The Contemporary World, Cheat Sheet of History

Download The Contemporary World and more Cheat Sheet History in PDF only on Docsity! A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Order Lesson 3 These scholars look at trade deals between states. They also study political, military, and other diplomatic engagements between two or more countries. These scholars are studying international relations. Moreover, when they explore the deepening of interactions between states, they refer to the phenomenon of internationalization. Internationalization does not equal globalization, although it is a major part of globalization. As explained in Lesson 1, globalization encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be reduced to the ties between governments. Nevertheless, it is important to study international relations as a facet of globalization, because states/ governments are key drivers of global process. In this lesson, we will examine internationalization as one window to view the globalization as one window to view globalization of politics. What are the origins of this system? Country A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. Nation-State a relatively modern phenomenon in the human history whereby it composed of two non-interchangeable terms: nation and state. Nation Refers to a large group of people who share common characteristics such as language, traditions and ethnicity. According to Benedict Anderson, nation is an “imagined community” and does not go beyond a given “official boundary”. It is inherently limited and sovereign. It also has boundaries in terms of whom they identify as their members. Nation-State Is where a distinct cultural or ethnic group inhabits a territory and have formed a state that they predominantly govern. The Interstate System 02 p  The “Westphalian System” is a concept in international relations that refers to the principles and norms that emerged from the Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648. Westphalia System  • Napoleon Bonaparte was a prominent military general and political leader who rose to power during the French Revolution in the late 18th century.  • The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803-1815 with Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of Europe. Napoleon Bona arte  • Forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom of religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service. Napoleonic Code The Westphalian and Concert systems divided the world into separate, sovereign entities. Since the existence of this interstate system, there have been attempts to transcend it. Some, like Bonaparte, directly challenged the system by infriging on other states’ sovereignty, whle others sought to imagine other systems of governance that go beyond, but do not necessarily challenge, sovereignty. Still, others imagine a system of heightened interaction between various sovereign states, particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and peoples is called internationalism. Internationalism comes in different forms, but the principle may be divided into two broad categories: liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism. Liberal Internationalism Internationalis m 03 Jeremy Bentham Writing in the late 18th century as well, British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (who coined the word “international” in 1780), the creation of “international law” that would govern the inter- state relations. Giuseppe Mazzini The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal. Internationalism was the 19th century Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini. Mazzini was both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-speaking mini- states and a major critic of the Metternich system. Woodrow Wilson Mazzini influenced the thinking of United States president (1913-1921) Woodrow Wilson, who became one of the 20th century’s most prominent internationalist. Like Mazzini, Wilson saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism. Because of his faith in nationalism, he forwarded the principle of self- determination-the belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free, and sovereign government. Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) Marx’s co-author, who is also a German socialist philosopher, believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy , the proletariat "had no nation." a union of European socialist and labor parties established in Paris in 1889. Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), led by the Bolshevik party and its leader, Vladimir Lenin. They exhorted the revolutionary "vanguard" parties to lead the revolutions across the world. Socialist Internationalism (SI) Communist Internationalism (Comintern) established by Lenin in 1919, served as the central body for directing Communist parties all over the world. re-established by Lenin's successor, Joseph Stalin as the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform).