The first module of Earth and Life quarter 1, Lecture notes of Earth science

Download The first module of Earth and Life quarter 1 and more Lecture notes Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Earth and Life Science Quarter 1 - Module 1 Earth as a Unique Planet Four Subsystems of the Earth Properties of Rock-forming Minerals What This Module is About What makes planet earth habitable? What sets it apart from other planets in the solar system? What makes the earth a dynamic planet? What constitutes a mineral? These and the like are the questions that we would intend to answer in this module. We are blessed to have a planet that possesses characteristics that support life. Understanding such characteristics will enable us to have a clearer perspective about our environment which will allow us to come with appropriate actions and decisions needed to preserve it. This learning material is divided into three lessons with some enrichment activities. In the first lesson of this module, we will try to recognize each of the unique characteristics of earth and put proper emphasis on how each of these characteristics maintain life for millions of years. In the second lesson, we will attempt to explain that the four subsystems of the earth play important roles in the flow of matter and energy, recognize their essential functions and explore its interactions. In the last lesson of this module, we will get a glimpse of what minerals are, and identify it base from its physical and chemical properties Through this module, may you learn how to appreciate Earth Science, its wonders, evolution and application. As your knowledge in the subject develops, may you be more mature in making decisions that directly or indirectly affects the planet and may you serve as an effort to maintain the life support system of the Earth. The following lessons are contained in this module: Lesson 1- The uniqueness of Earth Lesson 2- The four subsystems of the earth Lesson 3- Properties of rock-forming minerals What I Need to Know After getting through with this module, you are expected to: 1. 2. recognize the uniqueness of the earth being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary to support life (S11/12ES-la-e-3); explain that earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow (S11/12ES-la-e-4); and identify common rock forming minerals using their chemical and physical properties (S11/12ES-la- 3). hat | Know Pre-assessment- Select the letter of the best answer from the given choices. 1. How many seconds does it take for sun’s light to reach the surface of the earth? A. 150 seconds C. 500 seconds B. 250 seconds D. 1000 seconds . What is the average distance between the earth and the sun? A. 91 million miles C. 95 million miles B. 93 million miles D. 97 million miles . What is the process by which plants manufacture their own food by converting solar energy into chemical energy? A. Calvin cycle C. Cellular respiration B. Photosynthesis D. Photodissociation . What is the gaseous layer that envelops the earth? A. lonosphere C. Ozone layer B. Atmosphere D. Stratosphere . The earth’s outer core is predominantly made up of iron and A. Nickel C. Copper B. Cobalt D. Aluminum . The largest among the four subsystems A. Biosphere C. Atmosphere B. Geosphere D. Hydrosphere What Is It In the Milky Way galaxy alone, there are about 1 billion planets. However, only the earth is habitable. Other planets may be too hot or too cold. They may also be too big or too small. Other planets may not have an atmosphere or a magnetic field or may not be in an orbit at all. Fortunately, planet earth possesses all the features and characteristics that make it habitable for all living forms. Let us go through with each one of earth's characteristics. Earth’s location Earth is the third planet in the solar system. It is considered to be one of the inner planets next to Venus. Its distance from the sun is about 93 million miles and it takes about 500 seconds for sunlight to reach the earth's surface. This distance from the sun is enough to support life. As we learned in our previous science lessons, the producers, or organisms that manufacture their own food utilize the energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy that marks the beginning of food chains and complex food webs. Below is the chemical equation called photosynthesis which utilizes solar energy, converting it into food that will be made available to life forms. The distance between earth and sun is strategic enough to put this essential chemical equation to work. CO2+H20 —— > Ce6H120e + O2 If the earth had been too close to the sun, its surface would have been dry and lifeless just like mercury and Venus. If it had been too far like Uranus and Neptune, it would have been cold and dark. Earth's tactical location also prevents it from planetary collisions. The fact that Jupiter, the biggest planet in the solar system is our neighbor puts planet earth in an advantage as far as life is taken into consideration. Between Mars and Jupiter are asteroid belts. Since Jupiter is so massive, its gravity is so strong that it pulls asteroids and other space debris towards itself, warding it away from the earth. Earth’s atmosphere The atmosphere is the gaseous layer that envelops the earth. It regulates the planet's surface temperature. Most of the element that makes up the atmosphere is nitrogen (about 78%). If we compare the earth to an apple, the atmosphere is relatively the size of its peel. However, due to its cooling mechanisms, it protects the living things to