The Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity, Exams of Biology

Download The Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Biology Exam 2 Test Bank CH 8-9 Questions and Answers A gene is best defined as A) any random segment of DNA. B) three nucleotides that code for an amino acid. C) a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product. D) a sequence of nucleotides in RNA that codes for a functional product. E) the RNA product of a transcribed section of DNA. - 😊C Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) DNA polymerase — makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template B) RNA polymerase — makes a molecule of RNA from an RNA template C) DNA ligase — joins segments of DNA D) transposase — insertion of DNA segments into DNA E) DNA gyrase — coils and twists DNA - 😊B Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) DNA polymerase joins nucleotides in one direction (5′ to 3′) only. B) The leading strand of DNA is made continuously. C) The lagging strand of DNA is started by an RNA primer. D) DNA replication proceeds in only one direction around the bacterial chromosome. E) Multiple replication forks are possible on a bacterial chromosome. - 😊D DNA is constructed of A) a single strand of nucleotides with internal hydrogen bonding. B) two complementary strands of nucleotides bonded A—C and G—T. C) two strands of nucleotides running in an antiparallel configuration. D) two strands of identical nucleotides in a parallel configuration with hydrogen bonds between them. E) None of the answers is correct. - 😊C Which of the following is NOT a product of transcription? A) a new strand of DNA B) rRNA C) tRNA D) mRNA E) None of the answers are correct; all of these are products of transcription. - 😊A Which of the following statements about bacteriocins is FALSE? A) The genes coding for them are on plasmids. B) They cause food-poisoning symptoms. C) Nisin is a bacteriocin used as a food preservative. D) They can be used to identify certain bacteria. E) Bacteriocins kill bacteria. - 😊B In Figure 8.1, which colonies are streptomycin-resistant and leucine-requiring? A) 1, 2, 3, and 9 B) 3 and 9 C) 4, 6, and 8 D) 4 and 8 E) 5 and 6 - 😊D Culture 1: F+, leucine+, histidine+ Culture 2: F-, leucine-, histidine- 8) In Table 8.1, what will be the result of conjugation between cultures 1 and 2 (reminder: F+ has a different meaning than Hfr)? A) 1 will remain the same; 2 will become F+, leucine-, histidine- B) 1 will become F-, leu+, his+; 2 will become F+, leu-, his- C) 1 will become F-, leu-, his-; 2 will remain the same D) 1 will remain the same; 2 will become F+, leu+, his+ E) 1 will remain the same; - 😊A In Table 8.1, if culture 1 mutates to Hfr, what will be the result of conjugation between the two cultures? A) They will both remain the same. B) 1 will become F+, leu+, his+; 2 will become F+, leu+, his+ C) 1 will remain the same; recombination will occur in 2 D) 1 will become F-, leu+, his+; 2 will become Hfr, leu+, his+ E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided. - 😊C An enzyme produced in response to the presence of a substrate is called a(n) A) inducible enzyme. B) repressible enzyme. C) restriction enzyme. D) operator. E) promoter. - 😊A Transformation is the transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell A) by a bacteriophage. B) as naked DNA in solution. In Figure 8.3, if enzyme A is an inducible enzyme, A) compound C would bind to the repressor for Gene a. B) compound A would bind to the repressor for Gene a. C) compound B would bind to enzyme A directly. D) compound A would react with enzyme B directly. E) compound C would react with gene a directly. - 😊B Conjugation differs from reproduction because conjugation A) replicates DNA. B) transfers DNA vertically, to new cells. C) transfers DNA horizontally, to nearby cells without those cells undergoing replication. D) transcribes DNA to RNA. E) copies RNA to make DNA. - 😊C The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus, and the template is from a human cell. The DNA synthesized would be most similar to A) human DNA. B) T. aquaticus DNA. C) a mixture of human and T. aquaticus DNA. D) human RNA. E) T. aquaticus RNA. - 😊A Based on the information in Table 8.3, prostate cancer is probably the result of which kind of mutation? A) analog B) frameshift C) missense D) nonsense E) None of the answers is correct. - 😊D In Figure 8.4, the antibiotic chloramphenicol binds the 50S large subunit of a ribosome as shown (the light gray area is the large subunit, while the black shape is the drug). From this information you can conclude that chloramphenicol A) prevents transcription in eukaryotes. B) prevents translation in eukaryotes. C) prevents transcription in prokaryotes. D) prevents translation in prokaryotes. E) prevents mRNA-ribosome binding. - 😊D The mechanism