The Highlights of Endocrine Systems - Lecture Notes | BIOL 543, Study notes of Biology

Download The Highlights of Endocrine Systems - Lecture Notes | BIOL 543 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 1 The Highlights of Endocrine Systems. Chemical Signals, extracellular molecules coordinating an animal's response to its the environment and coordinating a cell's or tissue's response to their environment. neurotransmitters, neurohormones, hormones, autocrine and paracrine factors. Soluble and membrane bound signal molecules (e.g. hormones and cell surface proteins (both versions of cell-cell communication) Differences between Exocrine and endocrine glands (anatomical, orientation, function, etc) and between exocrine – endocrine – neuroendocrine – nerve cells. Homeostasis; its meaning and relevance to life. Negative and positive feedback. Steady state. Major classes of hormones. Specific differences between peptide and steroid hormones: mechanisms of synthesis and release; mechanisms of hormone action (receptor / transduction mechanisms). Synthesis of peptides/proteins, packaging into vesicles, storage of vesicles, and the mechanisms of vesicle release (exocytosis). Synthesis of steroids, mechanisms governing their release. Peptide hormone receptors, G-proteins, cAMP and IP3 pathways, Ca++, actions of cAMP, IP3 and Ca++. Steroid hormone receptors and their actions. Be able to consider the overall affect the hormone has on a target cell (what final product is being regulated) and to propose a relevant biochemical transduction pathway that reasonably effects that action (e.g. gene expression, phosphorylation or Ca++ binding). The Nitric Oxide pathway; would NO be best characterized as an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine factor? What factor(s) influence(s) a cell's ability to respond to a hormone? Glucogon/Insulin/Glucose Metab: Factors in body that stimulate their release, structure of hormones, where they are synthesized, how they are stored and released, their action on target cells (receptor/transduction mechanisms), their biochemical influence on the conversion of Glycogen to Glucose (or reverse). The homeostatic regulation of glucose levels. Organization of the pancreas as an endocrine organ; contrast the pancreas organization in both its endocrine and exocrine functions. Hypothalamic/Pituitary hormones: Organization of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary, the types of cells involved and types of hormones involved. The general features of how hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells regulate the release of hormones from the pituitary in the anterior pituitary. The differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary. Thyroid Hormone: Factors in body that stimulate their release of TH. Structure of TH; structure of Thyroid gland and the pathway involved in synthesizing and releasing TH. 2 Regulation of Thyroid Hormone release by Thyroid Hormone Releasing Hormone (TRH) in the Hypothalamus and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from the pituitary. The structure of TRH and TSH, their mechanisms of synthesis and release and their mode of action on target cells (receptor/transduction mechanisms). The homeostatic regulation of the thyroid pathway (of thyroid hormone levels) – negative feedback. The mechanism by which neuronal activity stimulates but T3 inhibits TRH release by hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells. The mechanisms by which TRH stimulates but T3 inhibits TSH release by pituitary cells. GnRH/FSH-LH/Testosterone Structure and function of Testosterone. Testosterone production in the testis; organization of the testis (seminiferous tubules, interstitial space, sperm development, sertoli cells (location and function), Leydig Cells (location and function). Hormonal interactions between hypothalmic neuroendocrine cells (GnRH), pituitary cells (LH and FSH), Leydig cells (testosterone) and sertoli cells ( Androgen Binding Protein & Inhibin). Structure and function of GnRH, FSH, LH, Testosterone; mechanisms of synthesis and release; mechanisms of hormone action (receptors/transduction pathways). The homeostatic regulation (negative feedback) of the GnRH/LH-FSH/Testosterone pathway. The mechanisms by which neuronal activity stimulates but testosterone inhibits GnRH release by hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells. The mechanisms by which GnRH stimulates but testosterone inhibits FSH or LH release by pituitary cells. The mechanism by which Inhibin inhibits FSH or LH release by pituitary cells. GnRH/FSH-LH/Estrogen/Progesterone/Chorionic Gonadotropin Structure and function of Estrogen (and Progesterone). Mammalian egg development, structure of ovary, organization of oocyte and follicle cells, differences between oocyte/follicles and corpus luteum, follicular phase v. ovulation v. luteal phase. Cellular processes that induce ovulation. The cellular/tissue sources of estrogen and progesterone synthesis/release. Hormonal interactions between Hypothalmic neuroendocrine cells (GnRH), pituitary cells (LH and FSH), follicle cells (estrogen) during the follicular phase and ovulation. Hormonal interactions between Hypothalmic neuroendocrine cells (GnRH), pituitary cells (LH and FSH), corpus luteum (progesterone) during the luteal phase. Dynamics and interactions between Negative and Positive feedback of Estrogen during the Follicular phase, up to ovulation. Structure, function, and tissue source of Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG), and factors that influence the synthesis and release of CG.