be directly affected with harmful radiation. O3 ———> 0O2+0 Photodissociation is the process by which ozone molecules (Os) in the stratosphere is broken down (decomposition reaction) into elemental oxygen (O) and diatomic oxygen (Oz) as it absorbs high energy solar radiation and then convert it into low energy radiation. This way, harmful high-energy radiation will not go directly into the earth's surface. Earth’s size and mass The size of the earth also plays a vital role in keeping its life support system afloat. The size of a planet is directly related to its gravitational pull. The acceleration due to gravity helps the planet maintain its atmosphere. If the earth had been bigger than it is, its gravity would have been stronger to the point of not keeping an atmosphere around it. If it had been too small on the other hand, it would not have been able to sustain a gaseous layer since its gravity is too weak. Earth interacts gravitationally with the sun. Its gravity as a result of its mass, also keeps the moon along its orbit. The moon, as the only natural satellite of Earth, plays a vital role in the existence of all life forms. Earth’s Magnetic Field Our planet is a big ball of magnet. Its geographic north serves as its magnetic south and its geographic south serves as its magnetic north. The region around earth that is dominated by magnetic field is called magnetosphere which extends to about 65, 000 km in space. Its magnetic properties are the result of its internal activities involving electric current flowing in the molten core made possible by its rotation. The inner core is the solid layer of the earth and is made predominantly of iron. Since it is compressed by pressure due to earth’s gravity, it is solid in form. The outer core on the other hand, is liquid in form and is made up predominantly of iron and nickel. As the earth spins, the flow of liquid iron and nickel in the outer core produces electric current, thereby producing magnetic field. The invisible magnetic field then passes through the earth's layer and into the space. This magnetic field shields earth from the harmful surge of charged particles from the sun called solar winds and other space weather. Most of the particles of solar winds cannot cross the earth because it gets deflected by the magnetic field. Without the magnetic field, earth would have been as hot and lifeless as Mars. Presence of water Life as we know it, is impossible without a biologically essential compound called water (H2O). Three fourths of the Earth’s surface are covered with water. Scientists have found out that there are other planets of the universe that contain water. However, this compound may exist as ice or vapor alone. On earth however, water exists as gas forming clouds, as liquid in the form of oceans and lakes and as solid in the form ice caps. This is due to hydrologic cycle. Earth has the right amount of water to keep its habitability. Water has a cooling effect due to its heat capacity. It has the capacity to absorb heat without raising its own temperature. As a result, life on earth will be benefited by the cooling effect of water. What’s More Activity 2: Essay Answer the following questions focusing on the content of our lesson. Write your answers on a paragraph form with five (5) to six (6) statements per paragraph. 1. What is the significance of understanding the characteristics of the earth? 3 2. Which of the aforementioned unique characteristic of earth do you like the most and why? Rubrics 1 : for Essay/ Writing Activity Criteria & Descriptive | Unsatisfactory Needs Satisfactory | Outstanding Percentage Rating Improvement RATING score 1 2 3 4 (Score x %) Content & - Content is - Content is -Contentis | - Contentis Development incomplete. not accurate. comprehensi - Major points comprehensi | - Major ve and (70 %) are not clear. ve, points are accurate. -Specific -Major stated. - Major points examples are points are - are stated not used. addressed, Response s_ | clearly and but not well are are well supported. adequate supported. - Responses | and address | - Responses are topic. are excellent, inadequate -Contentis | timely and or do not clear. address address -Specific topic. topic. examples - Content is -Specific are used. clear. examples -Specific do not examples are support used. topic. - - Structure - Structure is | -Structure of Organization of the paper mostly clear | the paper is and structure is not easy and easy to | clear and detract from the | to follow. follow. easy to Organizatio n message. - Transitions | - follow. & Structure - Writing is need Transitions | - Transitions disjointed and improvement | are present. | are logical (15 %) lacks transition : - and maintain of thoughts. - Conclusion | Conclusion | the flow of is missing, or | is logical. thought if provided, throughout does not the paper. flow from the - Conclusion body of the is logical and paper. flows from the body of the paper. Grammar, - Paper - Paper - Rules of - Rules of Punctuatio n contains contains few | grammar, grammar, & Spelling numerous grammatical | usage, and | usage, and grammatical, : punctuation | punctuation (15 %) punctuation, punctuation are followed | are followed; and spelling and spelling | with minor spelling is errors. errors. errors. correct. Spelling is correct. TOTAL RATING 4 Geosphere It is the solid sphere of the earth. This is where different geologic processes such as volcanic activity, formation of mountains, volcanoes and other geologic structures take place. The lithosphere is a part of the geosphere that is composed