The Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity, Exams of Biology

Download The Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! AP Bio Genetics, RNA, and DNA Practice Exam Rated A+ In his transformation experiments, what did Griffith observe? a. Mutant mice were resistant to bacterial infections. b. Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form. c. Mixing a heat-killed nonpathogenic strain of bacteria with a living pathogenic strain makes the pathogenic strain nonpathogenic. d. Infecting mice with nonpathogenic strains of bacteria makes them resistant to pathogenic strains. e. Mice infected with a pathogenic strain of bacteria can spread the infection to other mice. - ✅ b 2. What does transformation involve in bacteria? a. the creation of a strand of DNA from an RNA molecule b. the creation of a strand of RNA from a DNA molecule c. the infection of cells by a phage DNA molecule d. the type of semiconservative replication shown by DNA e. assimilation of external DNA into a cell - ✅ e 3. The following scientists made significant contributions to our understanding of the structure and function of DNA. Place the scientists' names in the correct chronological order, starting with the first scientist(s) to make a contribution. I. Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod II. Griffith III. Hershey and Chase IV. Meselson and Stahl V. Watson and Crick a. V, IV, II, I, III b. II, I, III, V, IV c. I, II, III, V, IV d. I, II, V, IV, III e. II, III, IV, V, I - ✅ b 4. Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? a. 12 b. 24 c. 31 d. 38 e. It cannot be determined from the information provided. - ✅ a 5. Chargaff's analysis of the relative base composition of DNA was significant because he was able to show that a. the relative proportion of each of the four bases differs within individuals of a species. b. the human genome is more complex than that of other species. c. the amount of A is always equivalent to T, and C to G. d. the amount of ribose is always equivalent to deoxyribose. e. transformation causes protein to be brought into the cell. - ✅ c 6. Which of the following can be determined directly from X-ray diffraction photographs of crystallized DNA? a. the diameter of the helix b. the rate of replication c. the sequence of nucleotides d. the bond angles of the subunits e. the frequency of A vs. T nucleotides - ✅ a 7. Why does the DNA double helix have a uniform diameter? a. Purines pair with pyrimidines. b. C nucleotides pair with A nucleotides. c. Deoxyribose sugars bind with ribose sugars. d. Nucleotides bind with nucleosides. e. Nucleotides bind with nucleoside triphosphates. - ✅ a 8. What kind of chemical bond is found between paired bases of the DNA double helix? a. hydrogen b. ionic c. covalent d. sulfhydryl e. phosphate - ✅ a 9. In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA, which of the following will be found? a. A = C b. A = G and C = T c. A + C = G + T d. G + C = T + A - ✅ c 10. Replication in prokaryotes differs from replication in eukaryotes for which of these reasons? nucleotides to the 3' end of Okazaki fragments? a. helicase b. DNA polymerase III c. ligase d. DNA polymerase I e. primase - ✅ d 21. Which of the following separates the DNA strands during replication? a. helicase b. DNA polymerase III c. ligase d. DNA polymerase I e. primase - ✅ a 22. Which of the following covalently connects segments of DNA? a. helicase b. DNA polymerase III c. ligase d. DNA polymerase I e. primase - ✅ c 23. Which of the following synthesizes short segments of RNA? a. helicase b. DNA polymerase III c. ligase d. DNA polymerase I e. primase - ✅ e 24. The leading and the lagging strands differ in that a. the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction. b. the leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end. c. the lagging strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the leading strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together. d. the leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand. - ✅ a 25. What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication? a. synthesize RNA nucleotides to make a primer b. catalyze the lengthening of telomeres c. join Okazaki fragments together d. unwind the parental double helix e. stabilize the unwound parental DNA - ✅ c 26. Which of the following help to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated? a. primase b. ligase c. DNA polymerase d. single-strand binding proteins e. exonuclease - ✅ d 27. Which of the following statements describes histones? a. Each nucleosome consists of two molecules of histone H1. b. Histone H1 is not present in the nucleosome bead; instead it is involved in the formation of higher-level chromatin structures. c. The carboxyl end of each histone extends outward from the nucleosome and is called a "histone tail." d. Histones are found in mammals, but not in other animals or in plants. e. The mass of histone in chromatin is approximately nine times the mass of DNA. - ✅ b 28. In his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that a. the protein coat from pathogenic cells was able to transform nonpathogenic cells. b. heat-killed pathogenic cells caused pneumonia. c. some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic. d. the polysaccharide coat of bacteria caused pneumonia. e. bacteriophages injected DNA into bacteria. - ✅ c 29. In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around a. polymerase molecules. b. ribosomes. c. histones. d. a thymine dimer. e. satellite DNA. - ✅ c 30. The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group? a. proteins, triglycerides, and testosterone b. proteins, ATP, and DNA c. ATP, RNA, and DNA d. alpha glucose, ATP, and DNA e. proteins, carbohydrates, and ATP - ✅ c 31. If proteins were composed of only 12 different kinds of amino acids, what would be the smallest possible codon size in a genetic system with four different nucleotides? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 12 - ✅ b 32. A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is a. 3' UCA 5'. b. 3' UGA 5'. c. 5' TCA 3'. d. 3'ACU 5'. e. either UCA or TCA, depending on wobble in the first base. - ✅ a You need a codon table for this one: 33. A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be a. 5' TTG-CTA-CAG-TAG 3'. b. 3' AAC-GAC-GUC-AUA 5'. c. 5' AUG-CTG-CAG-TAT 3'. d. 3' AAA-AAT-ATA-ACA 5'. e. 3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'. - ✅ e You need a codon table for this one: 34. What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence? 5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3' a. met-arg-glu-arg-glu-arg b. met-glu-arg-arg-gln-leu c. met-ser-leu-ser-leu-ser d. met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu e. met-leu-phe-arg-glu-glu - ✅ d You need a codon table for this one: 35. A peptide has the sequence NH2-phe-pro-lys-gly-phe-pro-COOH. Which of the following sequences in the coding strand of the DNA could code for this peptide? a. 3' UUU-CCC-AAA-GGG-UUU-CCC b. 3' AUG-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG c. 5' TTT-CCC-AAA-GGG-TTT-CCC d. 5' GGG-AAA-TTT-AAA-CCC-ACT-GGG e. 5' ACT-TAC-CAT-AAA-CAT-TAC-UGA - ✅ c You need a codon table for this one: e. either UAA or TAA, depending on first base wobble. - ✅ c 49. What is the most abundant type of RNA? a. mRNA b. tRNA c. rRNA d. pre-mRNA e. hnRNA - ✅ c 50. Choose the answer that has these events of protein synthesis in the proper sequence. 1. An aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the A site. 2. A peptide bond forms between the new amino acid and a polypeptide chain. 3. tRNA leaves the P site, and the P site remains vacant. 4. A small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA. 5. tRNA translocates to the P site. a. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5 b. 4, 1, 2, 5, 3 c. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 d. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 e. 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 - ✅ b 51. When a tRNA molecule is shown twisted into an L shape, the form represented is a. its linear sequence. b. its 2-dimensional shape. c. its 3-dimensional shape. d. its microscopic image. Use the following information to answer the following questions. A transfer RNA (#1) attached to the amino acid lysine enters the ribosome. The lysine binds to the growing polypeptide on the other tRNA (#2) in the ribosome already. - ✅ c 52. Which enzyme causes a covalent bond to attach lysine to the polypeptide? a. ATPase b. lysine synthetase c. RNA polymerase d. ligase e. peptidyl transferase - ✅ e 53. Where does tRNA #2 move to after this bonding of lysine to the polypeptide? a. A site b. P site c. E site d. Exit tunnel e. Directly to the cytosol - ✅ d 54. Which component of the complex described enters the exit tunnel through the large subunit of the ribosome? a. tRNA with attached lysine (#1) b. tRNA with polypeptide (#2) c. tRNA that no longer has attached amino acid d. newly formed polypeptide e. initiation and elongation factors - ✅ d 55. The process of translation, whether in prokaryotes or eukaryotes, requires tRNAs, amino acids, ribosomal subunits, and which of the following? a. polypeptide factors plus ATP b. polypeptide factors plus GTP c. polymerases plus GTP d. SRP plus chaperones e. signal peptides plus release factor - ✅ b 56. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, no corresponding tRNA enters the A site. If the translation reaction were to be experimentally stopped at this point, which of the following would you be able to isolate? a. an assembled ribosome with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA in the P site b. separated ribosomal subunits, a polypeptide, and free tRNA c. an assembled ribosome with a separated polypeptide d. separated ribosomal subunits with a polypeptide attached to the tRNA e. a cell with fewer ribosomes - ✅ a 57. A frameshift mutation could result from a. a base insertion only. b. a base deletion only. c. a base substitution only. d. deletion of three consecutive bases. e. either an insertion or a deletion of a base. - ✅ e 58. Which point mutation would be most likely to have a catastrophic effect on the functioning of a protein? a. a base substitution b. a base deletion near the start of a gene c. a base deletion near the end of the coding sequence, but not in the terminator codon d. deletion of three bases near the start of the coding sequence, but not in the initiator codon e. a base insertion near the end of the coding sequence, but not in the terminator codon - ✅ b 59. Which of the following statements are true about protein synthesis in prokaryotes? a. Extensive RNA processing is required before prokaryotic transcripts can be translated. b. Translation can begin while transcription is still in progress. c. Prokaryotic cells have complicated mechanisms for targeting proteins to the appropriate cellular organelles. d. Translation requires antibiotic activity. e. Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes require no initiation or elongation factors. - ✅ b 60. Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene? a. a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic b. a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein c. a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide d. a DNA—RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product e. a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids - ✅ c 61. What does the operon model attempt to explain? a. the coordinated control of gene expression in bacteria b. bacterial resistance to antibiotics c. how genes move between homologous regions of DNA d. the mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell e. horizontal transmission of plant viruses - ✅ a 62. The tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is a. permanently turned on. b. turned on only when tryptophan is present in the growth medium. c. turned off only when glucose is present in the growth medium. d. turned on only when glucose is present in the growth medium. e. turned off whenever tryptophan is added to the growth medium. - ✅ e 63. This protein is produced by a regulatory gene: a. operon b. inducer c. promoter d. repressor e. corepressor - ✅ d 64. When this is taken up by the cell, it binds to the repressor so that the repressor no longer binds to the operator: a. operon a. size of the viral capsomeres b. RNA versus DNA genome c. double versus single strand genomes d. size and shape of the capsid e. glycoproteins of the envelope - ✅ d 77. Which of the following molecules make up the viral envelope? a. glycoproteins b. proteosugars c. carbopeptides d. peptidocarbs e. carboproteins - ✅ a 78. Most human-infecting viruses are maintained in the human population only. However, a zoonosis is a disease that is transmitted from other vertebrates to humans, at least sporadically, without requiring viral mutation. Which of the following is the best example of a zoonosis? a. rabies b. herpesvirus c. smallpox d. HIV e. hepatitis virus - ✅ a 79. Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle? a. Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced. b. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. c. The viral genome replicates without destroying the host. d. A large number of phages is released at a time. e. The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generations. - ✅ d 80. Which of the following terms describes bacteriophage DNA that has become integrated into the host cell chromosome? a. intemperate bacteriophages b. transposons c. prophages d. T-even phages e. plasmids - ✅ c 81. What is the name given to viruses that are single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis? a. retroviruses b. proviruses c. viroids d. bacteriophages e. lytic phages - ✅ a 82. What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? a. It hydrolyzes the host cell's DNA. b. It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. c. It converts host cell RNA into viral DNA. d. It translates viral RNA into proteins. e. It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands. - ✅ b 83. Which of the following describes plant virus infections? a. They can be controlled by the use of antibiotics. b. They are spread throughout a plant by passing through the plasmodesmata. c. They have little effect on plant growth. d. They are seldom spread by insects. e. They can never be inherited from a parent. - ✅ b 84. Which of the following represents a difference between viruses and viroids? a. Viruses infect many types of cells, whereas viroids infect only prokaryotic cells. b. Viruses have capsids composed of protein, whereas viroids have no capsids. c. Viruses contain introns; viroids have only exons. d. Viruses always have genomes composed of DNA, whereas viroids always have genomes composed of RNA. e. Viruses cannot pass through plasmodesmata; viroids can. - ✅ b 85. What are prions? a. misfolded versions of normal brain protein b. tiny molecules of RNA that infect plants c. viral DNA that has had to attach itself to the host genome d. viruses that invade bacteria e. a mobile segment of DNA - ✅ a 86. Which of the following is the most probable fate of a newly emerging virus that causes high mortality in its host? a. It is able to spread to a large number of new hosts quickly because the new hosts have no immunological memory of them. b. The new virus replicates quickly and undergoes rapid adaptation to a series of divergent hosts. c. A change in environmental conditions such as weather patterns quickly forces the new virus to invade new areas. d. Sporadic outbreaks will be followed almost immediately by a widespread pandemic. e. The newly emerging virus will die out rather quickly or will mutate to be far less lethal. - ✅ e 87. RNA viruses require their own supply of certain enzymes because a. host cells rapidly destroy the viruses. b. host cells lack enzymes that can replicate the viral genome. c. these enzymes translate viral mRNA into proteins. d. these enzymes penetrate host cell membranes. e. these enzymes cannot be made in host cells. - ✅ b 88. Which of the following characteristics, structures, or processes is common to both bacteria and viruses? a. metabolism b. ribosomes c. genetic material composed of nucleic acid d. cell division e. independent existence - ✅ c 90. What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes? a. to add new nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA b. to join nucleotides during replication c. to join nucleotides during transcription d. to cleave nucleic acids at specific sites e. to repair breaks in sugar-phosphate backbones - ✅ d 91. What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium? I. Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule. II. Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes. III. Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells. IV. Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments. V. Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA. a. I, II, IV, III, V b. II, III, V, IV, I c. III, II, IV, V, I d. III, IV, V, I, II e. IV, V, I, II, III - ✅ c Use this to answer: A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in 95. A principal problem with inserting an unmodified mammalian gene into a bacterial plasmid, and then getting that gene expressed in bacteria, is that a. prokaryotes use a different genetic code from that of eukaryotes. b. bacteria translate polycistronic messages only. c. bacteria cannot remove eukaryotic introns. d. bacterial RNA polymerase cannot make RNA complementary to mammalian DNA. e. bacterial DNA is not found in a membrane-bounded nucleus and is therefore incompatible with mammalian DNA. - ✅ c 96. A gene that contains introns can be made shorter (but remain functional) for genetic engineering purposes by using a. RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene. b. a restriction enzyme to cut the gene into shorter pieces. c. reverse transcriptase to reconstruct the gene from its mRNA. d. DNA polymerase to reconstruct the gene from its polypeptide product. e. DNA ligase to put together fragments of the DNA that codes for a particular polypeptide. - ✅ c 97. Why are yeast cells frequently used as hosts for cloning? a. they easily form colonies b. they can remove exons from mRNA. c. they do not have plasmids. d. they are eukaryotic cells e. only yeast cells allow the gene to be cloned - ✅ d 98. The major advantage of using artificial chromosomes such as YACs and BACs for cloning genes is that a. plasmids are unable to replicate in cells. b. only one copy of a plasmid can be present in any given cell, whereas many copies of a YAC or BAC can coexist in a single cell. c. YACs and BACs can carry much larger DNA fragments than ordinary plasmids can. d. YACs and BACs can be used to express proteins encoded by inserted genes, but plasmids cannot. e. all of the above - ✅ c 99. Which of the following produces multiple identical copies of a gene for basic research or for large-scale production of a gene product? a. restriction enzymes b. gene cloning c. DNA ligase d. gel electrophoresis e. reverse transcriptase - ✅ b 100. Which of the following seals the sticky ends of restriction fragments to make recombinant DNA? a. restriction enzymes b. gene cloning c. DNA ligase d. gel electrophoresis e. reverse transcriptase - ✅ c 101. Which of the following is used to make complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA? a. restriction enzymes b. gene cloning c. DNA ligase d. gel electrophoresis e. reverse transcriptase - ✅ e 102. Which of the following cuts DNA molecules at specific locations? a. restriction enzymes b. gene cloning c. DNA ligase d. gel electrophoresis e. reverse transcriptase - ✅ a 103. Which of the following separates molecules by movement due to size and electrical charge? a. restriction enzymes b. gene cloning c. DNA ligase d. gel electrophoresis e. reverse transcriptase - ✅ d 104. Restriction fragments of DNA are typically separated from one another by which process? a. filtering b. centrifugation c. gel electrophoresis d. PCR e. electron microscopy - ✅ c 105. RFLP analysis can be used to distinguish between alleles based on differences in which of the following? a. restriction enzyme recognition sites between the alleles b. the amount of DNA amplified from the alleles during PCR c. the ability of the alleles to be replicated in bacterial cells d. the proteins expressed from the alleles e. the ability of nucleic acid probes to hybridize to the alleles - ✅ a 106. Which was developed by a British researcher and causes DNA sequences to be transferred to a membrane and identified with a probe? a. Southern blotting b. Northern blotting c. Western blotting d. Eastern blotting e. RT-PCR - ✅ a 107. Which describes the transfer of polypeptide sequences to a membrane to analyze gene expression? a. Southern blotting b. Northern blotting c. Western blotting d. Eastern blotting e. RT-PCR - ✅ c 108. Which uses reverse transcriptase to make cDNA followed by amplification? a. Southern blotting b. Northern blotting c. Western blotting d. Eastern blotting e. RT-PCR - ✅ e 109. In 1997, Dolly the sheep was cloned. Which of the following processes was used? a. use of mitochondrial DNA from adult female cells of another ewe b. replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow c. separation of an early stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate ewe d. fusion of an adult cell's nucleus with an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate e. isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent - ✅ d 113. Genetically engineered plants a. are more difficult to engineer than animals. b. include a transgenic rice plant that can help prevent vitamin A deficiency. c. are being rapidly developed, but traditional plant breeding programs are still the only method used to develop new plants. d. are able to fix nitrogen themselves. e. are banned throughout the world. - ✅ b