The Rise of Nationalism in Europe One Shot PDF, Study notes of History

Download The Rise of Nationalism in Europe One Shot PDF and more Study notes History in PDF only on Docsity! Revision Notes Class 10 - Social Science (History) Chapter - 1 Rise of Nationalism in Europe 1. Frederic Sorrieu ● He is a French artist, who presented a series of paintings in 1848. ● He visualized his dreams, that is, a world of social and democratic republics. 2. French Revolution ● French revolution in 1789, was the start of nationalism. ● French revolutionaries took many steps to create a feeling of collective identity: i) Innovative ideas such as Le citoyen and La Partie ii) Creation of new French flag. iii) Election of National Assembly, also renaming from estate general to National Assembly. iv) Administrative system which is consolidated. v) Abolishing of customs and internal duties. vi) Uniform weights and measures were introduced. vii) French was getting common language. 3. Napoleonic Code ● Napoleon destroyed France democracy. ● Introduction of Civil code 1804, which was called Napoleonic code. ● Features of this code are: i) Abolishing of all birth rights and privileges. ii) Establishment of equality before law. iii) Security of right to property. iv) Guild restrictions was removed. 4. New Middle Class ● Politically as well as socially, aristocrats were dominant as far as population is concerned. ● Peasants were the majority in population. ● Since industrialization in England, new social class known as working class was emerged. ● It included artisans, industrialists, businessman and so on. 5. Liberalism ● Property owning men were only given the right to vote or getting elected. ● Each and every women and property-less men were restricted from all political rights. ● It is derived from Latin word ‘root liber’, it means to be free. ● For the end of clerical privilege, autocracy the liberal nationalism was stood alive. 6. A New Conservatism after 1815 ● Major European powers in 1815: Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria had defeated Napoleon. ● They use to meet in Vienna to draw up a European settlement called as treaty of Vienna. ● As per this treaty: i) Power was restored by Bourbon dynasty. ii) During Napoleonic wars, France lost all its territories. iii) 39 states of German Confederation were formed by Napoleon, left untouched. iv) On French boundary, borders were made to prevent France from expanding. 7. The Revolutionaries Guiseppe Mazzini ● Born in Genoa in 1807. ● Was a member of secret society of carbonate. ● He established 2 secret societies: Young Europe in Berne and Young Italy in Marseilles. ● Main aim was to unify Italy in a republic. 8. The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848 ● Bourbon kings were overthrown to setup a constitutional monarchy in July 1830. ● Intolerant to criticism and dissent. ● Autocratic ● Censored press ● Suppressed questions which challenged their legitimacy. 6. Write the salient features of The Treaty of Vienna Ans: ● Bourbon dynasty was restored in France. ● France lost its conquered territories. ● Kingdom of Netherlands consisting of Belgium and Genoa were set up to block French expansion. ● Prussia gained new territories which included a fraction of Saxony. ● Northern Italy was under the control of Austria and Poland under Russia. 7. Explain the importance of National feeling and Imagination. Ans: ● Culture was important for development of national feelings. It was through arts, poetry, music, stories which created nationalist feelings. ● Glorification of science was criticized openly and it was replaced by intuitions, sentiments and emotions. This was known as romanticism aimed to creating national sentiments. ● Language also played important role in developing national feelings. 8. What was the main course of the revolt in 1848? Ans: ● Europe faced difficult time as far as economic conditions are concerned during those years. ● There were more people but jobs were less. ● In 1848, widespread unemployment and food storages aggravated the population. 9. Write any three features of the Frankfurt Parliament. Ans: a) 831 representatives were elected on 18th May 1848, which marched to Frankfurt Parliament. b) Parliament was monopolized by working women and men. c) King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected constitutional monarchy. 10. Why did liberal nationalist create secret societies? Ans: ● It was created to train European revolutionaries and spread their ideas. ● To oppose monarchical forms established by the Vienna Congress to continue their fight for freedom and liberty. 11. Why were the Balkan nations in crisis? Ans: ● Majority of Balkan was under control of Ottoman Empire. ● Spread of romantic nationalism in the area and the deterioration of the Ottoman Empire made this area explosive. Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Write in Brief Q.1A Write a note: Giuseppe Mazzini Ans.: Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Geneva on June 22nd, 1807 in a middle class family. He was a patriot, political activist, writer, founder of young Italy and played very important role in liberal nationalism who strived to found a unified democratic republic of Italy. 1. He was one of the three revolutionaries who made a significant contribution to Italian unification. 2. His efforts led to the unification of Italy. 3. He believed in a single unified republic instead of being a patchwork of small state kingdoms.4. In 1831, at the age of 24, he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria. 5. He founded underground societies like Young Italy in Marseilles, and Young Europe in Berne. 6. He was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly and acquired the responsibilities of framing a constitution for the Roman public.  decided to vote for an all - German National Assembly and hence came to Frankfurt. It was attended by 831 people. The parliament was convened on 18th May 1848 in St. Paul church. Friedrich Wilhelm IV was elected as the president but it turned out to be futile due to lack of experience of the deputies. The assembly decided that the German nation would be a monarchy controlled by Parliament. Instead of setting up a central power in German people. However, the assembly continued its work and completed a Constitution. The parliament faced strong opposition from aristocracy and military. In the end monarchy and military combined together with the aristocracy, they won over the liberal nationalist middle class and the assembly was forced to disband. Frankfurt Parliament is famous as a failure of liberalism and victory of the monarchy. Q.1E Write a note: The role of women in nationalist struggles. Ans.: The role of women in nationalist struggles. Women played a very important role in nationalist struggles all over the world. They participated equally mostly in every movements. They faced torture of police but still they stood by their male counterparts. A large number of women participated actively in the political matters over the year. Sometimes they led the movements also, formed many political associations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations. The most famous example is the French revolution where women participated equally as men. Liberty is personified as a women and also liberal nationalism proposed the idea of universal suffrage, leading to women’s active participation in nationalist movements in Europe. So, on 18 May 1848, when the Constitution was drafted in the Frankfurt Parliament the controversial issue of the extending political rights to women was raised. Still women were deprived of suffrage during  the election of the assembly and they were admitted in the Frankfurt Parliament Assembly only as spectators. But this did not diminish their contribution to the national struggle. Delphine De Girardin, an educated woman, criticized by saying that if servants doing the household work were granted the right to vote then why not women who are mothers, housewives managing everything at home. Women were given little or no political rights, right to vote etc. till the end of 19th century. Q.2 What steps did the French revolutionary take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people? Or When did the first clear cut expression of the nationalism come in France? How did the French Revolution lead to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens? Explain any four measures taken by the French revolutionaries. Or Analyze the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. Ans.: The first clear cut expression of the nationalism came in the French with the French revolution 1789. To make the revolution a success it was very important to install a sense of utility in every citizen. To achieve it, various measures and practices were followed — (i) The idea of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the nation of the united community enjoying the equal rights under a Constitution. A new French Flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the farmer royal standard.  (ii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and new hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. (iii) They established a centralized administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens. Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. (iv) French language was promoted above all the regional languages. Q.3 Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they are portrayed? Or How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse. Ans.: In old times the best way to invite people’s attention was to present an idea through symbolic personifications. Form 1789 females appeared in paintings as symbol of liberty and revolution. Marianne is a national symbol of the French Republic, a personification of liberty and reason, and a portrayal of the Goddess of Liberty. She was the female figure invented by artist in the nineteenth century to present the French nation. Her profile stands out on the official government logo of the country, is engraved on French euro coins and appears on French postage stamps; it also was featured on the former French currency. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the republic — the red cap, the tricolor, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public places to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identity with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps. Similarly, Germania becomes the symbol of the German nation. This work was done by the artist Philip Veit. He depicted Germania as a female  Ans.: Though Napolean Bonaparte was a dictator and was against democracy but he took certain measures to smoothly and proficiently run the administrative system. He (i) Simple Administration: Napolean initiated reform drive in the French legal system because the old feudal and royal laws were very confusing and conflicting to the people. He simplified the administrative divisions of France. (ii) The Napolean Code of 1804: the main concern of the code was related to property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights. It was a major step in establishing the rule of law. This Code was exported to the regions under French control. (iii) Abolishment of privileges: The privileges on the bases of birth, and feudalism systems were abolished, and freed the peasantry from serfdom and manorial dues. The quality before the law was established and the right to the property was secured. (iv) Infrastructural improvement: Transportation facilities and communication systems were improved. (v) Uniform laws: uniform laws were adopted for all whether it’s a businessman or a small — scale producer of goods — all began to realize that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilities the movement and exchange of, goods and capital from one region to another. Discuss Q.1 Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolutions of liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? Ans.: The word ‘Liberal’ is derived from the Latin ‘liber’ that means ‘free’. So 1848 revolution meant the revolution led by the educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed peasant and workers  of Europe. Liberalism emphasizes on absolute and unrestrained freedom of thoughts, religion, conscience, creed, speech, press, and politics. Liberals believed that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others, not to pose a threat to liberty. In the nineteenth century, a series of republican revolts started against European monarchies. In countries like France, unemployment and shortage of food, triggered the movements on a large scale. In other parts of Europe, men and women of the liberal middle class, came together to raise their voice for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles and frankfurt parliament is the example of revolution of liberals. In the economic field (i) Interference of state in the economic life: Liberal in the 19th century urged to end the interference of the state in the economic life of society. (ii) Freedom of markets: They fought for the freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. (iii) Unification: In 1834, a Custom union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. (iv) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two. (v) Infrastructural Improvement: The construction of a network of railways stirred economic growth and economic nationalism which eventually strengthened nationalism.  In the political field (i) The main aim was to establish freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law and government should be formed with the consent of people. (ii) it was against the class-based partiality and birthrights. (iii) It opposed autocracy and clerical privileges and favoured a Constitution with national unification and representative government through Parliament. (iv) The Napolean Code was related to property, colonial affairs, individual rights and reduced women’s role. (v) Women were considered as the subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. This led to the rise of movement by women and non-propertied men demanding equal political rights. Q.2 Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of the nationalism in Europe. Or How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalism sentiments during 18th century? Explain. Or How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the ‘nation’ in Europe? Or “Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe during 18th and 19th centuries.” Support the statement with the example.  one hurdle, and that was France. The southern provinces doubted Prussia’s commitment to unite the Germany of all provinces. Prussia’s Protestantism and historic militarism made the gulf between north and south quite serious. Therefore Bismark turned raelpolitik to unite the Germanic provinces by constructing a war against the common enemy. Prussia was completely victorious over France at the battle of Sedan in 1870 and gained control over Alsace-Lorraine. For unification Bismark followed ‘Blood and Iron’ policy. Thus, the long planned journey of German unification was completed in 1871. (2) Greek The Greek War of independence It’s an event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. This was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilized public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organized funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.  (3) Italy: For unification of Italy Giuseppe Mazzini and Count Camillo de Cavour played very important role. They both helped in the development of the nation. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Geneva on June 22nd, 1807 in a middle class family. He was a patriot, political activist, writer, founder of young Italy and played very important role in liberal nationalism who strived to found a unified democratic republic of Italy. He was one of the three revolutionaries who made a significant contribution in Italian unification. His efforts led to the unification of Italy. He believed in single unified republic instead of being a patchwork of small state kingdoms so in 1830, he joined the revolutionary Carbonari (a Young Italy), whose basic principle was the union of the several states and kingdoms into one republic. In 1831, at the age of 24 he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies like Young Italy in Marseilles, and Young Europe in Berne. To evoke people’s reaction Mazzini wrote several essays that voiced the injustice to the working class such as the peasants, professionals, artist, and intellectuals. He was elected as a member of Constituent Assembly and acquired the responsibilities of framing a constitution for the roman public. Count Camillo de Cavour, a political leader and an Italian statesman, premier of the Kingdom of Sardini. He was born at Turin on the August 1, 1810. He was the active force behind King Victor Emmanuel II, he was responsible more than any other man for the unification of Italy under the house of Savoy. Of a noble Piedmontese family, he entered the army at the age of 10 but came under suspicion for his liberal ideas and was forced to resign in 1831. He then devoted himself to travel, agricultural experimentation, and the study of politics. He was a significant figure in the movement towards Italian unification and the founder of the original Italian liberal party. Cavour was a liberal and had faith in free trade, public  right of opinion and secular rule. So on becoming the Prime Minister of Piedmont —Sardinia on November 4, 1852 Cavour strengthened the kingdom, reform taxation, stabilized the currency, and the improved the railway system. In 1853, He supported the French and British in the Crimean War with troops, in anticipation to enhance the prestige of Piedmont-Sardinia. He engineered a tactful diplomatic alliance with France which helped Sardinia piedmont in defeated Austrian force in 1859. Count Camillo de Cavour made considerable efforts of the creation of modern Italian state. But unfortunately he died only three months after the declaration ofa united Italy on June 6, 1861. Q.4 How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe? Ans.: Nationalism in Europe developed after the powerful revolutions, wars and military campaigns. But Britain was exception as there were no wars for nationalism actually before the eighteenth century there was no British nation. The people of different identities lived in the British and were called ethnic ones. The ethnic group comprised English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. These groups had their own culture and political traditions. But slowly and steadily English nation grew in power and extended its influence over the other nations of the island. In 1707 England united with the Scotland and started to dominant the nation. After Scotland English people united with Irish and resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ without any war or bloodshed. This gave power to the England to impose its influence on other ethnic peoples. This led to the demolition of Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions. The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert The Rise Nationalism in Europe WD), Previous Years’ CBSE Board Questia! - 1.1 The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation Mm L Which of the following revolutions is called as the first expression of ‘Nationalism’? {a) French Revolution (b) Russian Revolution {e) Glorious Revolution {d) The Revolution of the liberals (2020) BEE (1 mary 2 Examine the significance of the Statue of Liberty in Frédéric Sorrieu's paintings, ‘The Dream of ‘Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics: (2020) Which nation was identifiable in the revolution: tricolour in Sorrieu's utopian vision? (Al 2019) ‘What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries? (Al 2015) nm (3 marks) 5. How had Napoleonic code exported to the regions under French control? Explain with examples. (Delhi 2019) (Ev) What was the status of France asastate before 17897 Which two political and constitutional changes came in the wake of the french Revolution. (2015)(im) What were Jacobin Clubs? How did their activities and campaigns help to spread the idea of nationalism abroad? Explain. (Foreign 2014) | tA | (5 marks) 8. 10, “The first clear expression of nationalism came with the ‘French Revolution’ in 1789." Examine the statement. (al2017)(0) Describe any four measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. ({Dethi 2017) OR Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. (Dethi 2016) “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient” Analyse the statement with arguments, (al 2014)(in) OR Explain any five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control, (Delhi 2014) 1.2 The Making of Nationalism in Europe i 8 11. Which type of governments were mainly driven in 12. 1 Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815? (a) Conservative (b) Liberal (c) Federal (d) Feudal (Ternrl, 2021-22) Which one of the following group of countries collectively defeated Napoleon in 18:15? (a) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria (b) Britain, Russia, Prussia and Australia (d) Britain, Russia, Netherlands and Germany ({d) Britain, Luxembourg, Germany and Italy (Term-1, 2021-22)(F] 3. What type of conservative regimes were set up in 1815 in Europe? Choose the appropriate answer from the following: (a) Autoeratic (c) Aristocratic (b) Democratic (d) Dictatorial (al 2014) (ii) ru (i mark) 14. 1 16. 1 18. Interpret the concept of ‘liberalisation’ in the field of economic sphere during the nineteenth century in Europe. (Dethi 2019, Foreign 2016) (in) 5. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? (2016) What was the main aim of Treaty of Vienna 1815? (2016)(U } 7. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French Revolution in Europe? (Delhi 2015) What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists? (Foreign 2015) Em (3 marks) 19. Describe the major outcomes of the French 20. Revolution of 1789. (2021) Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism, What did it mean for the middle class in France ? Explain. (2020, 2019 .C) 21 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Who hosted ‘Vienna Congress’ in 1815? Analyse the main changes brought by the ‘Vienna Treaty: (Delhi 2017) How did a wave of economic nationalism strengthen | the wider nationalist sentiment growing in Europe? Explain. (2015, Foreign 2015) Describe the events of French Revolution which had influenced the people belonging to other parts of Europe. (Dethi 2015)(Ev) How did the local Napoleon react to French rule? Explain. marks) What happened during the year following 1B15 when | the fear of repression drove many liberal nationalists | (2016) | Deseribe the impact of Napoleonic reforms on the 1 (2015) | underground? Explain. rest of Europe. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 18157 Explain with examples. | (Al 2014) | 1.3 The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848 Oe 28. 29. 31. Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct option: () Napoleonic wars (I) The Treaty of Vienna (Il) Greek Struggle for Independence (IV) Slav Nationalism in Ottoman Empire fa) U1, band IW (b) I, IL Uhand Ww {c) MUL, I and! (a) IMU Mand | (2023)(0) Industrialisation began in which one of the following European countries in the second half of the eighteenth century? (a) Germany (b) France (e) Italy (d) England (Term-1, 2021-22)(F) . In which one of the following countries did the first liberalist-nationalist upheaval take place in July 1830? (a) France (ce) England (b) Germany (d) Italy (Term-I, 2021-22) Who among the following remarked “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold"? (a) Lord Byron {b) Metternich (c) Johann Herder (d) Napoleon (Term-1, 2021-22, 2020)(F.) people in the areas conquered by (Delhi 2014)() | 32. 35. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the most appropriate option. Assertion (A) : After Russian occupation in Poland, the Russian language was imposed onits people. Reason (R) : The use of Polish soon came to be a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. {a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of the A. Both Aand R are correct, but R isnot the correct explanation of the A. Ais correct, but R isineorrect. Ais incorrect, but Ris correct. (Term-1, 2021-23} (An (b) ( id) . Read the facts regarding the Revolution of the Liberals in Europe during 1848 and choose the correct option: |. Abdication of the monarch IL Universal male suffrage had been proclaimed Il. Political Rights to women were given 1V. Freedom of the press had been asked for {a) Only | and Il are correct. Only |, Il and Ill are correct. Only | and I'V are correct. only I, Il and I'V are correct. (Tern-1, 2021-22) (Ev) . Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the most appropriate option. Assertion (A) : Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors in 1845. Reason (R) : Contractors had drastically reduced their payments {a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct ‘explanation of the A. Both A and R are correct, but R isnot the correct explanation of the A. Ais correct, but Ris incorrect. Ais incorrect, but Ris correct. (Terr, 2021-22) Which one of the following treaties recognised Greece as an independent nation? (a) Treaty of Vienna (b) Treaty of Constantinople (b) {c) (d) (ce) Treaty of Versailles (d) Treaty of St.Germain (Foreign 2014) HEE (12 mark) 36. 37. Explain Romanticism as a cultural movement in Europe (2023)(0] Explain Frederic Sarrieu's dream in the context of democratic and social republics in France during 1648. (2023) . What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during nineteenth century? (2016) 39. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as {| 52. 40. an independent nation. (Dethi 2016) (im) What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists? (2015)(R) MEM smarks) 41. 42. 45. 47. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the nation? Explain in the context of European Romanticism of the nineteenth century. (2020) Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s. (Al 2017) OR “The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship in Europe”. Support the statement with arguments. (Al 2016) &) |. Why in the years after 1848, the autocrats of central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815? Explain. (2016) . How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with example. (2016) Define the term Romanticism. How did it facilitate the promotion of nationalist sentiment? (2016) . “The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation” Elaborate upon the statement. (2016) OR How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. (Al 2015) Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe. (Al 2014) nw (5 marks) 49. How did Greek war of independence mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe? Explain. (2020) Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere. (Dethi 2017) . “The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of nationalism in the first half of the nineteenth century became a narrow creed with limited ends.” Examine the statements. (Foreign 2015) 1.4 The Making of Germany and Italy MM 51. Which of the following is not a part of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’? (a) England (b) Poland {c) Scotland (d) Ireland (Term-1, 2021-22 C) 53. 55. 57. ‘Who among the following was the architect for the unification of Germany? (a) Otto Von Bismarck (b) William! (ce) Frederick Ill (d) Williamit (Term-1, 2021-22)(8) Who among the following had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic during the 1830s? (a) Victor Emmanuel | (b) Victor Emmanuel II (c) Giuseppe Mazzini (d) Count Cavour (Term-t, 2021-22)(f) . Who among the following was proclaimed King of united Italy in 1861? (a) Charles! (b) Victor Emmanuel II (c) Giuseppe Garibaldi (@) Nero (Term-1, 2021-22)(R) On which of the following modern aspects did the new Germany place a strong emphasis ? 1. Currency i. Banking Ill. Legal system 1V. Demography (a) Only! and Il are correct. (b) Only Il and II! are correct. (Q) Only Ill and IV are correct. (d) Only|, land Ill are correct. (Term-1, 2021-22) (in) . Which one of the following Italian states was ruled by an Italian princely house? (a) Papal State (b) Lombardy (co) Venetia (4) Sardinia-Piedmont (Tern, 2021-22) Identify the characteristics of Cavour among the following and choose the correct option: |. He was an Italian statesman. IL He spoke French much better than Italian. lll. He was a tactful diplomat. IV. He belonged to a Royal family. Only | and Il are correct. Only |, Il and III are correct. (ce) Only Il, land IV are correct. Only |, !land!V are correct. (Term-1, 2021-22) |. Two statements are given below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the most appropriate option. Assertion (A): In Britain, the formation of the nation- state was not result of a sudden upheaval. Reason (R) : Ethnic groups of Britain extended its influence. (a) Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of the A. (b) BothAand Rare correct, but R isnot the correct (c) Aiscorrect, but Ris incorrect. explanation of the A. {d) Aisincorrect, but Ris correct. (Term-1, 2021-22) 1.4 The Making of Germany and Italy | BEENIELG mars) Mm 7. Which of the following was the result of the Act of Union, 1707? (a) Unification of Germany (b) Unification of the kingdom of Great Britain (ce) Unification of Italy (d) Unification of Vietnam (Term-1, 2021-22)(0) Identify the correct statement with regard to the ‘Zollverein’ from the following options: (a) It was a coalition of Prussian states formed to manage political alliances. (b) Its aim was to bind the Prussia politically into an association. (c) Itwas a custom union at the initiative of Prussia. (d) Ithelped to awaken and raise national sentiment in Europe. (Term-l, 2021-22) Which of the following countries were involved in the three Wars with Prussia and ended with victory and unification of Germany? (a) Austria, Poland and France (b) Austria, Denmark and France (c) Austria, Turkey and France {d) Austria, England and France —(Term-I, 2021-22) Identify the correct statement with regard to ‘The Act of Union -1707' from the following options. (a) The British monarchy surrendered the power to English Parliament. The British parliament seized power from Ireland. The formation of the ‘United Kingdor of Great Britain’. The British nation was formed as a result of a war with Scotland and Wales. (2020-21) 10. (b) fe (d) ‘i. “Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation”. Explain. (2020-21) 1.5 Visualising the Nation Mm 12. Following image is the personification of Germany commonly associated with the Romantic Era and the Revolutions of 1848. Identify its name from among the following options. i (a) Marianna (b) Philip Viet (c) Germania (qd) Laltalia 1.6 Nationalism and Imperialism MEM 13. Which of the following option(s) is/are correct about Balkan nationalism? (i) The Balkan region became part of the conflict because of the Ottoman Empire. The region comprised of ethnic groups included Greeks, Serbs, Montenegro, etc. British and ethnic nationalities struggled to establish their identity. (i) and (ii) only (b) (ii) only (d) (Term-I, 2021-22) (ii) (ii) (a) (el (ii) and (iii) only (i)anly (Term-1, 2021-22) (in) a i ea Ree ee Rely 1. (a): French Revolution 2. Statue of liberty is personified as women bearing the Torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights in the other, 3 4. The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. 5. As per the Napoleonic code : (i) All the privileges obtained at birth was dismissed. It established equality before law. (ii) Granted right to property to the French citizens and simplified administration making it more efficient, abolished multiple taxes. France (iii) Improved transportation and business travel and freed peasantry by abolishing serfdom/feudalism. Weights and measures were standardised. 6. France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch. (i) French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. (ii) The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny. So, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create asense of collective identity amongst the French people. 7. As the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin Clubs. This spread the ideals of liberalism in different parts of Europe. Thus, the ideals of freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law, government by consent ete, spread. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. 