Characterization of Edmond Dantes: Revenge Motive in The Count of Monte Cristo, Slides of English Language

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THE MOTIVATION IN COMMITING REVENGE AS REVEALED IN DANTES’ THREE CHARACTERS SEEN IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’ THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By KRISTOFORUS HANDRIANUS SANAM Student Number: 064214014 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011 THE MOTIVATION IN COMMITING REVENGE AS REVEALED IN DANTES’ THREE CHARACTERS SEEN IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’ THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By KRISTOFORUS HANDRIANUS SANAM Student Number: 064214014 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011 I slept and dreamed that fife was joy” Rabindranath Tagore WwW OW “Be patient with everyone, but above all with yourself. Do not be disturbed because of your imperfections, and always rise up bravely from a fall. Daily make a new beginning; there is no better means of progress in the spiritual life than to be continually beginning afresh, and never to think that we have done enough” St. Francis de Sales iv Dedicated to my beloved parents, my three charming sisters, my two adopted sisters y Pp and my cute niece... LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Kristoforus Handrianus Sanam Nomor Mahasiswa _: 064214014 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharna karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: THE MOTIVATION IN COMMITING REVENGE AS REVEALED IN DANTES’ THREE CHARACTERS SEEN IN ALEXANDER DUMAS’ THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain, untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: | Mei 2011 Yang Menyatakan Kristoforus Handrianus Sanam vi 3. The Count of Monte Cristo .......cccsceccsseeesseeseeteseeeseeee se C. Dantes’ Motivation in Committing Revenge Revealed in His Three Disguising Character: 1. Abbe Busoni . 2. Lord Wilmore .. 3. The Count of Monte Cristo CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ..........ccsccscscesessestessestesessseseesesseeneseenneseaee BIBLIOGRAPHY .0....0.ccscscccsesseseesessesseeseseesnesessessessesessseseesssseaneseenneneee APPENDIX ...00..0..cecceseeeeeees The Summary of Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte C ix 46 49 50 53 54 64 68 71 71 ABSTRACT KRISTOFORUS HANDRIANUS SANAM (2011). The Motivation in Committing Revenge as Revealed in Dantes’ Three Characters Seen in Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. This thesis discusses the novel The Count of Monte Cristo. The focus of discussion is on the motivation of Edmond Dantes as the main character in committing revenge. His motivation is revealed through his three disguising characters. Dantes’ disguising characters are Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte Cristo. In order to focus on the study, there are three objectives of the study to discuss. Firstly, the writer describes the characterization of Edmond Dantes before and after the accusation. Secondly, the discussion deals with the characterization of Dantes’s three disguising characters. Lastly, the study reveals the motivation of Edmond Dantes and his three disguising characters in committing revenge. His character changes, both physiques and behaviors during his disguise, help him to plot the series of revenge. This study is conducted using library research method. It means that the sources are taken from books, journals and written sources from the internet. These sources are aimed to provide basic study on the novel and the author. They also provide theories for this research. Psychological approach is used to support this study because Edmond Dantes’ behavior changes relates to psychological matter. There are three main conclusions based on the analysis. Firstly, before the accusation, Dantes is described as a young man with an ideal and perfect posture. He is also described as a good man with good manner. He respects everyone and hates no one. After the accusation, Dantes’ behavior slowly changes. In the prison, he easily gets angry. He loses hope, self-confidence and even wants to commit suicide. Dantes’ behavior changes continue when he escaped from the prison. He is full of revenge and thinks nothing except to punish his enemies. Dantes disguises in three different characters namely Abbe Busoni, as a Priest, Lord Wilmore, as the English noble man, and The Count, as an Italian nobleman. Abbe Busoni and Lord Wilmore are aimed to find and gather information about the enemies. These characters also reveal justice, the truth of his case. The Count is the character who executes them. He does not kill them directly, but he made them suffer deeply. So, the motivations of his disguising are to find Justice and to punish his enemies. He wants them to feel the same pain of loses and live in misery as he did. ABSTRAK KRISTOFORUS HANDRIANUS SANAM (2011). The Motivation in Committing Revenge as Revealed in Dantes’ Three Characters Seen in Alexander Dumas’s The Count of Monte Cristo. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Skripsi ini membahas novel, The Count of Monte Cristo. Pokok pembahasan adalah motivasi Edmond Dantes sebagai tokoh utama dalam melakukan balas dendam. Motivasinya tersingkap lewat tiga tokoh penyamarannya. Tokoh-tokoh tersebut adalah Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore dan The Count of Monte Cristo. Agar tetap fokus pada pembahasan, ada tiga rumusan masalah yang akan dikaji. Pertama, penulis secara khusus menggambarkan penokohan Edmond Dantes sebelum dan sesudah tuduhan. Kedua, pembahasan berkaitan dengan penokohan tiga tokoh penyamaran Dantes. Terakhir pembahasan menyingkap motivasi Dantes dan tiga tokoh penyamarannya dalam melakukan balas dendam. Perubahan karakternya baik fisik maupun perilaku selama penyamarannya membantu dia dalam melakukan balas dendam. Studi ini dibahas dengan menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Maksudnya bahwa sumber-sumber diambil dari buku, journal dan berbagai sumber tertulis dari internet. Sumber-sumber ini dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan kajian pokok tentang novel dan penulisnya. Sumber-sumber ini juga manyajikan teori-teori untuk studi ini. Pendekatan psikologi digunakan untuk mendukung studi ini karena perubahan perilaku Edmond Dantes berkaitan dengan masalah psikologi. Ada tiga kesimpulan utama berdasarkan hasil analisis. Pertama, sebelum tuduhan, Dantes digambarkan sebagai anak muda dengan postur yang ideal dan sempurna. Dia juga digambarkan sebagai orang baik yang memiliki sikap yang baik. Dia menghargai siapa saja dan tidak membenci orang lain. Setelah tuduhan, perilaku Dantes berubah perlahan-lahan. Di penjara, dia mudah marah. Dantes hilang harapan dan rasa percaya diri bahkan dia berniat untuk bunuh diri. Perubahan perilakunya berlanjut ketika dia melarikan diri dari penjara. Dantes dipenuhi oleh rasa balas dendam. Dia tidak memikirkan yang lain kecuali ingin menghukum musuh-musuhnya. Dantes menyamar menjadi tiga tokoh yakni Abbe Busoni sebagai Imam, Lord Wilmore sebagai bangsawan Inggris dan The Count of Monte Cristo sebagai bangsawan Italia. Abbe Busoni dan Lord Wilmore dimaksudkan untuk mencari dan mengumpulkan informasi tentang musuh- musuhnya. Tokoh-tokoh ini juga menyingkap keadilan, yakni kebenaran tentang masalahnya. The Count adalah orang yang menghukum mereka. Dia tidak membunuh mereka secara langsung tetapi dia membuat mereka sangat menderita. Jadi motivasi penyamarannya untuk mencari keadilan dan menghukum musuhnya. Dantes ingin agar mereka merasakan sakitnya kehilangan dan hidup dalam penderitaan, sama seperti yang dia rasakan. xi Dumas’ The count of Monte Cristo is an influential adventure story, and this story is of course different from his other adventure stories such as The Three Musketeers and The man in the Iron Mask. In this novel, the author presents the action of Edmond Dantes as the main character who develops with three disguising characters. Those characters are Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte Cristo. Each character is characterized differently although they are the same man, Edmond Dantes. There are some similarities in characteristics, but basically, there are also some differences especially in physical appearance and motive of revenge. These three disguising characters are of course presented on purpose. Edmond Dantes uses these characters to achieve his main motivation. Gerring and Zimbardo in their book Psychology and Life state a simple understanding of motivation. “Motivation is the process of starting, directing and maintaining physical and psychological activities toward a certain goal” (2002: 364). Gerring and Zimbardo underline that motivation is the basic, which becomes the reason to do something. They mean that to reach a certain purpose, people usually have motivation, which urges them to star and act both physically and psychologically. Undoubtedly, Edmond Dantes’ motivation using these three characters is to commit ‘revenge’. In The Count of Monte Cristo, revenge is a prominent topic which arouses readers’ mind. In this story, it seems that the author brings out revenge as an important matter revealed in the main character’s action. “The word "vengeance" is nice compared to which Edmond Dantes reigns on his enemies. With the help of his former prison mate and a few pirates, Dantes uses his newfound fortune to eradicate his enemies” (http://www.online-literature.com/dumas/cristo/html). Dantes’ revenge is quite strong. He thinks nothing except to make his enemies, the people who had caused his misery, feel the same pain. To achieve this aim, he disguises in three different characters which help him to achieve his revenge. He starts from seeking the information, maintaining the process until executes his enemies. Edmond Dantes’ disguising is the process to maintain his revenge. Throughout these characters, he seeks and gathers information about his enemies as much as possible and finally he achieves his motivation of revenge. His motivation of revenge is stated in the following quotation. “To seek justice for the three men who so selfishly stole 14 years of his life, Edmund Dantes uses deception to emotionally and financially destroy his foes. The Count of Monte Cristo operates very much like the Russian mafia; if a wrongful act is committed, the wrong-doer's entire family and fortune is extinguished before his or her very eyes” (http://www.online-literature.com/dumas/cristo/html). His motivation is ‘to find justice and declare punishment on his enemies’. Justice he achieves is the truth of his guiltless. He proofs that he is not guilty as accused. He makes his enemies confess their faults and confess that Dantes is not guilty. During his disguising, Dantes also implicitly restores his good name as a good man with good manner. He does not only disguise to punish his enemies, but he also makes some kindness such as help Monsieur Morrel, his former boss, from bankruptcy and Bertuccio from his imprisonment. Another motivation of his revenge is to punish his enemies. He makes his enemies feel and live in misery as they did to him. Dantes commits punishment as the right justice as well. He thinks that justice is only done when he can revenge his enemies who had trapped him with the false accusation. Even he said, “Human justice is sadly lacking in consolation; it can only shed blood in exchange for blood” (Dumas, 1997: 115). This quotation shows how Dantes’ vengeance is quite strong. He commits his own justice, which means blood changes to blood. When people do something wrong which causes much misery, then they must pay back what they have done. Since Edmond Dantes plots revenge using three different characters, in which each of them has their own motive, it is close to the topic of this research ‘The Motivation In Committing Revenge as Revealed in Dantes’ Three Characters Seen in Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo.’ Throughout this research, the writer will find out what motivation and jobs revealed by Dantes’ three disguising characters. The writer will provide many proofs about motivation behind his revenge. B. Problem Formulation In order to focus on the topic, thus the writer provides some problems to discuss deeply. The problems are stated in questions that will lead the writer directly to the main analysis. The problems are namely: 1. How is Dantes characterized in the story? 2. How are Dantes’ three disguising characters described in the story? 3. How do Dantes’ three disguising characters reveal his motivation in committing revenge? CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW In this chapter, the writer will deal with the three important parts. They are review of related studies, review of related theories and theoretical framework. Firstly, review of related studies will discuss the previous analysis on the same book, Alexander Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo, but on the different topic. This part also will cover the discussion on the same topic with this research, including review on Alexander Dumas as the author of The Count of Monte Cristo. Secondly, review of related theories discuses some related theories used in this research. Thirdly, theoretical framework explains how the theories in this research support the analysis in Chapter IV. A. Review of Related Studies A work of literature is said to have quality when it gets more criticisms. It means that a criticism whether it is an agreement or disagreement can help both the authors and readers to understand more about a work of literature. Criticism can be a good discussion or information, which explicitly reveals the main ideas of the author, so that readers with no confusion can easily obtain and understand that work of literature. There are some criticisms directed to Alexander Dumas and his novel The Count of Monte Cristo as a work of literature. Alexander Dumas will be remembered not only for The Count of Monte Cristo, but also for his other major novels, The Three Musketeers and The Man in the Iron Mask. Although on the surface, much of Dumas's writing is simple adventure; most of Dumas's works have deeper meanings. These meanings include man's relationship to God and one another, man's sinful nature and greed, and man's ability to forgive and be forgiven. Dumas will go down in history as the most famous French novelist of his era and perhaps of all time (http://www.novelguide.com/thecountofmontecristo/biography.html). Dumas’ novels are commonly well known as the works of adventure such as The Three Musketeers and The Man in the Iron Mask. These novels describe about French Revolution at that time. He also talks about the way people earn a living, which people compete to gain power and wealth even in the impolite ways. He shares about people’s relationship in society at that time, the relationship between people and government. He shares about the vertical relationship as well between God and human being. Another comment on Dumas comes from Kuiper. Alexander Dumas is “One of the most prolific and the most popular French authors of the 19" century. Without ever attaining indisputable literary merit, Dumas succeeded in gaining a great reputation first as a dramatist and then as a historical novelist. He was the father of dramatist and novelist” (Kuiper, 1995: 354-355). Kuiper expresses his admiration for Dumas as a most influential French author at 19" century. Firstly, Kuiper admits that Dumas produced good works of literature, which must be appreciated. Secondly, he agrees to name Dumas as a dramatist and novelist, who always related his works with history of French Revolution. Dumas explicitly described human being in their social life, which were always influenced by their natural greediness of financial needs and power. H.W Fowler and F.G Fowler in the book “The Concise Oxford Companion to Theatre” states his agreement with Kuiper by saying that 10 “Alexander Dumas as prolific writer of Greek parentage, now mainly remembered for his novels, but whose dramas played an important past in French Romantic movement” (1972:151). Fowler and Fowler, with no doubt, equalize Dumas with writers of Greek parentage. Undoubtedly, many Greek scientists were well known around the world with their ideas and inventions of sciences and many branches of philosophical studies. Therefore, Dumas was regarded with the same title as one of the influential writers who will be remembered around the world. Dumas' books were also an influence on countless authors around the world, including Mark Twain, who emulated Dumas' brand of fiction in The Prince and the Pauper and japed at it in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. More than 130 years after the author's death, phrases such as "One for all and all for one" are still almost universally understood and recognized from his stories of the Musketeers (http://www.answers.com/topic/alexandre-dumas). Alex Dumas is so well known around the world. Nowadays, people are surely familiar with his influential phrases ‘One for all and all for one’. He also gained much impression from other famous writers such as Mark twain. Dumas’ adventure novels inspired Mark Twain’s novels such as The Prince and the Pauper and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. These two books of course have the same characteristic with Dumas’ book, which share about ‘adventure’. Some criticisms are also directed to Alex Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo. One criticism comes from Mare Auge which quoted by Simona Mitroiu. One example is given by Marc Augé who analyses in this context the book The Count of Monte-Cristo by Alexander Dumas. This is considered to be the book of the impossible oblivion, of the desire of revenge. The main character of the book is a symbol of the incapacity to renew the bonds with the past. The return implies at list two participants, but Mercédés (the feminine character) is not really gone and Edmond 13 busybody, a glutton, a fop, bumpkin, a garrulous old man, a happy milkmaid, etc (1986: 81). Holman strengthens Abrams idea that character is a person who always has some definite qualities. Those qualities can be categorized into bad or good characters. Another definition comes from Rohrberger and Woods in their book Reading and Writing about Literature. “A narrative, of course, is a story, and stories involve person, called character.” Therefore, they add, “characters must be credible, that is, readers must accept them as believable people” (1971: 20). Rohrberger and Woods still give the same opinion about the existence of character in a story. They underline that characters are more or less can evoke readers as if they are real in the real life. More, they say, “characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters” (1971: 20). They mean that characters must be different one another, either in behaviors or in physical appearances in which readers can easily recognize them. It is therefore literally impossible for any dramatically imagined character to lack all determinants of human status and identity. He or she must have those minimal features — notably embodiment and gender — without which, as Parmenides might have said, a person cannot be conceived or spoken of (Blondell, 2003: 54). Blondell expresses the same opinion about the nature of character, which he or she must have a minimal feature, physic or another attitude that can be identified by readers. Without these features, characters cannot be imagined by readers. 