The Reformation and Religious Wars - World History Since | GHIST 102, Quizzes of World History

Download The Reformation and Religious Wars - World History Since | GHIST 102 and more Quizzes World History in PDF only on Docsity! The Reformation and Religious Wars I. The Reformation Started religious and went into a political trouble. Protestant Reformation: called the Catholic Counter Reformation Kingdoms that were Catholic -Spain -England -France a. Holy Roman Empire- Pope Leo X All that were Catholic, answered to the Pope. Who was in power? Charles V: he was powerful but many people resented him because he levied taxes. He was the head of the Holy Roman Empire in Hapsburg b. Martin Luther (1483-1546)- he was a Catholic monk. Criticized the church and publically did so with the 95 Theses in 1517 in Wittenberg (Germany) Lutheranism: also called Protestantism. It was based off the 95 Theses with three main concerns. 1. Indulgences: corrupted the church, it was a way to pay your way to heaven and Luther believed the only way to get to heaven was through faith* 2. Believed the Pope was the problem 3. thought it was wrong that catholic priests could not have families Luther was ex-communicated by the Pope. c. Early religious wars & Treaty of Augsburg- 1555 War was Catholics vs. Lutherans Treaty of Augsburg: 1555 supremacy of Lutheranism, it became official in the HRE d. Calvinism- French, John Calvin, Huguenots John Calvin: protestant French man who believed in Predestination- people were born with their destiny Huguenots: French Calvinists who goal was to change Catholics or convert them e. Catholic Counter-Reformation- Council of Trent in 1545 Reform takes 100 years It becomes more militant and organized They become ready to counter act Council of Trent 1545: role of the pope/priests is not mentioned Agrees that salvation is reached through: 1. Good works 2. Faith 3. Latin is the official language or bible and worship II. Wars of Religion- 1560-1648 a. Spain- Reconquest of 1492 Background info: Spain was occupied by the N. Africans Muslims (Nors) from 711-1492. The Spanish/ catholic king and queen began the Reconquista and rid Spain of the Nors Inquisition of Spain 1492 It was religiously intolerant Columbus was starting his journey King and queen began to kick out Muslims or convert them  conversos Most homogenous place: the protestant reformation was not effective there. 1500-1600= the Golden Age for Spain Spain dominated culturally, economically, empirically, “Don Quiote” The Spanish Armada or Navy was very strong b. Britain- Calvinists (Puritans) vs. Anglicans King Henry the VII- had 6 wives (sparked big debate about divorce) Pope said no so Henry broke away from the Catholic Church- Anglican Church Married Anne Boleyn and together they had Queen Elizabeth the I She was Protestant Civil war happened Catholics v. Anglican (protestants) The Anglican Church became prominent in England. Puritans did not like the Anglicans- bc of King and idea of Predestination Puritans left for religious freedom in MECA and explored the New World c. Thirty Years' War of Germany (1618-1648) 100 years after Luther. The war was fought in the HRE- called the world war because colonies were involved. There was famine destruction and death. Protestantism won but Catholicism was still strong. Results: Peace of Westphalia was signed (1648)- which said it would acknowledge other religions. d. French civil wars The Catholics massacred Huguenots Result: the Catholic Church overpowered e. Columbian Exchange- Alfred Crosby This exchange was between Latin America Spain Caribbean Foods, good, and diseases, innovation, science, animals were traded among these places From the New World  the Americas Gold and Silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, cotton, peanuts, squash, tomatoes, beans, syphilis Spain  Europe Old World Small pox, weapons, horses, wine, cows, religion, disease, common cold, wheat I. Spanish Colonization a. Society Many men from Europe married Native American women and had children. This created the different mixes in races and a social pyramid  Mestizos- white and Native American (typical)  Creoles-White and Native mix  Mulattos- white and African – once slave trade began was not there prior to 1550  Castas- Native Americans and Africans  Native Americans  Africans/Blacks Limpieza de Sangre: purity, blood how much all go together and how much you can claim of European