of the solid, outermost part of the planet. It is where tectonic plates that move, are found, causing the ground to move through vibrations of energy from the mantle. Hydrosphere The hydrosphere is composed of all the waters on earth such as liquid water found in oceans, lakes and streams, polar ice which is solid in form, and water vapor that results from evaporation of liquid water. Earth is sometimes called the blue planet due to the presence of liquid water. Oceans occupy almost 71 percent of the earth’s water. The other fractions are distributed as polar ice and water vapor. Energy from the sun heats up the ocean water unevenly due to the difference in the angle of sun‘s rays across different portions of the earth. This causes difference in ocean temperature. Specifically, the ocean water near the equator is warm while the ocean water near the poles is cold. The difference in the temperature of the planet's water leads to the difference in density which causes water to move by means of convection. The movement of matter as a result of difference in density is called convection current which distributes energy in the ocean. Atmosphere The atmosphere is the gaseous part of the Earth composed of several trace gases necessary to support the existence of all living components such as plants and animals. The atmosphere is divided into layers according to differences in the pattern of temperature as one goes to higher altitude. From the bottom, these are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. Though the atmosphere may be a very thin layer of the earth when compared to the earth's interior, it plays a vital role in maintaining the planet's temperature. It acts as a thermostat. Ozone molecules in the stratosphere absorb high energy radiation by means of photodissociation. Weather occurs in the troposphere. Atmosphere plays a role in weathering of rocks making the earth dynamic. The sun unevenly heats the air which leads to the movement of air molecules. Cold air sinks at bottom of the atmosphere where most life forms are found. This is due to its high density. Hot air, on the other hand rises up due to its low density. This movement distributes energy in the atmosphere. It is the movement of air in the atmosphere that causes weather and climate. Biosphere The biosphere encompasses all life forms on earth from the smallest phytoplankton to the biggest mushroom. Organisms comprising the simplest cyanobacteria to the complex eukaryotes adapt to their natural environment leading to survival. Even in extreme conditions such as extreme heat and the absence of water, some unique plants and animals thrive by means of their evolutionary characteristics. The atmosphere is filled with life in the form of Philippine eagle, monarch butterfly, vampire bat, peregrine falcons, and some flying insects. The hydrosphere is teeming with life as well just like the blue whale, the orca, the starfish and the sea cow. In fact, most of the organisms on earth are found in water. Most of the deep oceans are still uncharted where a host of organisms are yet to be discovered. The lithosphere abounds with life in the form of lush forests and a variability of life forms like the pygmy marmoset, Asian elephant, jerboa, and ostrich. The main source of energy for all life forms is the sun. Through photosynthesis, producers manufacture their own food to produce carbohydrates. The producers or autotrophs are consumed by the consumers in a food chain. A series of food chain comprises a food web. This illustrates that matter and energy flow within the system. An interlinking food chain is called food web. The constant flow of energy on earth is what allows life to perpetuate. What’s more Activity 6: Reflection Paper Reflect on the following question by applying what you learn from the topic on the four subsystems of the Earth. Use the CERA model as you write your reflection pertaining to the topic. Please be guided with the acronym of CERA: C for content, E for your experience, R for your reaction and A for applications of the topic. Write one paragraph for each component. Use a clean sheet of paper for this activity. A rubric will be used to rate your output. Format 5 3 1 (CERA) Concept The concepts are The concepts is/are The concepts is/are clearly stated with clearly stated but the not clearly stated and supporting details that | supporting details are the supporting details entails comprehension § | less comprehensive. are ambiguous. of the subject matter. Experience | Experience shown is Experience is related to | The experience is closely related the the concept/s learned irrelevant or has less concept/s. Many and there are some relevance to the lessons can be taken lessons can be taken concept/s stated. from it. from it. Lessons learned are unpredictable. Reaction Shows very strong Shows strong reaction Shows ambiguity; reaction about the about the concept Seems not affected by concept based on the based on the experience stated and experience/s stated. experience/s Stated. far from the concept/s. Application | Applications pertaining | Statements show Statements show less to the topic is clearly positive response on the | importance of the shown and are very content presented and concepts; concepts comprehensive. Shows | show understanding on | are not necessary for complete when to apply the said any real life situation, understanding of the concepts in real life concepts presented contexts. particularly on how it could be applied in real life situations. What I have learned Activity 7: Summarizing the Concepts Given below are the four subsystems of Earth. Explain how each subsystem affect the flow of matter and energy on Earth. A. Geosphere B. Atmosphere C. Hydrosphere D. Biosphere What! can do Activity 8: Think Beyond the Pages 1. What is the key role that energy plays in the interaction among the four subsystems of the earth? 