14 b. Characterization Characterization is the way an author creates or describes characters in detail, about what they do and what they talk. Rohrberger and Woods states “The process by which an author creates a character is called characterization” (1971: 20). Holman in A Handbook to Literature conveys a statement. “In fiction, the author reveals the characters of imaginary persons. The creation of these imaginary person so that they exist for the reader as lifelike is called characterization” (1986: 81). Since the characterization describes about what they do and what they tell, Abrams elaborates two methods about characterization. The two methods are showing and telling. In showing (the dramatic method), the author presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the reader to infer what motives and dispositions lie behind what they say and do. In telling, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe and often to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of the characters (Abrams, 1993: 24). Abrams means that in showing or dramatic method, the author shows the characters’ physical action including their conversation. In this method, the readers participate actively to find motives and dispositions of the characters in what they do and what they speak. While in telling, the author describes the characters directly and clearly. The readers need not to participate to find what behind the characters’ action and their physical appearances because the author has described them specifically. Specifically, Murphy (1972: 161 -173) conveys nine methods in which the readers can understand a character. Those methods are: a. 15 Personal Description The author describes the appearance of a character in details such as the face, the skin color, the hair, etc. Character as seen by others The author describes the character of the person through the other’s eyes and opinion. There the opinion may come from people around the person about his personality which can also determine his characteristics. Speech The author gives the readers some clue about the character through what the character says. Past Life In certain events of the character’s past life, the readers will know the characteristic of him/her. Here we learn that a character’s past experiences, particularly those which are really meaningful can cause several effects to the person’s future life even may change his character. Conversation of others Through the conversations done by other people, the readers will know what they say about the character. Reactions The readers will know what kind of person the character is by seeing how he/she reacts to various situations in the story. The readers here can conclude if a person is temperamental or patient and etc. 18 3. Review of Revenge and Punishment The word revenge can be interpreted into various meanings based on the context. In football context the word revenge can be interpret as to win back the match. This example is of course different from the context in this research. The word revenge in this context refers to vengeance, which means ‘paying back’ miseries that someone has made to the victim. Linda Ross Meyer in her review on Ayyildis and Hine’s book states, “Revenge is a necessary part of maintaining norms, and the reinterpretation of criminal wrongs as wrongs to the victim” (http://www. citeulike.org/user/puslit/article/4853048). In the following quotation, Meyer stresses revenge as a part of norm that should be constructed in order to sentence the wrong person as the wrong one who has made a misery toward the victim. Solomon notes his perspective that “revenge plays on three metaphors: debt, balance, and pollution. The debt metaphor requires a “paying back” of like for like, the balance metaphor a “felt need to put the world back into balance,” and the pollution metaphor a “cleansing” (Solomon, 1999: 141). Solomon underlines the three things that can be understood from revenge. Those are debt, balance and pollution. Debt refers to paying back something that someone has made. Balance refers to normalizing the situation that has been harmed by someone. Pollution can refer to cleansing. Someone who always inhibits another person to do something is considered as pollution, which must be cleaned up. 19 Solomon states another idea. He emphasizes vengeance as “a socially constructed emotion that can be cultivated to contain not only its own limits but a full appreciation of the general good and the law as well” (Salomon, 1999: 144). Solomon gives a positive perception on revenge as well. He means that revenge is a part of emotion constructed normally in the social life, therefore it can be cultivated well to give the good result and law protection for the victim. However, the word revenge commonly hints a negative perception referring to punishment. In this research, revenge can be understood as a kind of punishment from the main character’s action. But since the main character’s action is the result of emotional arousal, therefore, his action can be just as the right solution to end his troubles. The retributivism theory notes an interesting point of view on punishment. “Retributivism generally holds that the reason to punish is desert- wrongdoing merits punishment, and punishing a wrongdoer is good, irrespective of any consequences of punishing that wrongdoer” (Barnes, 1999: 9). Smith defines punishment as same as reward. Reward is recompensing or repaying, returning good for good received. Punishment is also recompensing or repaying, though in a different manner; it is returning evil for evil that has been done. Furthermore, he says what most immediately and directly prompts us to punish someone is resentment (2010: 36). This statement stresses resentment as the basic influence to arouse the punishment. Resentment forces someone not only to be punished in formal judgment but also to be punished by the victim himself or herself, because of the 20 particular injuries that he or she did to the victim. It means that if a person causes a misery and makes us to hate or dislike him, resentment leads us to take a malicious pleasure or rejoice on his or her misfortune and distress. Smith adds that if the resentment does not lead someone to the more tragic punishment such as killing, more or less he or she will be adequately justice to be the instrument of unintentional distress (Smith, 2010: 37). Smith notes clearly that someone who had made miseries for someone else should be punished with the same thing he or she did for the victim. Therefore, this kind of punishment is considered as the good solution. And for Dantes, this kind of punishment is absolutely considered as the right fairness. “Punishment is a necessary evil, but we should inflict and support it with regret and without any sense of having embarked on a righteous moral crusade” (Murphy, 1987: 518). Murphy states another positive argument. He suggests that punishment is a necessary in human being life, but it should not be always valued as the right moral action. And therefore, people should feel regret after committing the punishment. 4. Theory of Justice There are many concepts of justice. David Schmidtz in his review of John Rawls theory says, “It seems natural to think of the concept of justice as distinct from the various conceptions of justice and as being specified by the role which these different sets of principles, these different conceptions, have in common” (2006: 8). CHAPTER IIT METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of this study is absolutely the novel The Count of Monte Cristo written by Alexander Dumas - a French author. This novel was firstly written on 1844 and published in 1846. This novel was actually published as series story in French weekly journal named Journal des débats. Therefore, the original of this novel was written in French language. Around 1847, this novel was translated into English. It gained much impression because of its amazing story. The novel used in this research is the new English edition published by Wordsworth Ltd in 1997. This novel contains 440 pages and consists of 73 chapters. The Count of Monte Cristo is a story of an innocent young man named Edmond Dantes who trapped into false accusation. As the result, he was sent into jail and got imprison for about 14 years. Edmond Dantes, the main character, was actually a fine and kind man. He got success as a captain of Pharaon ship. He also married a beautiful girl named Mercedes. Throughout these successes, Edmond Dantes became an important man, but this fame did not stay long. This fame brought him into trouble. Some people, which Dantes called them as friends, are burnt with jealousy. Then these people made a fake letter containing false accusation, which brought him into jail. 23 24 During his imprisonment, Dantes changed significantly. He was a bit going mad and trying to suicide. Fortunately, he did not. He