8. The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. France, was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch, (i) The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. (ii) From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. (ii) The ideas of ‘La Patrie’ (the fatherland) and ‘Le Citoyen’ (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (iv) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation, (v) The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism. em > Students must not be confused with term La patrie and Le citoyen, La Patrie was related to the Fatherland and le citoyen was related to the citizen. 9. Measures and practices : (i) The ideas of ‘La Patrie’ (the fatherland) and 'Le | to undo, most of the changes that had come about in | Europe during the Napoleonic wars. | 17. The French revolution led to the transfer of | sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French | Citizens. Citoyen’ (the citizen) emphasised the notion of united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (ii) A new Freneh flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard. (ili) The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizen and renamed the National Assembly. (iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. (v) Acentralised administrative system was put inplace and it formulated uniform laws for alll citizens within its ‘territory. (vi) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and auniform system of weights and measures was adopted. (vii) Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation. 10. "Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.” Napoleon introduced following social and administrative reforms in Europe: (i) The Civil Code of 1804, known as Napoleonic code, did away with all the privileges based on birth. f (ii) Administration became more efficient. Napoleon introduced revolutionary principles in an administration making it more efficient and rational. (iii) Secured the Right to Property. (iv) Simplified administrative divisions. (v) Abolished feudal system. (vi) Freed peasants from serfdom and dues. } (wil) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. i (viii) Transport and communication was improved. (ix) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed new-found freedom, uniform laws, standardised weight and the measures facilitated the movement of goods and capital from one region to another. i. (a) : Afterthedefeat of Napoleonin 1815, European | government were driven by conservatism. They believed that the established traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved. 12. (a) : In 1815, European powers like, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria collectively defeated Napoleon. | 13. (a) : Autocratic 14. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital in the | nineteenth century. = Students get confused between liberalism and conservatism. (15. The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe in the 1 years following 1815, was to oppose monarchial form of | government. |temphasized the notion of united community | which would have equal rights under a constitution. 16. The main aim of the Treaty of Vienna (1815) was 18. For the new middle classes ‘liberalism’ stood for | freedom for the individual and equality of all before the | law. Politically, it emphasized the concept of government | by consent. Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through | parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed ; the inviolability of private property. 19. (i) It resulted in the transfer of power from the King Louis X'V1, to the National Assembly. (ii) Acollective identity of the people developed. (ili) The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. (iv) Jacobin clubs were set up for the propagation of liberal thoughts. (v) A new French Flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard. (vi) Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation. 20. The ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe was closely associated with the ideology of liberalism. For the new middle classes in Europe: (i) Liberalism meant freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. (ii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. (iii) In economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. 21. In 1815, representatives of the European powers - Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria - who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich, the Treaty of Vienna was drawn with ‘the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. Aseriesof states were set upon the boundaries of France ‘to prevent French expansion in future. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was however, left untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and create a new conservative order in Europe. ‘Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to contral what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom. xm > The provision of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 included. fi) The burnbon dynasty was restored to power. (ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Neoplean. (iil) A series of state were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. 22. Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment. (i) In the economic sphere liberalisation stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed mi) restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. There was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes of the German speaking regions for this. Napoleon's administrative measures had created a confederation of 39 states. Each of these possessed its own currency, weights and measures. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. (iii) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. fiv) The creation of network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interest to national unification. 23. The important events of the French revolution that affected other parts of Europe include : (i) ~The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution and it spread in most parts of Europe. (ii) The political and constitutional changes that came lin the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. This spread the message of rule by people's representatives. (iii) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (iv) Acentralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. These measures were also implemented in other countries which came under the occupation of Napoleon. (v) Knowing about the various changes in France, Jacobian clubs were formed in various cities of Europe by the educated middle class and students. 24. Inthe areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. {i) Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, in and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. (ii) But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. ji) Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes. 25. (i) Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. (ii) ~Toberevolutionary at thistime meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom. (iv) State imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital. (v) Small producers faced stiff competition from import of cheap machine-made goods. 48. Greek war of independence mobilised the nationalist feeling in Europe through the following ways : () Greece was viewed as a part of Europe that had been annexed by Ottomons and now needed to be liberated. (ii) Greece perceived as the foundation and cradle of civilisation in Europe by poets and artists and this led to nationalist coneiousness. (iii) Greek nationalists received support from other Greeks living in exile. (iv) Many Europeans had a natural sympathy for the ancient Greek civilisation. (v) Europeans and Greek nationalist were against the Muslim Empire. 49. The four important ideas of Liberal nationalists in the economic sphere were - (a) Removal of Internal customs duties. (b) Reducing the number of currency from 3 to just two. {c) Implementation of a uniform system of weights and measures. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation, which improved business communication. 