blood. b. Government- Spain divides the New World territories- Aztec= New Spain and Peru Council of the Indies (1524): -Dealt with the colonies (whites) who wanted independence. -Taxation on colonists, told them where to colonize -Taxation: economic struggle/conflict caused revolution 300 some years later. -watch-dog, strict and very harsh regulation, it does not work, very challenging -Viceroys: government of territory, Spanish born people sent from the King and Queen c. Religion- Catholics are for education. Example: Jesuits Native Americans are forced into Catholicism, but keep their roots with them. Syncretism: mesh of 2 religions, Catholicism and NA religions Day of the Dead- November 1, taken place in Mexico. Relative that pass away are worshiped and death is celebrated. Is also called “All Saints Day” in Europe d. Economy- Silver mines in Potosí, Bolivia. It is an example of bad treatment of the Natives. Mercantilism: applied to any early colony. Definition- system regulated where al the resources are given/enjoyed to the Mother Country. Creoles are not benefited from this even though they are white. flotillas/convoys: birth of piracy, sent twice a year to Spain Military Escorts = flotillas Encomiendas: grant a person to the New World only to serve on land. III. Rise of and Nature of Slave Trade Slavery: Largest amount of slaves in these areas: -Brazil, British Caribbean, French Caribbean all needed for work on SUGAR plantations only 5% were sent to NA British Barbados- British colony- African Slaves outnumbered Europeans in 1680 3:1 Atlantic System peaked 1760-1800 This was a great example of a circuit that worked- many places make a lot of $ in this system a. Journey to the New World Who? Europemanufactured goods, clocks, guns, cotton and silk from India Africa slaves 1550-1600 gold and ivory Americas  (Cuba, Brazil, Colonies) Middle Passage tobacco, cotton, sugar, coffee, molasses. Rousseau- He was from Sweden and born Protestant, not a very wealthy man but very intelligent. He was somewhat weird and very radical. He wrote fiction with woman’s names as the titles of the novels (Emily, Julie) This was important because female characters were not a normal thing in this time. He view women in a traditional role as mothers and wives. He became very popular among the female population. The Social Contract Author: Written By Rousseau in 1762 Switzerland, not French, he was pro-women and was born Protestant, had an odd personality, was critical of society and government. Date: 1762 importance, it was BEFORE the American and French Revolutions, and was during the beginning of the Enlightenment Audience: other philosophes, women, intellectual environment, Kings and Queens Why: to be known, to get his ideas noticed, to make a change, to make a note that he had a problem with the system (absolutism) because 1 man and 1 woman was in charge and there was no democracy What: 1. Problem: Men are said to be free but in reality they are limited in their freedoms because of the government. 2. Human nature for man to want to dominate politically 3. Slavery: said to be the Kings subjects. The king ensures peace but really the King is doing more harm than good. 4. We do not need Kings, we need a body of government (contract) 5. How? We come together in numbers in order to be a republic we need to sacrifice individualism 6. We need compelling people to lead this group c. Enlightened Despotism Enlightened: new ideas, reasons, and science Despotism: ruler aristocratic This was a type of rule used by the King and Queen where you believe in many ideas from Enlightenment but not all of them. They are open to new ideas but still want to hold their title. Example: Louis XVI- was an enlightened despot of France Catherine the Great: of Russia, 18th century she was born in Germany however. She was an enlightened despot. Enlightened: she rewrote the Law Codes Despot: Pugachev Rebellion Joseph and Maria Terresa: from Austria, had many enlightened ideas of religious diversity. Had tolerance for many religions and wanted to help the Jews. Fredrick the Great: King of Prussia “I am the servant of the state” – he believed he was working for the people. In contrast to.. Louis XIV: he was not an enlightened despot, said “ I am the State” d. Shortcomings and significance of The Enlightenment The enlightenment was the foundation of the French Revolution II. French Revolution: causes and context a. Debt- loss of legitimacy of Louis XVI Louis XVI: married to Marie Antoinette who was a foreigner and very young considered sexually promiscuous. Which caused many critics to follow her and Louis XVI Louis XVI lost his legitimacy, and French did not view him as a good or strong King. Along with not ruling well, France was in a Financial Crisis Financial Crisis: because France intervened in the American Revolution they has WAR DEBT and there was a BREAD shortage. b. Stratified society- The Three Estates 1. Priests, Clergy –NO TAXES! 