was burnt with anger and hatred. When he escaped from the jail, he plotted revenge toward his enemies, the people who have trapped him with the fake letter. Without mercy, he made these people to feel the same pain he did. He wanted these people to pay back the misery they have done to him. Although, he did not kill them by his own hand, but his action made these people lived in misery and some committed suicide. Dantes assumed that his action was the way of justice. B. Approach of the Study This research will deal with psychological approach. This approach is more suitable applied in this research because the writer will analyze the motivation of the main character, Edmond Dantes, using three disguising characters in plotting revenge. Actually, his main motivation is to revenge, but his three characters give clue as well about his motivation in plotting revenge. Since the writer deals with the main character changes both physical and psychological and these changes also influence his motivation, psychological approach is more appropriate to be applied in the analysis. “A psychological approach is an approach that applies principles of modern psychology to characters or situation within a literary work or to the person who wrote that work” (Leary, 1976: 57). Leary means that psychological approach can be applied to the characters of the novel including their situation. This approach also can be applied to the 25 author. But in this research, the psychological approach will be applied to the main character’s changes and his emotional behavior. His rapid transformation from a good man into a bad man is an interesting point, which will be analyzed deeply using psychological approach. C. Method of the Study In this research, the writer uses library research as the method of the study. It means that both primary data and secondary data in this research is taken from written sources. The primary data is The Count of Monte Cristo, the novel which is used as the main data to do the research. The secondary data are books or various sources from articles and internet which can provide much information or studies on the primary data. Secondary date also cover criticisms and related theories used in this research. In order to do the analysis properly, the writer took some steps. Firstly, the writer read the novel The Count of Monte Cristo several times so that the writer can understand it deeply. Throughout reading, the writer also can make some important notes, determine the appropriate topic and formulate problems to discuss. Secondly, the writer read and chose some suitable studies on the author, Alexander Dumas, and his work The Count of Monte Cristo. The writer also read and quoted some related theories such as theories of character and characterization, theories of motivation, revenge, punishment and justice. 28 imaginary person so that they exist for the reader as lifelike is called characterization” (1986: 81). As same with Holman, Murphy mentions nine ways to recognize a character but not all of them are used in this part. There are some methods which can describe Dantes’ characterization such as personal description, speech, conversation of others, reaction, direct comment and mannerism. Physically, Edmond Dantes is described as a young man in age of nineteen. He has an ideal and perfect posture. He has a good and proportional body. Dumas describes him as a tall and slender man. He has good and vigilant black eyes. He has good black hair. He has rapid gesture as well. These are described by the author in the following quotation. He was a tall, slender young man, no more than twenty years old, with dark eyes, and hair as black as ebony...... A young man who with vigilant eyes and rapid gesture... (p. 1) “T’m only nineteen, as I’ve told you, and I know very little” (p. 21) Before the accusation, Dantes is described as a man with good personality. His good personality is shown in some characteristics. Firstly, Dantes is described as a hard worker. He works in a ship named Pharaon. He works seriously. There is no clear definition about his position in the ship, especially before the death of Captain Leclere. He is just mentioned as one of the ship crews. When he takes Captain Leclere’s position, he still shows this characteristic. He works seriously and helps the crews to load the cargo. The following quotation shows how serious he is to work. “But,” said the ship owner, watching Dantes preparing to drop anchor...(p. 2). 29 “Dantes,” said Morrel, turning toward the young man, “come here, please.” “Excuse me sir, I’ll be with you in a moment,” said Dantes. Then, turning to the crew, he called out, “Let go!” The anchor dropped immediately and the chain rattled noisily (p. 3). This characteristic can be understood from his economic background. Dantes comes from a poor family. He just lives with his father who has become old. Besides, his father always gets drunk. He borrows money more often, therefore they lives in debts. This situation of course forces Dantes to work hard not only for his own sake but also for his father. The following quotation implicitly shows how Dantes has to work hardly to pay their debts. “But-but I gave you two hundred French when I left three months ago,” stammered Dantes. “Yes, that’s true, Edmond, but you forget a little debt you owe to our neighbor Caderousse (p. 7). Dantes is a hard worker therefore this characteristic describes him further as a responsible man. He is responsible not only to command but also to work with the other crews. Besides, his great responsibility has been shown through his success to bring back Pharaon ship safely including the cargos. He reports everything responsibly as a captain who appointed by the dying Captain Leclere. “A great misfortune, Monsieur Morrel!” replied the young man. “We lost our brave Captain Leclere off Civitavecchia.” “What about the cargo?” asked the shipowner eagerly. “Tt arrived safely...(p. 1). Another characteristic of Dantes is bravery. Dantes is so young but he has done a hard and challenging job. He has a new duty to stir the ship he works in. The sudden death of the main captain forces him to accept the job as the new 30 temporary Captain of Pharaon ship. Fortunately, his good physique supports him to take this duty. “As soon as the captain was dead he took command...” “He’s a young and he has no doubt about anything” (p. 2). This quotation implicitly shows characteristics of young Dantes as a brave man. He encourages himself to take Captain Leclere’s position. He knows that to be a captain is not easy, but his bravery forces him to go on Leclere’s command. His bravery is also shown when he had to stop over the Isle of Alba. This island is known as the land of traitors but Dantes is not afraid of them. Above all, Edmond Dantes has the quality of a loyal man. Dantes is so loyal that he did a job as asked by Captain Leclere to stop in an island named the Isle of Alba. The stopping was to deliver a package for someone there who he did not know exactly. As a loyal man, Dantes of course did not fear of the danger which may happen. The evidence here shows how Dantes did his duty asked by Captain Leclere. “T wanted to ask you why you stopped at the Isle of Alba.” “Tt was to carry out an order from Captain Leclere. As he was dying, he gave me a package to deliver into the Marshal Bertrand there...” (p. 3). “You were quite right to follow Captain Leclere‘s instructions and stop at the Isle of Alba, although you might get into trouble if it became known that you gave the marshal a package and spoke to the emperor” (p. 3). This quotation indicates how dangerous the Isle of Alba is. As stated before that, this island is named as the place of traitors, therefore anyone who goes there is suspected as a traitor. As a loyal man, Dantes must do his job without doubt about the condition there. 33 Dantes has another friend named Caderousse. He is Dantes’ neighbor who always does favor on Dantes and his father. Caderousse lends them some money. However he is not a patient man. During Dantes’ voyage, Caderousse always presses Dantes’ father for payment. Nevertheless, as his father tells him, Dantes keeps showing his good manner. He respects Caderousse as a good man who had done favor on them. He does not show hatred at all on Caderousse. He welcomed him humbly in his house. “Just the same, though, he’s a neighbor who once did us a favor, so he’s welcome here...” (p. 7). “Even when we no longer owe them money, we still owe them gratitude” (p. 8). Dantes’ good behavior is also shown to Fernand when Dantes met him in Mercedes’ house. His good manner to Fernand is a kind of patience. Although, Fernand hates him obviously, Dantes keeps trying to respect him. Fernand is Mercedes’ cousin therefore he has to respect and love him as he does to Mercedes. Since Mercedes is Dantes fiancée, so Fernand belonged to his friend. Dantes has no hatred on him. The way Dantes shows his good manner can be seen in the conversation between Mercedes and Dantes and through the author description. “He’ll be you friend, Edmond, because he’s my friend. He’s my cousin Fernand...” “Ah, yes!” said Edmond. Keeping Mercedes’ hand clasped in his, he held out his other hand to Fernand. But Fernand remained as motionless and silent as a statue (p. 11). Dantes’ kindness and good manner are of course shown to his beloved father. His kindness toward his father can be valued as a kind of responsibility and duty which he must do first than anything. It is a