2. Human beings are parts and parcels of the earth system. Cite one specific event in history that shows the impact of manmade activities which affected or contributed to the planet. Streak Streak refers to the color of mineral in powdered form. The color of mineral's powdered form may differ from its color in solid form. A mineral is rubbed against an unglazed ceramic tile to observe its streak. Metallic minerals have streaks that are dark in color. For example, the streak of a gold-colored pyrite is black in color. On the other hand, the streak of nonmetallic minerals is generally light in color. Cleavage and fracture Cleavage refers to the ability of a mineral to split along a weak plane forming flat surface. Calcite is an example of mineral that has cleavage in three directions. On the other hand, fracture refers to the capacity of a certain mineral to break along curved surfaces. Quartz is an example of mineral that has fracture. Density Density is defined as the compactness of a sample of matter. It is calculated as mass divided by volume. Different samples of mineral of the same size differ in mass because of the different elements that make up such minerals. Minerals containing heavy metals like uranium, lead, silver and gold have densities that range from 7 to 20 g/cm®.The periodic table of elements shows that each element has a unique density. Hardness The tendency of a mineral to resist abrasion (scratching) is termed as hardness. The Mohs scale of hardness shows the arrangement of minerals from the softest (talc) to the hardest (diamond). Hardness is the result of intermolecular bonding. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness arranges minerals according to their scratch resistance. From the softest to the hardest mineral, the sequence of the Mohs scale is as follows: Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Feldspar, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, and Diamond. Talc is the softest mineral while diamond is the hardest Reaction with acids Minerals that contain carbonate (COs*) react with acid. For example, a sample of calcite reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCI). Fluorescence The ability of minerals to glow when bombarded with ultraviolet light is called fluorescence. In this condition, minerals may not glow under ordinary light. This is because such minerals are selective of the wavelength of light that causes it to glow. Calcite possesses this property. Phosphorescence Some minerals would continue to glow even after a source of ultraviolet light has been turned off. This ability is called phosphorescence. The ore of lithium possesses this characteristic. 12 What’s more Activity 10: What Am I? Browse through the net using the link, https://bit.ly/3iIZEA6 and identify the minerals which are being described based on the given physical and chemical properties. Use a clean sheet of paper to do this. Copy and answer. (1 point each) Physical/Chemical Properties Mineral 1.Pink or white, wavy lines, right angles, 2 cleavage planes 2.Black and splintery, 2 cleavage, barely scratches glass 3. Glassy, used to make glass, no cleavage planes 4.Olive green, sugary, component of peridotite (mantle) 5.Talcum powder, scratch with fingernails, too small crystals 6.Salty taste, perfect cubic cleavage, NaCl crystals 7.Many colors, doesn’t scratch glass, 4 cleavage planes, hydrofluoric acid 8.Scratch with fingernail, Pencil “lead”, slippery 9.Yellow streak, used to make sulfuric acid, cluster of brittle crystals 10.Gray streak, iron oxide, magnetic, high specific gravity What | have learned Activity 11- Physical Properties of Minerals Fill out the graphic organizer below applying important concepts about minerals and its properties. Physical Properties of iinerals colo | JI | oy tS ae Csi] 3 Rubric 1: Graphic Organizer Criteria 4 Exemplary Organization Extremely well Content Ideas ® A organized structure and visually presented with flow of concepts Thorough and insightful understanding of concepts Insightful and well considered ideas making a lot of connections What! can do 3 Accomplished Organized structure with illustration and flow of concepts Complete understanding of concepts Ideas are considered; more than one thoughtful connection is made Activity 11- Think Beyond the Pages 2 Developing Somewhat organized structure with illustration of concepts Shows some understanding of concepts Ideas are somewhat with the topic; makes some connections 1 Beginning Poorly organized structure and illustration Shows incompl ete understanding of concepts Ideas are not clear; few connections 1. An unknown mineral possesses a black streak and a density of 18 g/cm’. Based on these data, can you tell what mineral is it? Do you think it is metallic or nonmetallic? Summary e Earth is a unique planet because of the properties that make it habitable. First, it is located in the best location in the solar system. Second, it contains an atmosphere that acts as a planet's thermostat. Third, its size and mass are enough to keep a gravitational force thatis neither too weak nor too strong. Fourth, it has a magnetic field that shields solar winds and other space ° ° ° ° whether. Lastly, it contains the right amount of water to support life. 14