by which the presence of glucose inhibits the lac operon is A) catabolite repression. B) translation. C) DNA polymerase. D) repression. E) induction. - 😊A If you knew the sequence of nucleotides within a gene, which one of the following could you determine with the most accuracy? A) the primary structure of the protein B) the secondary structure of the protein C) the tertiary structure of the protein D) the quaternary structure of the protein E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided. - 😊A An enzyme that makes covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate groups in another nucleotide in DNA is A) RNA polymerase. B) DNA ligase C) DNA helicase. D) transposase. E) DNA polymerase. - 😊B An enzyme that copies DNA to make a molecule of RNA is A) RNA polymerase. B) DNA ligase. C) DNA helicase. D) transposase. E) DNA polymerase. - 😊A An enzyme that catalyzes the cutting and resealing of DNA, and is translated from insertion sequences, is A) RNA polymerase. B) DNA ligase. C) DNA helicase. D) transposase. E) DNA polymerase. - 😊D Repair of damaged DNA, in some instances and mechanisms, might be viewed as a race between an endonuclease and A) DNA ligase. B) DNA polymerase. C) helicase. D) methylase. E) primase. - 😊D The cancer gene ras produces mRNA containing an extra exon that includes a number of UAA codons. Cancer cells produce ras mRNA missing this exon. This mistake most likely is due to a mistake by A) a chemical mutagen. B) DNA polymerase. C) photolyases. D) snRNPs. E) UV radiation. - 😊D The miRNAs in a cell A) are found in prokaryotic cells. B) are a part of the prokaryotic ribosome. C) are a part of the eukaryotic ribosome. D) allow different cells to produce different proteins. E) are responsible for inducing operons. - 😊D Assume the two E.coli strains shown below are allowed to conjugate. Hfr: pro+, arg+, his+, lys+, met+, ampicillin-sensitive F-: pro-, arg-, his-, lys-, met-, ampicillin-resistant What supplements would you add to glucose minimal salts agar to select for a recombinant cell that is lys+, arg+, amp-resistant? A) ampicillin, lysine, arginine B) lysine, arginine C) ampicillin, proline, histidine, methionine D) proline, histidine, methionine E) ampicillin, proline, histidine, lysine - 😊C Protein synthesis in eukaryotes is similar to the process in prokaryotes in that both eukaryotes and prokaryotes A) have exons. B) have introns. C) require snRNPS. D) use methionine as the "start" amino acid. E) use codons to determine polypeptide sequences. - 😊E T/F Recombination will always alter a cell's genotype. - 😊TRUE T/F Open-reading frames are segments of DNA in which both start and stop codons are found. - 😊TRUE T/F Bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes. - 😊FALSE T/F Mutations that are harmful to cells occur more frequently than those that benefit cells - 😊TRUE T/F The miRNAs in a cell inhibit protein synthesis by forming complementary bonds with rRNA. - 😊FALSE Which of the following is NOT a desired characteristic of DNA vectors used in gene cloning procedures? A) self-replication B) large size C) has a selectable marker D) circular form of DNA or integrates into the host chromosome E) may replicate in several species - 😊B In Figure 9.4, the bacteria transformed with the recombinant plasmid and plated on media containing ampicillin and X-gal will A) form blue, ampicillin-resistant colonies. B) form blue, ampicillin-sensitive colonies. C) form white, ampicillin-resistant colonies. D) form white, ampicillin-sensitive colonies. E) not grow. - 😊C An advantage of synthetic DNA over genomic or cDNA is the ability to A) insert desired restriction sites into the DNA sequence. B) isolate unknown genes. C) make DNA from cellular RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. D) obtain genes that lack introns. E) obtain genes that lack exons. - 😊A An advantage of cDNA over genomic DNA is that it A) lacks exons. B) lacks introns. C) contains selectable markers. D) can form very large DNA segments. E) is very easy to isolate. - 😊B The restriction enzyme EcoRI recognizes the sequence G↓AATTC. Which of the following is TRUE of DNA after it is treated with EcoRI? A) All of the DNA fragments will have single-stranded regions ending in AA. B) All of the DNA fragments will have single-stranded regions ending in G. C) Some of the DNA will have single-stranded regions ending in AA and others will end in G. D) All of the DNA will have blunt ends. E) All of the DNA will be circular. - 😊A Which enzyme would cut this strand of DNA? GCATGGATCCCAATGC A) Enzyme Recognition BamHI G↓GATCC CCCTAG↑G B) Enzyme Recognition EcoRI G↓AATTC CTTAA↑G C) Enzyme Recognition HaeIII GG↓CC CC↑GG D) Enzyme Recognition HindIII A↓AGCTT TTCGA↑A E) Enzyme Recognition Pst ICTGC↓G G↑ACGTC - 😊A Pieces of DNA stored in yeast cells are called a A) library. B) clone. C) vector. D) Southern