natural consequence which a son must take care and give a comfortable life to his parents. In this novel, Dantes 34 only lives with his father, therefore, he has a great responsibility to make his father happy. Dantes guarantees his father sincerely with a lot of money. Dantes expects that with this money, he would not borrow money anymore. The quotation below can describe Dantes’ responsibility to comfort his father. “Yes, I’m here now, with a good future before me and a little money already. Here, father, take this and send for some things right away.” He emptied the content of his pockets onto the table: a dozen pieces of gold, five or six five-French coins and some small change. The old man’s face brightened. “Whose is that?’ he asked. “It’s mine- yours-ours. Take it and buy provisions. And don’t worry: tomorrow there will be more.... (p. 7) Dantes also has Mercedes, whom he loves deeply. His kindness and good manner on her can be defined as a great fidelity. Although he goes everywhere and leaves her for a long time, he always remembers Mercedes as his beloved fiancée. When he arrived in Marseille, he told Monsieur Morrel to visit some people whom he loved much. Those people are of course his father and Mercedes. His father is number one, then Mercedes. This evidence shows how Dantes truly loves Mercedes. “Please excuse me, Monsieur Morrel, but I think I owe my first visit to my father. ... “Excuse me again, Monsieur Morrel, but after that first visit there’s another one that’s equally important to me” (p. 4). Edmond and Mercedes fell into each other’s arms. At first, they saw nothing around them; their overwhelming happiness isolated them from rest of the world” (p. 6). The description of Dantes’ kindness and good manner above also reflects his calmness. He is a calm man. His calmness means that Dantes is not easy anxious with his surroundings. Although, he knows that some people envy and really hate him, he remains calm. He is not anxious as well when he left his father 35 and Mercedes for a long time. It seems that he is always accustomed to facing the similar situation before so that he stays calm. An interesting quotation from the novel can describe Dantes’ calmness. His whole manner gave evidence of that calmness and resolution peculiar to those who have been accustomed to facing danger ever since their childhood (p. 1). These all are the description of Dantes’ characterization. Shortly, before the accusation, Edmond Dantes is described as a hard worker, responsible man, brave man and a loyal man. He is also described as a fine young man with good manner. He is so calm and full of patience. He hates no one. He respects everybody, not only people whom he loves, but also his boss and his friends who will trap him. Because of this good personality, Dantes is said as a man with good fortune. He is lucky to be a captain in age of nineteen and marry a beautiful woman. These two things are the reasons which envy his friends, Danglars, Fernand and Caderousse. Here is the quotation which Dantes is reminded about his good fortune. “You're about to become a captain at age of nineteen and you’re about to marry a beautiful woman who loves you, which is a rare stroke of good luck on this earth. Either of these two things may have made certain people envious of you” (p. 22). 2. The Characterization of Edmond Dantes after the Accusation Since Dantes’ changes in personality are the result of the wrong accusation, the characterization after the accusation covers his life during the imprisonment. In this part, theory of character and characterization are still applied. Murphy’s description of understanding character is still applied as well. 38 calm and patient but Dantes now is fully changed by the situation and problem he face. This quotation describes how Dantes gets angry after hearing Faria’s explanation. “He uttered a cry and reeled like a drunken man for a moment, then he rushed into the passage leading back to his own cell, crying out as he left...” “Faria looked at him steadfastly and said, “I regret having helped you clarify your past and having told you what I did. Because I’ ve instilled in your heart a feeling that wasn’t there before: vengeance” (p. 48). Another negative behavior appears on Dantes is losing hope and self- confidence. In the prison, he is described as a weak person who loses hope and confidence easily. Living in jail does not only make him frustrated but also makes him lose hope easily. He seems lose both hope to live and faith to God. He is not strong enough to bear his life in the prison. Days and nights are passed in the narrow and dirty jail which makes him to doubt about his existence. He cries and roares in every late night. He even dashes himself against the wall. He wants to commit suicide to end his life directly. This behavior is of course another unusual behavior of Dantes who used to be a strong man in both physic and mental. He used to be calm and patient to face any situation but living in jail made him to end his life soon. The quotation below explains his frustration which he wants to commit suicide. Finally his pride collapsed and he begun to pray, not yet to God, but to He soared blasphemies which made his jailer recoil in horror, and dashed himself furiously against the wall of his prison... (p. 34). The thought that death brings release from suffering led him to the idea of suicide... From that day onward, twice a day, he threw his food out the small barred window...” (p. 35). 39 As stated previously that living in jail does not only change Dantes negatively but also positively. There are some positive aspects which Dantes should be proud of. In the prison, positively Dantes is described as a sociable man. He easily makes friend with a stranger named Abbe Faria. Abbe Faria is an Italian priest who is also arrested with no apparent reasons. Actually, their meeting occurs accidentally. Dantes sat sadly in his cell and suddenly he heard a scratching noise across the wall. The sound was continuously louder. He thought that someone tried to escape from the prison. Dantes then tried to find where that sound came from. He finally found Abbe Faria, the person who scratched the wall. This quotation depicts how Dantes first heard the scratching sound and found Faria. He heard a regular scratching sound which might be coming from a large claw...(p. 35-36). A moment later, Dantes heard the sound of a mass of stones... Then he saw a head emerge through his hole, and soon a man had climbed up out of it and into his cell (p. 40). This quotation gives the clue that their meeting happens in the right moment and the right time. Before their meeting, Dantes lived alone in a separated cell. He almost committed suicide there, but Faria appeared which seemed to give him a new hope to live more. He seemed getting back his self-confidence and he gradually regained his power and rehabilitated his life. Faria’s appearance inspired him to think brightly about the future. Dantes threw his arms around his new friend for whom he had waited so long and impatiently...(p. 40). This quotation directly means that Dantes misses someone. He misses a truly friend with whom he could share his loneliness and misery life. Therefore, 40 since he met Faria, both of them lived happily in the jail. They trusted each other. Dantes shared all his happy and sad experiences to Faria, while Faria also shared his. He trusted and treated Dantes such a son. Faria taught him many things. The most valuable thing, which would not be forgotten, is the treasure. Faria inherited Dantes lots of treasure which he would find in an island named Monte Cristo. Faria explained him much about how he could reach there if he could free someday. Another positive change from Dantes is that he becomes smarter than before. He is described as a quick-learnt man. He easily learns many things from Faria. He learns lots of science and knowledge such as mathematics and literature including to some languages. He learns and masters some languages such as Italy, Greek, Spain, Germany and English. Faria inspires Dantes with his intelligence that makes Dantes eager to learn more. The following quotation mentions some languages and knowledge he studied from Abbe Faria. He already knew Italian and a little modern Greek... within six months he was beginning to speak Spanish, English and German.... Dantes had a prodigious memory and a quick, keen intelligence. His mathematical turn of mind gave him a facility for all kinds of calculation, while the poetic strain which in every sailor breathed life into demonstrations reduced to numbers and lines (p. 49). This quotation explicitly describes that Dantes is a smart man. He has the basis of intelligence that helps him during his study. He has no difficulties to learn something new, so that within two years he is able to master these knowledge and languages. “It would not take more than two years to teach you all that” (p. 49). This statement is uttered by Faria, which he is sure that Dantes is able to learn 43 financial support. He successes to find the treasure told by Abbe Faria which helps him much to go everywhere and buys his needs. To know these three characters deeply, theory character and characterization are still applied. Murphy’s theory can depict the understanding of Dantes three disguising characters as well. 1. Abbe Busoni Abbe Busoni is one of Dantes’ disguising characters. In this character, Dantes disguises as an Italian priest who always uses Italian accent in his speaking. To support this character, Dantes uses the clothes of priest and acts such as a real priest. The rider was a priest, dressed in black and wearing a three-comered hat despite the fierce heat of the sun....