50. Sentiment of Nationalism in the last half of the 19" century. (i) Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant, which led to war. (ii) Major European powers manipulated the nationalist aspirations to further their own imperialist aims. (iii) Source of nationalist tension in Europe was the area called Balkans. (iv) Idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together with disintegration of the Ottoman empire made this region very explosive. (v) One by one, European nationalists broke away from its control and declared independence. (vi) The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality to prove that they were once independent but were subjugated by foreign power. (vii) As the different, slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. Si. (b): Poland 52. (a): Otto Von Bismarck led the unification of Germany is 18711. He is known as the architect of German unification. 53. (c): Giuseppe Mazzini sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He also formed a secret society called Young Italy to spread his ideas. 54. (b): in 1861, Victor Emmanuel Il was proclaimed the king of united italy. 55. (d): The new German state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems. 56. (d): During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. 57. (b): Cavour did not belong to a Royal family. He belonged to a family that had served the House of savoy as soldiers and officials. 58. (c): Ais correct, but Ris incorrect. S59. (dj: M-1-1V- 60. (b): Giuseppe Mazzini 61. (c):He carried the nation-building process with the army and the bureaucracy. 62. (a) : Otto von Bismarck - Germany 63. (a) Contractors reduced their payments drastically. 64. Vietor Emmanuel Il 65. Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected the German constitution and joined other monarch to oppose elected assembly in 1848. 66. Bismarck was a fearless leader and believed in the urgent need for unification in Germany. He started with the modernization of the army, defying the parliament in collecting taxes. His policy came to be known as ‘Blood and Iron’ policy and earned him the nickname of the ‘Iran Chancellor’. It can be said that unification of Germany happened because of the German Army. 67. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent program for a unitary Italian Republic. He formed the secret society called Young Italy. 68. Kaiser William -| of Prussia, 69. After Napoleon's defeat in 1615, many Germans wanted an independent Germany. The King of Prussia, Kaiser William |, chose Chief Minister Bismarck to unify Germany under the rule of Prussia. (i) Bismarck was a fearless leader and believed in the urgent need for unification in Germany. He started with the modernisation of the army, defying the parliament in collecting taxes. His policy came to be known as ‘Blood and lron’ policy and earned him the nickname of the ‘Iron Chancellor’, (ii) Bismarck took great efforts to improve the army. With the improved army, he encouraged the German population of Schleswig and Holstein to revolt against their ruler Denmark. In 1864, Bismarck joined hands with Austria against Denmark. Prussia also defeated Austria and formed the North German Confederation. (ili) Bismarck was able to keep Italy, Russia (and Napoleon Ill, of France till the end) out of war by diplomacy and negotiations. (iv) The unification of Germany was complete under Kaiser William | in 1871. Soon Germany emerged as the leading power in Europe, building a colonial empire to { further German economic interest and increase German influence in the world. British Nation state are: (i) The emergence of the new middle class (ii) The ideology of liberalism (iii) The ideas of conservatism and treaty of Vienna. 71. After 1848, nationalism in Europe separated from its association with democracy and revolution. Nationalist sentiments were mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle- class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state [ governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called | i (iv) In France she was named Marianne and in Germany Junkers) of Prussia. From then Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. The chief minister | of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process. It was carried out with the help of the Prussian ; army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years - with Austria, Denmark and France - ended in Prussian victory and completed | ‘the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian { king, William |, was proclaimed German Emperor in a { ceremony held at Versailles. 72. Unification of Germany : Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class farmers. In 1848, they tried to unify Germany into a nation. This feeling was repressed by the combined ; | Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win forces of the monarchy and the mi Fromthen on Prussiatook on theleadershipof unification of Germany, Its Chief Minister, Otto- von Bismarck was | the architect of this process, he took the help of military and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unifications. The Prussian | King William-| was proclaimed German Emperor in | | European powers over trade and colonies as well as January 1871. 73. (i) The English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands. (ii) The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation- State, with England at its center, came to be forged. Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. (iv) Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed, The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. 70. Three conditions that led to the emergence of the | (¥) The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland. (vi) The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. 74. (b): Vo 75. Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation. They portrayed anation as a female figure. (i) The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life. (ii) It gave an abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. (ii) The female figure became an allegory of the nation. she was named Germania. 76. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalist aspirations of the subject people in Europe to further their own imperialist aims. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive after 1871. One by one, its European subject nationalities of the Ottoman empire, broke away from its control and | declared independence. The Balkan people based their i claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers. Hence the rebellious nationalities in the back their long-lost independence. This made the Balkans an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others. Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. During this period, there was intense rivalry among the naval and military might. Each power - Russia, Germany, England, Austro- | Hungary was keen on countering the hold of other | powers over the Balkans and extending its own control over the area, This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War. ; 77. (i) The Balkan was a region of geographical (ii) The Act of Union (1707) between England and and ethnic variation comprising of many states and territories whose inhabitants were commonly known as Slaves. (i) Alarge part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire while some other parts were under the control of Russia and Austria causing a complex problem.  