Hydrogen Economy: Technology, Pathways, Economics and Policy - Lecture #1, Study notes of Public Policy

Download Hydrogen Economy: Technology, Pathways, Economics and Policy - Lecture #1 and more Study notes Public Policy in PDF only on Docsity! The Hydrogen Economy Technology, Pathways, Economics and Policy Lecture #1 Chris Yang Fall 2004 TTP 289-002 2 Hydrogen Pathways Course • Introductions • Course overview ! Objective ! Lectures ! Homework ! Project • Survey ! Coursework background ! Goals of course ! Current thoughts regarding H2 3 Course Objective • Introduction to primary technologies, economics and social/policy issues associated with the development of a hydrogen economy or other energy pathways ! Energy engineering and analysis concepts ! Hydrogen production ! Storage and distribution ! Fuel conversion, utilization and applications ! Economic and policy issues • Develop tools for examining and evaluating different energy systems ! Energy systems engineering analysis ! Environmental impacts ! Economic assessment 4 Systems analysis for energy and environment • Energy systems are an interdisciplinary/multidisciplinary study area ! Engineering • Technologies and processes • Mass and energy flows ! Environmental and earth sciences • Impacts on environment and human health • Sustainability ! Private and social economics • Calculating private costs and benefits • Public costs and benefits ! Policy and social tools and impacts • Identifying policy goals • Options to incentivize socially beneficial behavior • Social and economic impacts - equity and justice • Our focus is on hydrogen but tools can be applied to many different energy systems Engineering Environment PolicyEconomics H 2 9 Another set of questions to ask • If these are our policy goals, what are the most efficacious ways to achieve those goals ! Providing affordable energy services ! Air quality ! CO2 emissions ! Energy security and reliability ! Sustainability • Are these are only energy-related (transportation or otherwise) goals? • Is technology the answer? ! Mass transit ! Urban planning 10 Energy Context • Applications and Alternatives ! Transportation • Petroleum ! Stationary Electricity • Natural Gas • Coal • Nuclear • Renewables ! US energy use - 100 quads (106 EJ or 2.8 x 108 MWh) Diagram 1. Energy Flow, 2003 (Quadrilion Btu) Experts ol Re Bie? ore * Natural gos part iui Corwerthoal hycrosec poner, mood, wast, ethan ectterma, soir, ord wie inelils -0.08 gunn Bt hyeeonincre ped storage, Netra gs, cos cel coke, and acti. "Slack changes. buace, gine, miscellaneous Mardis components, and unaccounted tar supa Crude 6, pavolnUm procs, tral Gt, aeriy, ed cowl coke, Ineuds superar paveous ves lide ino enter gualoe, nergy ltorme Prtoleum products, clang natural gos plat hues ‘elude 0.06 quacllon Bu of o2a ake at npn incades i qusdiien Bu, 0.08 hyerootdr purpad storage; 0.24 ahaa blondes ‘mate pasalne, wrieh i aceaure rin bo ‘ol fuss anc erenable enor Duk SOMES Snipe tsi cotzumsizn’ sre 602 sleeve nat me nary coneugton lect ed sale, ae oleic eytam srgy ise, which ere local the enduse sectors propoion ta each sectors share of tl lec real ‘elu Ste ote dhand of Satin 2 Neies= Data are pratirnary. Tats ay ns aq! sur ot components dhe to independon rurdeg Souohe Tables 19,62, 1.3.44, an8 248 19 Admloltration/ Annual Energy Review 2003 a Figure 2.1b Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 194-2003 Residential Bacties se Losses" é os B Natural Gas Commercial Etecviel ‘Losses Be a a4 Blowin ea Bleercy ° a Natural Gas 2 Poveleun 2 0 0 1380 1980 970 880 1980 z00 7380 1980 1970 1980 1980 7000 Industrial Transportation 2 28 Petroleum ’ ‘ Netw! Gas . a Potroleum “4 7 Natura! Gas . 1960 1980 970 ‘80 900 2000 980 +980 1970 1980 080 x00 * Eiparcalsysiom erexgy leans acodiated wit "he goversion, Yanawrieson,s50 alatbu ton of energy the orm ol alac ote: Baeguge vari aeles ar, gruphe saunas samara, Seca Tables 2 fbn? fe Energy ltormtion Administration / Annal Energy Review 2059 x Diagram 2. Petroleum Flow, 2003 (Million Barrels per Day) Retned Prods Epes ite ase oo er Se / ating Product? Pps Er ee: Lewss? ‘or Rsprocssng ges: / Hocidente 0.88 rou x SRE cute So CF sop « gs Rene 098 i landing omponsete 80 © [mthished ols racre gasalie blending components. avatin gasaine Beng jomponcrta, anc ctr Myeroateona and exyacnates Fla production (012), nat Imoems (0.71) ret range n etooe -0 03) anareproseesing eon £ Fisived petroleum procs, Equi nelaum gases, ant pentane pas "Unteised als eapng turer afer propasing, ard avatiorHlerdrg comgenents Energy Informetion Adminitretion / Anaual Energy Review 2000 Figure 5.1 Petroleum Overview "Natal gas plat Is Notes: = Cata are pretminary + Totals ray not equal aum ct componcrts sue te Inzependert unaing Soames Tables 84,58, 55, 86, 811, 5195 18d, 578, anc Felaleurn Supply Mem. February 2004, Table & wa Overview, 1949-2003, Damasts Susp _ Net imparts o 190 19501870880 te 2000 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Plant Liquids Production, 1949-2003 : s74in “2003 a Netw Ges Pant Llc ° so 1960107002000 Giute of and resural gas prt Icuids production retnary processing gains: and fd prediceon of har hverscartens,nyoregen genitas (ness and nent), gassing ashe [Rp oomponestn arti ptaeum pout o Domest Supply* impos Exports Procucts Supplied" Trade, 1949-2003 Prove imports 080 1970 1980 1990) 2000 Note: Because vera sees air, raphe should not Be corpses Sourons Taties 5180053, Information Administration Annual Energy Review 2003 19 Climate as a driver • Near term hydrogen production is likely to be mostly from fossil fuels ! Abundant resources ! Mature, well-understood technologies ! Lowest cost hydrogen • Climate change issues ! California climate change • Why hydrogen? ! Offers potential for 100% decarbonized transportation fuel sector 20 CO2 emissions • Hybrids may be competitive in terms of CO2 and other GHG emissions in the near term • Decarbonization ! Vehicle efficiency ! Fuel carbon content Weiss et al 21 Fuel cell vehicles • Future of hydrogen is linked to fuel cells ! Development of low cost, durable fuel cells must be coincident with the development of a low cost production and distribution system for hydrogen. ! Challenges for transportation fuel cell vehicles • Low cost • Durability • Hydrogen storage • Systems integration • Safety • Marketing ! Fundamental shift in automotive paradigm with fuel cells, which produce electricity. • Electric vehicles • Very different from ICEs • Hybrids as a bridge 22 Hydrogen Pathways • Pathway - a route that includes all of the upstream inputs and processes associated with supplying hydrogen to the point of usage and typically include: ! Primary energy feedstock ! Conversion method (H2 production) ! Transmission, distribution and delivery ! Storage and packaging • Onsite and distributed pathways • Centralized pathways • Pathways can be characterized by process flowcharts ! Energy and efficiency flows ! Chemical flows ! Emissions data ! Economic data 23 Distributed and Centralized Pathways H2 station Existing energy infrastructure On-site H2 production On-site H2 production H2 station Local distribution network Plant to city-gate transmission Central H2 Plant Central H2 production 24 Hydrocarbon pathways • Primary energy feedstocks ! Hydrocarbons • Natural gas • Coal • Oil • Biomass • Conversion process ! Steam reforming ! Gasification ! Partial oxidation • Secondary processes ! Water gas shift ! Purification and separation steps • Carbon dioxide byproduct ! Capture ! Sequestration Petroleum Thermo- chemical Hydrocarbon Conversion Natural Gas Coal Biomass H2 CO2