(p. 80). The priest is of course characterized as a good and polite man. These characteristics are known through his conversation with Caderousse. The way he addresses Caderousse is a kind of politeness. Besides, the term priest commonly receives positive address, therefore Caderousse accepts him passionately in his house. Although he is a stranger, the priest is served well and privately in his house because he knows that the priest is a good man. He serves the priest good wine. Moreover, they chat enthusiastically. “You’re Monsieur Caderousse, aren’t you?” Caderousse eagerly came to meet him... His host set a glass and a bottle of wine in front of him (p. 80). Throughout the conversation with Caderouse, the priest can be described as a concern person. He fully shows his concern to Caderousse as if he knew him 44 before. He concerns with his past life including his job and his household. Actually, Dantes knows Caderousse well, but this character is merely aimed to find the information about his enemies. The way he uttered some rhetoric questions can signify the priest’s concern in the following quotation. “Weren’t you once a tailor?” “Yes, but that turned out badly. “Are you alone?’ asked the priest... “Oh, you’ re married?” said the priest with a certain interest (p. 80-81). The priest’s concern can also be described as a generosity. His generosity is depicted in his kindness to offer a gift for Caderousse. During their conversation, the Priest introduces himself as a friend of Edmond Dantes. He told that he met Dantes in the prison which later told the Priest about his friends. One of his good friends was Caderousse. Therefore, as the Priest now met Caderousse, he shared a diamond for him as a gift. So saying, he took out the diamond from his pocket, handed it to Caderousse. “Take this, my friend,” he said, “it’s yours” (p. 92). The Priest’s concern is shown to Bertuccio. His concern to this man is his true kindness to help Bertuccio. The Priest really helps him to free from his trouble. Bertuccio was one of the smugglers accused as the murderer of Caderousse’s wife. He then was sent into the prison. Soon, he would face the trial and be examined. Fortunately, the Abbe Bussoni was well known as the good Priest, therefore, Bertuccio invited the priest to confess all of his faults including told him the truth about the murder. The Priest concerned with him after hearing Bertuccio’s story. The Priest helped him and promised that he would not be committed as the guilty. As the proof, Bertuccio’s trial was postponed. 45 “Abbe Bussoni came to my prison...I told him everything I witnessed...” “T had the proof of his efforts when my trial was postponed...” (p. 163- 164). 2. Lord Wilmore Lord Wilmore is another character of Dantes. Lord Wilmore is characterized as an Englishman. In this character, Dantes of course must pretend using English accent. The physical appearance of this character is tall and thin. He always wears high collar and holds a pencil in his hand. The complete description of this character can be seen in the following quotation. It is the Count of Monte Cristo’s description of the character of Wilmore in his second visiting to Morrel’s house. “Let’s see,” said Monte Cristo, “was he a man about my size, slightly taller and thinner, perhaps, who always wore a high collar and always had a pencil in his hand?” (p. 183). A man in his early thirties, with both the appearance and the accent of an Englishman...(p. 93). This character is described as a confidence English nobleman. He had no anxiety when he first came to Marseille after his escaping. He feared nobody. He encouraged himself to go into the Chateau d’If, the prison where Faria and Dantes were arrested. He also visited their cell. In the prison, Wilmore met the Inspector of the Prisons. He asked the inspector to see the record of the prisoners. Without anxiety, he stole the record of Dantes’s examination and his denunciation. These quotations show how Lord Wilmore encouraged himself with bravery when he first came to Marseille and went to find the information in the prison. Dantes saw a genderman coming out to meet him in the quarantine boat, but, with the perfect self-assurance which he had acquired, he presented and English passport... (p. 79). went off to see the Inspector of Prisons.... (p. 93). 48 The Count’s kindness to his guesses here is probably understood because they are the same noblemen, but there is another evidence showing how the Count also respects people who does not belong to nobleman. His respect as a kind and humble man is shown to Bertuccio, who now becomes his servant. An unusual situation which a nobleman humbly spends his time to hear his servant’s story. Bertuccio told his sad experiences fervently in front of the Count without knew that he was also Abbe Busoni who had helped him once. The Count heard him precisely and pretended he never knew Bertuccio before. “The Abbe Bussoni did well to send you to me,” said Monte Cristo, “and you did well to tell me your story, for I'll have no more bad thoughts about you” (p. 165). The Count is described as a well educated and intelligent man. These characteristics were shown in the way he talked to people and how he uttered sentences. The Count was so intelligent that he was appraised by his guesses Franz and Albert. Both of them were pleased to hear him talked but they did not express their admiration directly to the Count. They kept it in their mind. He was very acquainted with the literature all countries. A glance at his walls had proved to Franz and Albert that he was connoisseur of painting. Several words he spoke in passing during their conversation proved to them that the science were not unknown to him; he seemed to have made an especially thorough study of chemistry (p. 121). Throughout this description, it is clear that Dantes’ characterization is different from the characterization of his three disguising characters. Dantes’ three characters have a bit similarity but they also have differences especially in their motivation that will be discussed later. 49 C. Dantes’ Motivations in Committing Revenge Revealed in His Three Disguising Characters As described in The Count of Monte Cristo that after Dantes’ escaping from the jail, he kept his promise to revenge the people who had trapped him with the false accusation. He was burnt with great anger and hatred which seemed he thought nothing else except to revenge his enemies named Danglars, Fernand and Caderousse including Villefort, the assistant of State Prosecutor who complicated his case. Since he was trapped and accused as a criminal and traitor which caused his long imprisonment, Dantes then was motivated to plot revenge on his enemies. Adair underlines a significant theory of motivation. He states that “A man, woman or child is motivated when he or she wants to do something. Motivation covers all the reasons which cause a person to act, including negative ones like fear along with the more positive motives, such as money, promotion or recognition” (2006: 89). This opinion directs to the reason in doing any action whether it is good or bad. Huffman underlines the same idea. He adds that motivation is psychological activated by some factors. Motivation is related to emotion which becomes the normal response of certain experience. Undoubtedly, Dantes is motivated in his action of vengeance. Meyer notes an interesting point of view of revenge, “Revenge is a necessary part of maintaining norms, and the reinterpretation of criminal wrongs as wrongs to the victim” (http://www.citeulike.org/user/puslit/article/4853048). Dantes has the great reasons to plot revenge. Dantes’ plotting revenge is part of his effort to 50 maintain norm that is broken by his friends and to declare them as the wrongdoers. To realize this aim, Dantes then disguises in three different characters as Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte Cristo. Although they are different characters with different appearance, these characters cannot be separated. They are a unity which is related to one another. They are used on purpose and each character has its own motive which directs toward another motive of Dantes whole motivation of revenge. a. Abbe Busoni Abbe Busoni is characterized previously as a good, polite, concern, respect and generous priest. He met one of Dantes’ enemies named Caderousse. Throughout their conversation, Abbe Busoni showed his concern and respect to Caderousse. He concerned about Caderousse’s job and household. He also gave him a valuable gift. This characterization simply arouses perception that Father Busoni is really a good priest. But actually, Abbe Busoni’s purpose is to find information about his targets especially Danglars and Fernand. Since he knows well that Caderousse belongs to them in the meeting before his accusation, he wants to know directly from him about these people’s latest job and career. Having information about his enemies will help him easily to plan the revenge. Firstly, he asks information about Danglars and Caderousse tells him much about this person. Caderousse tells the Priest that this person has become 53 he envied Dantes’ happiness. He makes conspiracy with Fernand and Danglars to overthrow him. Caderousse represents the confession of the