blot. E) PCR. - 😊A A population of cells carrying a desired plasmid is called a A) library. B) clone. C) vector. D) Southern blot. E) PCR. - 😊B Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a A) library. B) clone. C) vector. D) Southern blot. E) PCR. - 😊C The Human Genome Project, which was completed in 2003, was focused on A) identifying all of the genes in the human genome. B) determining the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome. C) determining all of the proteins encoded by the human genome. D) finding a cure for all human genetic disorders. E) cloning all of the genes of the human genome. - 😊B A colleague has used computer modeling to design an improved enzyme. To produce this enzyme, the next step is to A) look for a bacterium that makes the improved enzyme. B) mutate bacteria until one makes the improved enzyme. C) determine the nucleotide sequence for the improved enzyme. D) synthesize the gene for the improved enzyme. E) use siRNA to produce the enzyme. - 😊C You have a small gene that you wish replicated by PCR. After 3 replication cycles, how many double-stranded DNA molecules do you have? A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16 E) thousands - 😊C Which of the following places the steps in the PCR procedure in the correct order? 1) Incubate at 94°C to denature DNA strands; 2) Incubate at 72°C for DNA synthesis; 3) Incubate at 60°C for primer hybridization. A) 1, 2, 3 B) 3, 2, 1 C) 1, 3, 2 D) 2; 1; 3 - 😊C Which of the following are used to silence specific genes and hold promise for treating cancer or viral diseases, such as hepatitis B? A) RNA interference (RNAi) B) complementary DNA (cDNA) C) reverse transcriptase PCR (rtPCR) D) tumor-inducing plasmids (Ti plasmids) E) DNA fingerprinting - 😊A Which of the following techniques is NOT used to introduce recombinant DNA into plants? A) gene guns B) protoplast fusion C) Ti plasmids and Agrobacterium D) microinjection E) electroporation - 😊D In Figure 9.5, the marker genes used for selecting recombinant DNA are A) HindIII, BamHI, and EcoRI. B) ampR and lacZ. C) ori. D) ampR and ori. E) lacZ and ori. - 😊B In Figure 9.5, the gene that allows the plasmid to be self-replicating is A) HindIII. B) ampR. C) ori. D) EcoRI. C) a segment of mRNA. D) a segment of tRNA. E) cDNA. - 😊B In the Southern blot technique, which of the following is NOT required? A) transfer of DNA to nitrocellulose B) addition of a labeled probe to identify the gene of interest C) restriction enzyme digestion of DNA D) electrophoresis to separate fragments E) addition of heat-stable DNA polymerase to amplify DNA - 😊E Which of the following processes is NOT involved in making cDNA? A) reverse transcription B) RNA processing to remove introns C) transcription D) translation - 😊D PCR can be used to identify an unknown bacterium because A) the RNA primer is specific. B) DNA polymerase will replicate DNA. C) DNA can be electrophoresed. D) all cells have DNA. E) all cells have RNA. - 😊A The random shotgun method is used in A) amplification of unknown DNA. B) transforming plant cells with recombinant DNA. C) genome sequencing. D) RFLP analysis. E) forensic microbiology. - 😊C Restriction enzymes are A) bacterial enzymes that splice DNA. B) bacterial enzymes that destroy phage DNA. C) animal enzymes that splice RNA. D) viral enzymes that destroy host DNA - 😊B The study of genetic material taken directly from the environment is A) bioinformatics. B) proteomics. C) reverse genetics. D) forensic microbiology. E) metagenomics. - 😊E T/F The term biotechnology refers exclusively to the use of genetically engineered organisms for the production of desired products - 😊FALSE T/F In recombinant DNA technology, a vector is a self-replicating segment of DNA, such as a plasmid or viral genome - 😊TRUE T/F The practice of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits, such as high crop yield, is called natural selection - 😊FALSE T/F A shuttle vector is a plasmid that is used to move pieces of DNA among organisms, such as bacterial, fungal, and plant cells - 😊TRUE T/F Nearly all cells, including E. coli and yeast, naturally take up DNA from their surroundings without chemical treatment. - 😊FALSE T/F The disadvantage of genomic libraries over cDNA libraries is that genomic libraries contain gene introns - 😊TRUE T/F One of the first commercial successes of recombinant DNA technology was the production of human insulin using genetically engineered E. coli - 😊TRUE T/F Bioinformatics is the use of computer technology to compare and analyze genome sequence. - 😊TRUE T/F The Ti plasmid isolated from Agrobacterium can be used to insert DNA into any type of plant - 😊FALSE T/F The Bt toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis has been introduced into some crop plants to make them resistant to insect destruction - 😊TRUE