Preparing Workers for Global Knowledge Economy: Schooling & International Labor Market - P, Study notes of History of Education

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Ch. 4: The Economic Goals of Schooling: Human Capital, Global Economy and Preschool 02/16/2015 Economic goals are now the primary influence on public school policies, curricula, and standardized testing  Current economic goals are based on human capital theory o Money spent on education will cause economic growth, reduce poverty and improve personal incomes o Human Capital Theory  Human Capital one of Mann’s 2 goals, investment in education will improve quality of workers and consequently increase wealth of community  Justified COMMUNITY support -> people without kids still paid  Economists Theodore Shultz and Gary Becker “people are an important part of the wealth of nations” o Economic growth depends on the knowledge information ideas skills and health of the work-force o “Knowledge Economy”- like US/Capitalist econ but more accurately human capital or knowledge capital economy o Human capital represented ¾ of the wealth of US  1960s War on Poverty o resulted in:  preschool program Head Start  Sesame Street  compensatory school programs to eliminate poverty o Poor quality education is one element in a series of social factors that tends to reinforce other social conditions. o Diagram suggests eliminating poverty by improving any of the interrelated points  Head Start Programs o Premised on idea that some children from loq income families begin school at a disadvantage o Provide early childhood education to give them more equal terms o Compensatory Education in fields such as reading is designed to ensure the success of low income students  Human Capital Arguments directly influenced the organization of schools o In the 20th century, dominant model was Sorting Machine  Ideally student’s education will lead directly to college or vocation o In Human Capital Model, there should be a correlation among students education, abilities, interests, and their occupations. ??????? o Schooling and the Global Knowledge Economy  Workers compete in global knowledge economy  Only hope is to train workers for higher paying jobs in global labor market  Shifts from national economy training to global economy training with preparation for international working market  Higher education= higher income  GKE is linked to new communication forms and networking o Information/knowledge was now a product that increased productivity  1983 became issue with A Nation at Risk report o blamed allegedly poor academic quality caused lower economic productivity than Japan and West Germany o also cause of reduced the lead of US in technological development  1990s Clinton used rhetoric of human capital and knowledge economy o democratic platform declared education as key to opportunity  Robert Reich o Many workers will be trapped in low-paying jobs unless their employment skills improve o There should not be a barrier between education and work o Hacker flips this around and states that economic growth provides the financial resources to fun educational expansion and offer youth an entertaining interlude in life o o Preschool and Human Capital Theory  Focus on preschool education to provide all children with similar access to social experiences and knowledge as preparation for schooling and employment  Most efficient way for gov. to invest its money to support econ growth  Heckman  Gary Becker- investment in human capital as involving knowledge info ideas skills and the health of the workforce  Strong correlation between family background and academic success  Family background provides non-cognitive skills needed for school and job  P.91***** o The Perry Preschool Study  1962 with 123 african American kids from low income families considered at risk  low IQ and borderline mentally impaired  Those that attended the Perry Preschool were less likely to become preggo/commit crimes  Return to society of $16 for every tax dollar invested o Child-Rearing and Social and Cultural Capital  Do diff family environments for preschool children affect childrens school achievement and consequently their economic futures?  The key to answering this is social and cultural capital  ***** diff btwn and effects __ last test ***** o Family Learning and School Success  Valerie Lee and Dacid Burkham confirm the fears of early common school advocates that family background would compromise abilitiy of school to provide = opportunity  Kindergarten entrance at many diff levels  Strongest Correlation between family factors and reading skills: o Frequency of reading o Ownership of home computer o Exposure to arts o Preschool  Weakly Correlated o Educational expectations of family o Rules limiting tv viewing o Number of CDs/tapes/record o Sports and clubs o Arts and crafts activities  Math Scores Strong Correlations o Owning a computer o Exposure to arts o Preschool  Math Scores Weakly Correlated o Educational expectations o Frequency of reading o Number of tapes/cds/records o Soirts and clubs o Arts and crafts o Childhood Poverty  Conditions surrounding childhood poverty hinder school achievement  Reduction of childhood poverty is not something schools can achieve directly Ch. 5: Equality of Educational Opportunity 02/16/2015 Key terms/vocab Court Cases Key People  1868 purpose was supposed to protect basic guarantees of Bill of Rights against state and local laws o though states run schools, they cannot undermine the constitutional amendment clause  Fourteenth Amendment Consists of Two Key Clauses: o Equal Protection – cannot deny any person equal protection of the laws o Due Process Clause – cannot deny life, liberty or property without due process of law  These two clauses are important for state provided and regulated schools o Originally 1896 this allowed for “separate but equal” after Plessy o 1954 desegregation decision with Brown overturned this doctrine o Desegregating Schools  1964 Civil Rights Act Title VI o it established major precedent for federal control of public schools by explicitly using funds as leverage o turned the federal office of education into policing agency with responsibility of determining whether people were following desegregation or not  speed up process of school desegregation in the South  Oliver v. Michigan State Board of Education o The north was failing to abide by desegregation laws and many individuals had to petition for enforcement in school policy o It had to be proved o School Segregation Today  NCES report the Condition of Education 200 indicates continued existence of segregation in public schools  For the following reasons: o Recent court decisions outlawing race as a main factor in student assignment o Increased residential segregation o Increased role of private schools in contributing to segregation o Second-Generation Segregation  Refers to forms of racial segregation that are a result of school practices o Tracking o Ability grouping o Misplacement of students in special education  Can occur in schools with balanced racial populations  Unequal treatment of different races within the same school is one problem in integrated schools  Also the establishment of racial boundaries among students creates another  The division of control among student activities reflected rigid social boundaries that exist in high schools  Racial boundaries that continue to exist after integration reflect racial barriers that continue in the larger society o The Struggle for Equal Education for Women  The struggle for racial justice has paralleled the struggle for women’s justice  National Organization for Women (NOW)1966 later half of 20th century focused on: o Eliminating discriminatory quotas against women in college and professional school admissions o Urging parents etc to encourage women to pursue higher education o Elimination of discrimination toward women in awarding of fellowships and loans o Investigating problem of female school dropouts  Title IX 1972 Higher Education Act o No person shal on the basis of sex be excluded from participation denied benefits of or subjected to discrimination in education  Grove City College v. Bell o Restricted application of title IX to specific educational programs within institutions  1987 Civil Rights Restoration Act o congress overturned the decision and amended title IX to include ALL activities of educational institution o o Students with Disabilities  Civil Rights movement encompassed students with disabilities by 1960s  Students with disabilities could participate equally in schools with other students only if they received special help  Many of these needs have been neglected by school systems  Political movement for federal legislation to aid students with disabilities followed similarly as the civil rights movement  First unable to change educational institutions by pressuring local and state govs organized groups interested in improving educational opp and turned to the courts  PARC o PARC v. Commonwealth objected to conditions for disabled student learning  Ruled: disabled children entitled to free and effective public education o Public Law 94-142: Education for All Handicapped Children Act  1975, Congress passed law o guaranteed equal educational opportunity for all children with disabilities  Disability Categories***  o Writing an IEP