enemies in the following quotation. “.,.he swore to me by Jesus Christ that he did not know the cause of his imprisonment.” “That’s true, he couldn’t know it,” said Caderousse. “No, he wasn’t lying, poor boy.” “Although I must admit I envied his happiness for a short while. But since then, I can assure you, I’ve felt great pity for his misfortune” (p. 81). b. Lord Wilmore This character is a rich noble Englishman. He is full of confidence and helpful. Implicitly, this character reveals Dantes’ motivation to restore his good name as a good man with good manner. It is achieved when Wilmore helps Monsieur Morrel who had great debt. Besides this kindness, Dantes uses this character to do something the same as Abbe Busoni did. Lord Wilmore is firstly used when Dantes went to France after his escaping. He uses this name in his passport, so that he can easily go in and out of French and some places without recognized as Edmond Dantes. This character is basically used the same as the Abbe Busoni. This character contributes well for Dantes to find and gather the information. Dantes uses this character confidently when he went into the Chateau d’If to find the information directly in the jail where he was arrested. There, he found the records of his imprisonment. He found the denunciation, the examination and Villefort’s recommendation. Throughout these records, he understood well and surer about 54 Faria’s remark that he had been trapped and used by Villefort. The following quotation shows how Lord Wilmore finds information in the jail. After perusing these documents, he continued to leaf through the records until he came to those concerning Edmond Dantes. Everything was there, the letter of denunciation, the examination and Villefort recommendation (p. 96). Implicitly, Dantes tries to find information about Villefort’s involvement in his case. Lord Wilmore presents Dantes’ aim to gather information and proof about his accusation. Fortunately, he finds Villefort’s recommendation which then he declares Villeforts as the responsible man for his long imprisonment. Dantes’ motivation to revenge Villefort is to restore his good name. He wants to show him that he is really a good man. He never hates him. Furthermore, Dantes wants to declare justice on him. The justice he wants is stated by Meyer who stresses the truthfulness and fairness. Therefore, Dantes really wants Villefort confess his guilty on him. Shortly, he commits revenge to find the truth that he is not guilty; he is not a traitor and follower of Bonaparte as accused. c. The Count of Monte Cristo Stated previously, this character appears more often than the others do. This character is described as same as the others who has good manner, respect, kind, well educated and intelligent. However, these characteristics are his disguising as well to reach his motivation of revenge. Dantes is naturally a good man with good manner but this character leads him to realize his revenge. The Count of Monte Cristo is Dantes’ significant character. The other characters are Dantes’ informants while this character is the executor. It means 55 within the information he gets when he disguised as Abbe Busoni and Lord Wilmore, Dantes now declares revenge on the people who had caused his miseries. Solomon notes his perspective on revenge, “revenge plays on three metaphors: debt, balance, and pollution. The debt metaphor requires a “paying back” of like for like, the balance metaphor a “felt need to put the world back into balance,” and the pollution metaphor a “cleansing” (Solomon, 1999: 141). Dantes’ revenge is related to these metaphors, debts, balance and pollution. Dantes wants his enemies paying back what they have done; besides he wants to restore the truth and his good name. And his revenge is to clean the enemies which he considers them as pollution in this world. Throughout this character, Dantes then starts his revenge which he punishes his enemies with the similar ways they did to him. Since they had caused his long misery and misfortune, thus he wanted those people felt the same pain. Barnes quotes retributive theory about punishment, “The reason to punish is desert-wrongdoing merits punishment, and punishing a wrongdoer is good, irrespective of any consequences of punishing that wrongdoer” (Barnes, 1999: 9). Smith underlines the same idea. He equalizes punishment as rewards which means recompensing or repaying. However, these two things are based on the resentment which forces someone to rejoice on the wrongdoers’ distress. Dantes’ punishment is quite right in his perception. He can rejoice if his enemies live in distress. Smith also underlines the following quotation in his book The Theory of Moral Sentiments. 58 certainly explained all about his life including his betrayal to Ali Pasha, the Turkish emperor when he worked as French officer. Fernand was also about to kill him and sold his wife and daughter as a slave. This information led Danglars to cancel the marriage. Moreover, this story was posted in the newspaper and everyone knew who the Count Morcerf was. Morcerf himself was shocked by this news. Soon he was called into Chamber to explain the truth. Morcerf tried to defense himself but he found failure when Ali Pasha’s daughter appeared as the witness of this case. Since then, Morcerf admitted his fault in following quotation. Then he raised his eyes to the ceiling, as though he was afraid the ceiling might open to reveal the Supreme Judge Himself. He tore open his coat and walked out of the room like a sober madman” (p. 299). Not only was he found guilty which made him mad, but he also lost Mercedes and his son Albert. They did not want to stay and decided to leave their house immediately. Fernand knew they were leaving but he was unable to stop them. He hid himself and looked them leaving. As they left, he shot himself. He saw Mercedes leaning on Albert’s arm. They were leaving the house. “Courage mother,” he heard his son say. “This is no longer our home.” Just as the carriage was passing beneath the arch of the gate, a shot rang out and dark smoke floated out....(p. 327-328). Dantes’ punishment is continued to the next man named Villefort. Fortunately, Dantes once did a favor for a man named Benedetto when he disguised as Abbe Busoni. Abbe Busoni asked him to use a new name, Andrea Cavalcanti an Italian name. He was asked as well to meet The Count of Monte Cristo in Paris. The Count of course used him for purpose while Andrea did not know that the Count was also the Abb Busoni. The Count then arranged Andrea to 59 marry Danglars’ daughter. The situation changed when he saw Andrea murdered Caderousse. As Caderousse was dying agony, he told Abbe Busoni that the man who stabbed him was Benedetto, Andrea Cavalcanti’s real name. An idea of revenge then appeared in his mind. “The man who stabbed me is the Corsican named Benedetto, my fellow prisoner at Toulon.” His eyes shining at the idea of that posthumous vengeance (p. 282). This quotation is Caderousse’s confession written on a piece of paper by the Count and Caderousse signed it. The Count of course took advantage of this letter. He would use it plot a nice punishment for Danglars and Villefort. This letter then was sent to the Public Prosecutor, where Villefort was the head. Soon, Andrea was arrested and would be judged. The day of punishment came to Villefort, when Andrea was judged in the court. He did not worry about his faults and crimes when the presiding magistrate read the accusation. Andrea seemed have no reasons to dispute. He even encouraged himself to tell the judge and spectators that Villefort was his father. Actually, Andrea got this information from Bertuccio when he was in jail. Bertuccio told him everything including why he always deserved misfortune and troubles. “T can’t tell you my name because I don’t know what it is, but I do know my father’s name.....’"My father is a Public Prosecutor,” replied Andrea calmly (p. 395). Andrea mentioned his father’s name because he thought that this name was the cause of his misfortune and disgrace. Therefore in the court, he told that his father used to kill him but Bertuccio saved him unexpectedly. All people in the 60 court were of course shocked with this confession, while Villefort himself was unable to deny the confession. Andrea’s confession was a great humiliation for Villefort. He went out the court like a madman. “TI mean,” cried Villefort, “that I realize it would be useless for me to struggle against the vengeance of God...There is no need for proof- everything this young man has said is true” (p. 398). Besides this bad luck, Villefort gained other misfortunes. He lost his daughter a few days before the trial. When he went home, he found his second wife had died as well. Villefort then burst into great grief. He tried to relate his misfortunes and questioned himself why it happened. But suddenly he saw Abbe Busoni in his house. In this moment, the Priest introduced himself as Edmond Dantes. Although he did not mention his name directly, Villefort seemed to recognize the voice. “That’s not the voice of the Abbe Busoni!” “That’s the face of the Count of Monte Cristo!” cried Villefort wildly. “That voice! You’re not Bussoni? You’re not Monte Cristo? “Ah! I recognize you! ..... You’re Edmond Dantes! cried Villefort (p. 403). Villefort’s miseries are of course the cause of Dantes vengeance. He makes a perfect punishment which from the day after this tragedy, Villeford is going mad. The last man who perceives the same punishment is Danglars. The Count made him fall into Bankruptcy. Danglars did not know that the Count caused his bankruptcy. Danglars still had confidence and thought that the marriage between his daughter, Eugenie, and Andrea Cavalcanti would make him rich. He assumed that Cavalcanti was a rich nobleman. 