Gender Differences in Positive Outlook, Emotions, and Anger: Empirical Research - Prof. Pa, Exams of Marketing Research

Download Gender Differences in Positive Outlook, Emotions, and Anger: Empirical Research - Prof. Pa and more Exams Marketing Research in PDF only on Docsity! Marketing Research Dr. Pamela Miles Homer Cristiane Naciff Arman Ghamami Andrea Schipper Theingi Lin The Impact of Emotions  Objectives: – Our analysis will show how emotions affect people’s lives and at what level of intensity based on the 1996 data available in the General Social Survey. The Impact of Emotions  Presenting our conclusions: Our analysis will uncover which techniques people use to divert or change the intensity of their feelings as well as the roles gender differences might play. Hypotheses  Based on the data available for our analysis, we developed six hypotheses that are related to how emotions affect people’s lives and to what degree. Empirical Research for Hypothesis #1  H1: Women have a less positive outlook on life than men.  In some of the past research we found that in fact, women do have a less positive outlook in life than men. Reasons for this difference may rely on series of outside events that can occur throughout their lives, in which women are more vulnerable to react to them than men are. (Colvin 2006) Empirical Research for Hypothesis #4  H4: Women are more content in marriage than men, while married people are more content than unmarried people.  Studies argue that in fact women are more content in marriage than men as women have the tendency to perceive the promise of permanency as a feeling of well-being and security among other reasons (Niolon 2003). Empirical Research for Hypothesis #5  H5: Exercise is the best predictor of feeling content in regards to techniques used to change one’s state of anger.  Research has shown that exercising is very beneficial in assisting to channel out anger out of one’s life (Messina 1999). Empirical Research for Hypothesis #6  H6: Men get angrier at themselves compared to women.  The article “Men and Mental Health”, showed that in fact men do get angrier at themselves at twice the rate women do (Milsner 2001) Data Analysis for Hypothesis 1  Hypothesis 1: Women have a less positive outlook on life than men.  H0: The two means (men versus females) are equal  HA: The two means differ from each other Results: H1  A t-Test was conducted to evaluate whether women have a less positive outlook on life than men.  t-Test was significant  t(1447) = 2.78, p<.01. Limitations: H1  Participants were encouraged if they felt a certain way at any time during a day to make that day “count.” Thus, if respondent felt a certain way for just one second, it was counted as one whole day possibly skewing the data.  Because respondents only self-rated once for 7 days, time might not reflect how respondents usually feel. Methodology: Measures & Sample  Hypothesis 2: Women are more depressed, worried, sad and angry than men.  DV= Numerous emotions (depression, sadness, loneliness, worrying, calmness, pride)  DV= Number of days  IV = Gender (male, female) Methodology: Measures & Sample  Sample size – M = 635 – F = 820  Design: Descriptive Research  Test: Independent Samples t-Test Data Analysis for Hypothesis 2  Hypothesis 2: Women are more depressed, worried, sad and angry than men.  H0: The two means (men versus females) are equal.  HA: The two means differ from each other Interpretation: H2  Based on the number of days people felt these emotions:  Women feel more depressed (M=1.37) than men (M=1.12).  Women feel more sad (M=1.84) than men do (M=1.44).  Women feel more lonely (M=1.68) than men do (M=1.28).  Women feel more worried (M=3.14) than men do (M=2.45).  Women feel less calm (M=4.41) than men do (M=4.83).  Women feel less proud (M=2.87) than men do (M=3.23). Interpretation: H2  This analysis supported our Hypothesis that women feel more depressed, worried and sad but we could not confirm that they feel angrier than men.  The results indicate than women feel these negative emotions longer than men, suggesting that women are more likely to suffer from depression than men do. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 M en W om en Depression Sadness Loneliness Worrying Calmness Pride N u m b e r o f D a y s E m o ti o n s F e lt Interpretation: H2 Methodology: Measures & Sample Sample Size: M = 477 F = 641 Design: Descriptive Research Test: Independent Samples t-Test Data Analysis for Hypothesis 3  Hypothesis 3: Men and women who get angry, get angry at their spouses more than at other people.  H0: The two means (men versus females) are equal  HA: The two means differ from each other Results: H3  t-Tests were conducted to evaluate at whom men and women get angry at.  t-Test for summated scale was significant.  t(1116) = 3.47, p<.05, meaning that there are gender differences for whom they get angry at. 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2 Strangers Self Spouse Women Men M e a n s o f “Y e s ” re s p o n s e s Interpretation: H3 Limitations: H3  Social desirability bias: Respondents might have answered how society would want them to answer (e.g., afraid to admit of getting angry at children for legal repercussions).  