2. Nobility- 3,000 NO TAXES! 3. everyone else- made up of 25, 000,000 of the 28,000,000 total variety that has to pay taxes included: o Lawyers o Merchants o Shop Keepers o Artisans o Peasants o Farmers Conflict: Most of the land/ wealth is owned by the first and second estates. Therefore in crisis tax was only to the 3rd estate Louis XVI tired to tax nobility but did not work c. Bad Harvest Price of bread increased significantly along with unemployment that rose in 1789. 1/3 of workforce was out of work! What was Bastille Day July 14, 1789? Robespierre: he was a lawyer and part of the 3rd estate be belonged to the Jacobins which were radical democrats and he was Pro-revolution and anti-monarchy. He wanted everyone to believe what be believed and if they didn’t they were to be punished. Committee of Public Safety: during his rise in power he from this committee which was made to seek out people that were loyal to the King or Pope and to send then straight to the guillotine. Jacobins: radical democrats This rise in power was over when he was sent to the Guillotine in 1794 the reign of terror ended. h. The Directory- Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815), French Empire The National Convention renamed itself to The Directory. This was s semi dictatorship where few members controlled decisions and wanted to detract radical policies. This was a weak era in the French Revolution and France was very vulnerable. 1799: some chart the end of revolution Rise to power during this time of Napoleon Bonaparte Idea of Coup Detat= overthrow of the state, takes power of the weak state. Napoleon Bonaparte: (1799-1815) ten years after FR Takes over during a weak time to redeem power of France He is widely accepted by the people. Creates an attractive French Empire 1st empire in Europe, he wants to continue to conquer land in Europe. Internal Redemption for France: Help Catholic Church Corporates with church Signs agreement: Concordat 1801: this established a corporation between French power and the Catholic Church Make civil code: 1804 regulates marriage law Lose rights to make businesses Reestablished slavery External redemption for France: Make France an Empire Conquers states and colonies 1812- Russia defeats Napoleons armies in the winter. 1808-Spain is occupied by Napoleon’s troops Napoleon’s brother takes over in Spain and Spain does not like this. 1812- SPAIN REVOLTS! Napoleon tried to defeat British this does not work, English as a very strong navy and Napoleon is not successful 1814- Napoleon makes a lot of enemies and abducted his emperorship. He is forced to exile by England to Russia. He is sent to Elba in the Mediterranean by Italy Escapes Elba and returns to take over in France again. [100 days of Power in French History] Battle of Waterloo- 1815 but he is defeated again! Exiled to St. Helena in Africa in the Atlantic Ocean Stayed there till his death. 1st modern dictator//last enlightened despot The Declaration of Rights of Women 1791 Who: Olympe de Gouges Not educated Revolutionary Butchers daughter Supported Antoinette Sent to guillotine What: it is something women have to do not that men have to stop doing Its language showed that it was an enlightened document Social Contract: marriage “marriage was a tomb of trust and love” children produced out of wedlock were considered illegitimate. Illegitimate children has not rights Defines what marriage should be: 1. oldest male son would receive wealth/inheritance=primogeniture and she wanted to overturn this. Her demand: they should be able to divide the wealth btw children however they wish including illegitimate children. 2. Child support: pay $ to widows and illegitimate children in order to survive. This shows her questioning the Catholic Church and its framework of pure marriage as a wife and husband always together. 3. single women’s rights were states including widows and women who were divorced