63 Dantes’ punishment is of course perfect, deep and painful. Each enemy suffers as Dantes did. They also experiences and feels a deep lost which they lose their pride and people whom they love. Dantes makes these people feel the consequences of their own evil envious. Dantes punishment is complete, but at the end of his punishment, he regrets that his revenge has gone beyond the limit. This kind of feeling is stated by Murphy, “Punishment is a necessary evil, but we should inflict and support it with regret and without any sense of having embarked on a righteous moral crusade” (Murphy, 1987: 518). Dantes feels the same thing. He absolutely regrets, but he thinks also that this is God’s will. The following quotation shows how Dantes regrets about his revenge and punishment. Monte Cristo pale at the horrible sight. He realized that he had gone beyond the limits of rightful vengeance and that could no longer say, “God is for me and with me” (p. 403). In short, Dantes’ motivation in committing revenge is to find Justice. The justice he wants is the truth about his case. He wants his enemies to confess their faults and declare that he is guiltless. On the other hand, Dantes’ motivation is to punish his enemies. He makes them suffer and live in misery as he did. He punishes them slowly but deeply hurt. Each of his enemies feel the pain of loses. They lose people whom they love and lose pride as well. Even, some of his enemies died because of his action of revenge. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION This part directs the writer to the conclusion of the analysis. There are three parts that can be concluded based on the analysis of the problem formulations. Those three parts are the conclusion of the characterization of Edmond Dantes before and after the accusation, the characterization of Dantes’ three disguising characters and the conclusion of the motivation of Edmond Dantes revealed in his three disguising characters. The first is the conclusion of Dantes’ characterization. Before the accusation, physically, Dantes is described as a young man with an ideal and perfect posture in his age of nineteen. He works in a ship named Pharaon. Dantes is also described as a fine man with good personality. He has good manner and respect which is shown to everyone. He hates no one. He is a responsible man, loyal and a hard worker. After the accusation, Dantes is a bit different in behavior. Actually he has the nature of good personality but the situation where he lives and spends days and nights in jail shapes him into a man with bad tempered. He easily gets angry, loses hope and self-confidence. Besides these negative behaviors, Dantes gets some positive achievements during his imprisonment. He is a sociable man. He easily makes friend with Abbe Faria. Even he regards him as his father. He learns many languages and sciences from Faria which makes him smart. 65 The analysis of the of the second problem deals with the characterization of Dantes’ three disguising characters. Dantes disguises in three different characters named Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte Cristo. Although they are the same Dantes, but there are some differences especially, about the motive and the job done by each character. Abbe Busoni is characterized as an Italian Priest. He is a kind, concern and generous Priest. Lord Wilmore is characterized as an English noble man. He uses English accent. Wilmore is a rich and a kind man which does a lot of help to Morrel’s family. Wilmore is also a brave and a confidence man. Throughout this character, Dantes can go in and out French and some countries easily. The Count of Monte Cristo is described as an Italian nobleman. The Count is rich and popular among Roman bandits. Besides, he respects people who are not only from the nobleman but also ordinary people. The Count is also well known as an educated and intelligence man. The way he speaks and utters worlds and sentences signify his intelligence. Dantes’ three disguising characters clearly explain his motivation. His general motivation of disguising is to plot revenge on his enemies who had trapped him with the false accusation. Therefore, his three disguising characters are parts of his revenge aimed to find and gather information and finally execute them. Actually, Dantes has the nature of good man with good manner, but his kindness during his disguising is part of his pretending as well. Sometimes he must be kind to get what he wants. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fourth Edition. New Work: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1993. Adair, John. Leadership and Motivation. London: Kogan Page Limited, 2006. Bares, William L. Jr. Revenge on Utilitarianism, Vol. 74: 627, New York: Indiana Law Journal, 1999. Blondell, Ruby. The Play of Character in Plato’s Dialogues. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Dumas, Alexander. The Count of Monte Cristo. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Edition Ltd, 1997. Fowler, H.W and F.G Fowler. The Concise Oxford Companion to Theatre. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. Gerring, Richard J. and Philip G. Zimbardo. Psychology and Life. 16" ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2002. Holman, C. Hugh. A Handbook to Literature. Fifth Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. 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The Decade Ahead: Applications and Contexts of Motivation and Achievement. London: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010. 70 Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. New York: Penguin Books. Ltd., 1985. (http://www.novelguide.com/thecountofmontecristo/biography.html), (Accessed September 9", 2009). (http:/www.answers.com/topic/alexandre-dumas), (Accessed September 9", 2009). 72 meeting means much for them. They plan to get married immediately before Dantes sails to other places as the new captain. In this moment, Dantes is absolutely filled only with joy because of his good luck. He does not realize that his own friends Danglars, Caderousse and Fernand have plotted a crime on him. He does not realize that these people envy and hate him because of his success. Danglars envies Dantes’ success to be a new captain of Pharaon. Fernand is burnt with jealousy because he is unable to win Mercedes’ love. While Caderousse is Dantes’ neighbor who always lends his father money. He envies Dantes on both of his good luck. These people then make a fake letter containing a fake accusation that Dantes is one of Bonaparte’s followers. This letter is sent to the State Prosecutor. Dantes is immediately arrested in his wedding party. Not only he is shocked, but his father, Mercedes and everyone in the party are also shocked. His happiness soon changes into sadness. He is brought to the State Prosecutor represented by the assistant named Villevort. He handles Dantes’ case, but when he sees Dantes’ innocence and finds out that Dantes is not guilty, he then plots an evil advantage. He thinks that Dantes’ case will give him good luck about power and riches. Then Dantes is sent into the most horrible jail, Chateau d’If. In this jail, Dantes behaviors slowly changed into negative. He loses hope easily and wants to commits suicide. Fortunately, he meets Abbe Faria who tries to escape by tunneling. Their meeting means much. Abbe Faria treats him kindly like a son. He teaches him many things. Faria reveals his case and finds out who are behind his 73 misery. He also tells him about a treasure which he could find in an island named Monte Cristo. Faria then dies because of his illness. He is imprisoned about fourteen years. Finally, he can escapes from the jail. He firstly finds out the treasure told by Faria. Within this wealth, he begins to plot revenge on Danglars, Fernand, Caderousse and Villefort. Dantes disguises into three different characters named Abbe Busoni, Lord Wilmore and The Count of Monte Cristo. These characters are used differently in different time and place. The Abbe Busoni and Lord Wilmore are presented as an Italian Priest and an English nobleman. Both of these characters find and gather information about his enemies. The Abbe Bosoni asks information from Caderousse, while Lord Wilmore gathers information in the jail. The Count of Monte Cristo is the character who executes them. Dantes actually doest kill them directly, but his action has caused them to suffer and even some die. Dantes destroys Caderousse using his greediness. Benedetto stabs him to death. Dantes continues his revenge to Fernand. He ruins him by revealing his past crime when he was in military. His wife Mercedes and his son left him and immediately he shoots himself. The third person is Villefort. He is ruined in front of the court by revealing his crime to the born baby named Benedetto. Villefort then goes mad. The last enemy is Danglars. Dantes makes him fall into bankruptcy. His daughter fails to marry Calvacanti. Later he left his wife and went far away. But he is robbed in Italy by bandits. Danglars is left with little money and he becomes poor. Dantes finishes his revenge on people who have made him suffer. He makes them suffer as he did.