives do not move across the polar membrane it is more polar and charged TERM 10 Describe a Deoxy group DEFINITION 10 It is a dehydrated Carbon - ex CH2 Less polar More hydrophobic TERM 21 What is an anomer DEFINITION 21 A special type of epimer, where 2 diasteriomers are possible identified. Differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon ALPHA Anomer - has the anomeric -OH group and the terminal CH2OH group on opposite side of the ring in a Haworth projection. BETA Anomer- has the anomeric -OH group on the same side of the ring as the CH2OH group in a Haworth projection TERM 22 What is an epimer DEFINITION 22 A disasteromer that differs only at 1 stereogenic center Non superimposable and non mirror image Ex. An alpha and beta form of a glucose molecule. TERM 23 What is furanose DEFINITION 23 A simple sugar. Ring - 4 Carbons each bonded to (OH) - Oxygen as 5th part of ring can be alpha or beta TERM 24 What is a glycosidic bond DEFINITION 24 Any type of functional group that joins 2 carbohydrates TERM 25 What is "acetal" DEFINITION 25 Any organic compound formed by adding an (-OH) to an aldehyde molecule (2 - OR groups) attached to CH2 TERM 26 What is hemiacetal DEFINITION 26 A hemiacetal molecule is made of a C with 4 bonds 1) OH 2) OR2 3) R 4) H TERM 27 What is a reducing sugar DEFINITION 27 any sugar that forms an aldehyde or ketone in an alkaline solution ex. glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose NOT SUCROSE TERM 28 What is an aldose? DEFINITION 28 A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde TERM 29 What is a pyranose? DEFINITION 29 Carbohydrates with a 6 membered ring consisting of 5 Carbons and 1 Oxygen Ex. Glucose TERM 30 What is Glycogen DEFINITION 30 Glycogen is the molecule that functions as the secondary long term energy storage in animal cells glucose molecules form alpha 1,4 links and some 1,6 alpha branches TERM 31 Name 2 very important pentoses DEFINITION 31 D - Ribose - RNA 2 DeoxyRibose - DNA TERM 32 What is the difference between a D and an L ketose DEFINITION 32 A D ketose has the bottom most -OH group on the right A L ketose has the bottom most - OH group on the left. TERM 33 What is the structure of a ketose DEFINITION 33 CH2OH I C=O I CH2OH (imagine the I stands for a bond between each of these 3 carbons) TERM 34 What makes up a starch DEFINITION 34 Made of 2 fractions. Amylose chains (glucose attached alpha 1,4) and Amylopectin ( a highly branched polymer of D- glucopyranose connected by alpha 1,4 bonds) Chains linked together at Carbon 6 TERM 35 Hayworth vs. Fisher Drawings DEFINITION 35 Hayworth - show rings shape Fisher Drawings - linear In a Fisher the substituent at Right, points down in Hayworth Fisher substituent at Left, points up in Hayworth In Fisher the Carbonyl at C1 is hemiacetal. In Hayworth the carbonyl forms the ring TERM 46 Procedure for Primary Structure Determination of a Peptide DEFINITION 46 1) Composition 2) Sangers Reagents - carboxypetidase releases leucine >>> Identifies the end amino acids ex. Valine (Val) - N and Leucine (Leu) at C 3) Random partial hydrolysis (gives fragments) ex. Val-His, Val- Phe, His-Val, Phe-Leu TERM 47 Secondary Structure of Proteins DEFINITION 47 ALPHA HELIX > spiral > each peptide bond is trans and planar > coiled clockwise or in a planar manner BETA PLEATED SHEETS > anti-parallel > 3 polypeptide chains lie adjacent to each other and run in opposite directions. > H- bonding is possible between chains because (C=O) and (N-H) groups face each other. TERM 48 Tertiary Structure of Proteins DEFINITION 48 Stabilized by R-R group interactions -ex. metallic bonding in proteins ---- lignin interactions often stabilize loops. >>>note: Heavy metals poisoning. Metals can interfere with >>>sulfur bridges and cause the degradation of essential >>>proteins disulfide bridges TERM 49 Quaternary Structure of Proteins DEFINITION 49 When 2 or more polypeptide chains are stabalized by R-R interactions takes 2 forms a) closed fixed composition - Hb - alpha 2 beta 2 b) open-ended (not fixed) - Alpha-Beta-Alpha- Beta ..... TERM 50 How do you find the pI for a simple Amino Acid DEFINITION 50 pI = 1/2 (pKa1 + pKa2) ex. pI TERM 51 Give 8 Examples of Steroids DEFINITION 51 1) Choline - 4 rings 2) Testosterone - 4 rings 3) Cholesterol - 4 rings 4) Cortisone - 4 rings 5) Progesterone - 4 rings 6) Estradiol - 4 rings 7) Norethindrone - 4 rings 8 ) Cholesterol - 4 rings Note 4 Rings ABCD where ABC are 6 carbon rings and D is a 5 carbon ring. Total of 17 carbons in ring structure. TERM 52 Give 8 Examples of Terpenes DEFINITION 52 1) Limonene - oil from lemon or orange 2) B - Carotene - made of two vitamin A molecules 3) Menthol - from peppermint 4) Farnesene - natural coating from apples 5) Geraniol - from roses and other flowers 6) Pinene - oil of turpentine 7) Vitamin A 8 ) Squalene - from shark liver oil TERM 53 The alpha-helix is asymmetrical and has handedness. Helix is proteins is exclusively _________ DEFINITION 53 right handed TERM 54 9 Major Functions of Proteins DEFINITION 54 1) Structure (make up muscles, hair, cartilage, tendons, skin) 2) Transport (ex. oxygen and hemoglobin) 3) Catalysis (reactions engaged by enzymes [proteins] ) 4) Movement (muscles depend on proteins) 5) Storage (ferritin stores Fe in spleen, liver & bone marrow) 6) Energy Transformation and Storage (myosin in muscles) 7) Protection (Anti-bodies) 8) Control (Hormones) 9) Buffering (substituent chains can neutralize acids and bases) TERM 55 What is a phospholipid DEFINITION 55 A lipid containing glycerol esterified with 2 molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of phosphoric acid. TERM 56 What is a micelle? DEFINITION 56 A micelle is a spherical arrangement of organic molecules in water solution clustered so that their hydrophobic parts are buried inside the the sphere and their hydrophilic parts are the surface of the sphere (the part that is in contact with water). Traps dirt, oil, and grease inside TERM 57 What is a Reducing Sugar DEFINITION 57 mild oxidizing agents to aldonic acids (An aldonic acid is a carboxylic acid formed by the oxidation of the aldehyde group of an aldose).