Interviewer bias: Interviewers were instructed to probe “So that’s a co-worker” if unsure about chosen person, for example. Methodology (H4): Measures  Hypothesis 4: Women are more content in marriage than men, while married people are more content than non-married people.  DV: Number of Days  IV: Marital Status (married, widowed, divorced, separated, never married)  IV: Gender (male, female) Results: H4  2x5 Factorial ANOVA was conducted.  ANOVA indicated no significant interaction between gender and marital status, F(4,1443) = 1.78, p>.10.  ANOVA indicated no significant main effect for gender, F(1,1443)= .008, p>.05.  ANOVA did reveal a significant main effect for marital status, F(4,1443)= 6.24, p<.001. Results: H4  A non-significant gender main effect shows that men and women feel the same level of contentment, disputing that women feel more content in marriage than men do.  Significant main effect for marital status means that there are differences in contentment, depending on type of marital status. Post-hoc Analysis: H4  Duncan post-hoc analysis concluded that married people (M=4.77) are more content than separated people (M=3.71) and are more content than never married people (M=4.25).  Also, widowed people (M=5.25) are more content than divorced people (M=4.45), more content than never married people (M=4.25), and more content than separated people (M=3.71). Limitations: H4  Because respondents only self-rated once for 7 days, time might not reflect how respondents usually feel.  Coding errors might have skewed data. Methodology: Measures (H5)  Hypothesis 5: Exercise is the best predictor of feeling content in regards to techniques to change state of anger.  DV (Criterion) : Number of Days  IV (Predictors) : Left situation, talked to person I was angry at, tried to accept situation, had drink or pill, exercised, waited for feelings to pass, yelled or hit something, tried to forget it, think about situation Methodology: Sample & Analyses  Sample size: 1112  Design: Descriptive research  Analysis: Regression  Test: Overall model F-Test and t-Tests Results: H5  Out of all 9 predictors, only two are significant unique predictors of contentment: Had drink/pill (t(9)= 2.69, p<.05) and Exercised (t(9)= 1.64, p=.10). Interpretation: H5  The multiple regression model suggests that only 2% of contentment can be explained by the predictors. Best techniques for feeling content are: 1. Having drink or pill (standardized coefficient b=.08) followed by 2. Exercise (standardized coefficient b=.05). Interpretation: H5  Interviewers’ instructions were: “I’m going to show you a list of things that people SOMETIMES do to change their feelings.”  Based on this questions, it seems plausible why Pill/Drink is the best technique for feeling content.  Nonetheless, this study found that Exercise is the 2nd best technique, which is in line with Thayer’s results that Active Mood Management is the most successful technique for changing bad mood. Methodology: Measures (H6)  Hypothesis 6: Men get angrier at themselves than women do.  DV: Anger (yes, no)  IV: Gender (male, female) Methodology: Analysis (H6)  Sample size: M = 477 F = 641  Design: Descriptive research  Analysis: Chi-Square Data Analysis for Hypothesis 6  Hypothesis 6: Men get angrier at themselves than women do.  H0: Gender and Anger are independent  HA: Gender and Anger are related Interpretation: H6 sex i m4te [FEMALE ANGRY AT SELF Limitations: H6  Out of a total sample of 2904, 1786 respondent answers were missing, which could have tipped the scale to people actually showing anger at themselves more than not.  Thus, the missing cases could have skewed the data. Conclusions  Women are more likely to become depressed than men, due to many factors. Problem  If men tend to get angry at themselves more often than women, why are women less content, happy, and have a higher rate of depression? Solution  Women do get angry at themselves less often than men yet, they also feel these negative emotions at a much higher intensity and for longer periods of time. Therefore, women increase the possibility that depression will be the outcome of these emotions.  Men tend to get over their anger quickly and are more likely to scapegoat their anger, where as women are more likely to blame themselves. Problem  What is the best technique for relieving anger?  Statistically, taking a drink/pill is what individuals prefer to deal with when experiencing anger and negative emotions. References Milsner, Wayne L. (2001), “Why Do Men Get Angry?”, http://www.mental-health-matters.com Niolon, Richard (2003), “Partners & Couples,” http://www.psychpage.com Thayer, Robert E., Robert Newman, and Tracy McClain (1994), “Self-Regulation of Mood: Strategies for Changing a Bad Mood, Raising Energy, and Reducing Tension,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 910-925. References Tucker-Ladd, Clay (2006), “Anger + Frustration,” http://www.thisisawar.com