in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the ‘Ottoman Empire made the region very explosive. {iv) The Balkan people based their claim for independence or political rights on nationality and desired to win back their long lost freedom. (v) The Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Each power—Russia, Germany, England, and Austria-Hungary—was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War. ooo i community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (ii) Anew French flag, tricolour was chosen to replace the Royal Standard. iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. (iv) New hymns were composed ‘commemorated all in the name of the nation. (v) A centralised system of administration was | introduced, uniform laws were made for all citizens. (a4) 2. (b) : Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary. Europe. (0.80) 3. (b) : In Europe, liberalism was the ideology under | which people demanded freedom of markets in early nineteenth century. (0.80) 4. (i) (d): Preservation of traditionalist beliefs in state ine society. (i) (b) : To restore conservative regime in Europe (I) (a) : Te re-establish peace and stability in Europe. i) The spread of the ideas of Romantic nationalism | and martyrs | (iv) Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a | very explosive. (iv) (e) : Laying out a balance of power between all the great powers in Europe. (4=4) 5. (a): Earlier, in 1845, weavers in silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically they reduced their payments. (0.80) 6. (d): Treaty of Constantinople. (1) 7. (bj): In 1707, the Act of Union with Scotland and England, led to the formation of the “United Kingdom of great Britain”. (0.80) 8. (c) : Zollverein was a Custom Union. It was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia. Most of the German states joined this union. (0.80) 9. (b): Austria, Denmark and France (0.80) 1. (i) The ideas of ‘La Patrie’ (the fatherland) and ‘Le | 10. (c): The formation of the United Kingdom of great ‘Citoyen’ (the citizen) emphasised the notion of united | overt ( ha ; 11. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic Britain. (1) states. (ii) Sardiria-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely i state, (iii) Italy was unified in 1861 and victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. programme for a unitary Italian Republic. (v) The unification of Italy was a result of many wars. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Chief Minister Cavour. (3* 4) He was the founder of young Italy and later young | 12. (ce) :Name of this image is Germania. The artist prepared this painting on a cotton banner as it was meant to hang from the ceiling of the church of St. Paul where the Frankfurt parliament was convened in March 1848. (0.80) 13. (a) :A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region (0.80) the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe: a. Restrictions were put on the movement of goods, capital and the people by many states. b. There was a problem of time consuming calculations due to the different system of weights and measures in different confederations. c. There was a problem of price rise and delay in supply of goods due to so many check posts and custom duties. 25. What were Jacobin clubs? How did then- activities and campaigns help to spread the idea of nationalism abroad? Explain. [Foreign 2014] Ans : The political clubs in Europe formed by the educated middle class for the replacement of autocratic regimes by the democratic government called the Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns helped to spread the idea of nationalism abroad in the following ways: a. The French armies were able to move into Holland, Belgium and Switzerland. b. The French armies were able to spread the ideas of nationalism in other countries of the world after the outbreak of the revolutionary wars. 26. Explain the process of unification of Italy. Ans : [Delhi 2013, 2012] a. Giuseppe Mazzini started initiative for the unification of Italy. He formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’. b. King Victor Emmanuel II tried to unify Italian states through war. c. Further Victor Emmanuel II was supported and helped by Chief Minister Cavour and large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi. 27. Explain the process of unification of Germany. Ans : [Delhi 2013, 2012] a. The efforts of installing a constitutional monarchy in Germany with the help of political associations were failed by the year 1848. The failure of the Frankfurt parliament clearly indicated that Germany can be unified only with the combined effort of the monarchy and the army. b. The movement of unification of Germany was leaded by Prussia. There the chief minister of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck) became the main architect in the process of unification of Germany. c. Three wars were fought with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years which finally ended with the Prussian victory and then after the process of unification of Germany was completed. 28. How had Britain come into existence? [Delhi 2013] Ans : a. The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn parliamentary process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called Britain. b. It was all comprised by the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish lived in the British Isles. All these regions had their own cultural and political traditions. Gradually, England grew in importance due to its rising wealth and power which resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that region. c. In the year 1707, the act of union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the British nation had its own English culture, British flag, national anthem and English language. 29. Name the female allegory, which was invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the nation of France. Explain any two features of it. [Foreign 2013] Ans : In France, the name of the female allegory was Marianne. The statues of Christene Marianne were erected in the public square and also marked on the coins and the stamps. The two features of this female allegory were: a. This reflects the ideas of the people’s nation. b. It was the figure of liberty with the red cap, the tricolor and the cockade. 30. Describe the impact of the ‘revolution of liberals’ of 1848 in Europe. [Foreign 2012] Ans : The revolution of liberals of 1848 had a great impact in Europe. These were: a. The monarch was abdicated and a republic was formed on the basis of universal male suffrage in France. b. Men and women of the liberal middle classes united their demands for the constitutionalism and national unification and wanted to form a nation-state on the basis of the parliamentary principles. c. Middle class professionals, businessmen and the rich artisans went to Frankfurt city and voted for an all-German National Assembly. As a result, the Frankfurt assembly was convened and a constitution for a German nation was drafted which was headed by a monarchy subject. 31. Explain any three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815. [Delhi 2011] Ans : The three beliefs of the conservatism that emerged after 1815 were: a. They believed that the traditional institutions of the state and the society must be protected and preserved. b. They held the belief that the changes brought by the Napoleon and the ^modernization would definitely strengthen the power of the state and make it much more effective. c. They also believed that the modem army, efficient bureaucracy, dynamic economy and the abolition of the feudalism and serfdom would surely provide gain to the aristocratic monarchies of Europe. 32. Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered. [Delhi 2011] Ans : The three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were: a. Napoleon introduced the Civil Code in the year 1804 which was also called as the Napoleon Code. It was introduced in order to abolish the privileges which were based on birth, to establish equality before the law and to give the right to property to all. b. He also introduced a system of uniform weight and measures and a system of common currency for the nation which helped the people in trade from one region to another. c. He had changed the system of transport and communications and made it more advanced. 33. Explain the contribution of Otto van Bismarck in German unification. [Delhi 2011] Ans : The movement of unification of Germany was leaded by Prussia. The chief minister of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck) became the main architect in the process of unification of Germany. The process of unification of Germany was taken up by him with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He infused the feeling of nationalism in the minds of the people. Three wars were fought with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years and defeated Austria, Denmark and France which’ finally ended with the Prussian victory and thus completed the process of unification of Germany. 34. Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century. [AI 2011] Ans : The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century were as follows: a. The polish people used their culture in maintaining and upgrading their national identity. b. For their unity and identity they had used music. For example, Karol Kurpinski was able to develop the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music and folk dances. c. They used their language as a national resistance in church gatherings and other religious instructions. 35. Explain any three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after 1871. [AI 2011] Ans : The three causes of conflict in the Balkan area after 1871 were: a. The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia etc. were comprised together called the Balkans. They had conflict with one another on the basis of feelings of nationalism. b. The different Balkan regions were jealous of each other and always for their own identity. c. They wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others. 36. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. [AI 2011] Ans : Giuseppe Mazzini was a great Italian revolutionary. He was born in Genoa in the year 1807. He joined a secret society of the Carbonari. He was sent to jail in the year 1831 because he was involved in a revolution in Liguria. Two underground societies were founded under him named the Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. According to Mazzini, the God had intended the nations to be the natural units of mankind. Therefore, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of the small and fragmented states and kingdoms. The conservatives were frightened with the Mazzini’s opposition to the monarchy system and his vision for the democracy. 37. Explain in three points, how Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801. [Foreign 2011] Ans : The following are the ways through which Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in the year 1801: a. Catholics and Protestants were the two different religious followers in Ireland. The Protestants were supported by the English to establish dominance over the large catholic country. b. The Catholics revolted under the leadership of Wolfe Tone against this dominance but were failed. c. The distinctive culture and language was suppressed when the English nation grew in power. The English nation promoted their own British flag, national anthem and English language. 38. Explain any three features of the ‘nation-state’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth century. [Foreign 2011] Ans : The three features of the nation-state that emerged in Europe in the 20th century were: a. There were intense rivalry among the nations due to expansion of trade and colonies, b. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. c. The subject countries declared themselves as an independent countries. 39. Explain any three features of Napoleon Code. Ans : [Delhi 2010] The three features of the Napoleon Code are: a. It helped in restoring monarchy after destroying democracy. b. It helped in making the administrative system more rational and efficient. c. It abolished the privileges based on birth and helped in gaining equality before law. 40. Explain any three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [Delhi 2010] Ans : The three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people were: a. The idea of la patrie and le Citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal rights under a constitution. b. The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag. c. The new estate general was elected. d. New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated. e. The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the common language of the nation. 41. Describe in brief the process by which the ‘British nation’ came into existence. [Foreign 2010] Ans : The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn parliamentary process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called Britain. It was all comprised by the English, welsh, scot and Irish lived in the British Isles. All these regions had their own cultural and political traditions. Gradually England grew in importance due to its rising wealth and power which resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that region. In the year 1707, the act of union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Finally, the British nation had its own English culture, British flag, national anthem and English language. FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS 42. Describe the explosive conditions that prevailed in Balkans after 1871 in Europe. [Delhi 2018] Ans : The explosive conditions that prevailed in the Balkans after 1871 were: a. The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia etc. were comprised together called the Balkans. They had conflict with one another on the basis of feelings of nationalism. b. The different Balkan regions were jealous of each other and always for their own identity. c. They wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others. d. Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Each power-Russia, Germany, England were keen to take hold on Balkans. e. The Balkans people used history to prove that they had once been independent. So, they became nationalist and rebellious to win back their long- lost independence. 43. Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [Delhi 2016] Ans : The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people were: a. The idea of La patrie and Le citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal rights under a constitution. b. The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag. c. The new estate general was elected. d. New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated. e. The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the common language of the nation. 44. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Analyse the statement with arguments. [AI 2016] or “Napoleon had, no doubt destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient”. Support the statement. [Delhi 2012] Ans : The five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control were : a. He gave away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law. b. He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. c. Equild restrictions were removed in the towns. d. He introduced uniform and standardised weights and measures. e. He also introduced a common national currency that would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another. 45. ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe.’ Analyse the statement with examples. [Foreign 2016] Ans : It is true to say that Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe. It was so due to the following reasons: a. Nationalism started becoming narrower in belief with inadequate ends. b. Now the concept of nationalism was changing in its meaning as more area of influence. c. The nationalists were manipulated by the chief European authorities. d. The problem of Balkan state was not solved rather it was being watched by the countries to become fruitful for them. 46. Describe the process of unification of Germany. Ans : [Delhi 2015] In 1848, Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state- governed by an elected parliament. But the monarchy and the military repulssed the initiative. From then, Germany’s effort was supported by the large land owners called Junkers of Prussia. Prussia took the leadership of this movement under its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck. He took the help of Prussian army Question 7. What was main aim of the TVeaty of Vienna of 1815? Answer: The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was signed with the main aim of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. It was signed to re-establish conservative regions in Europe. Question 8. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during 19th century? Answer: Men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks] Question 9. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe? Analyse. Answer: In the 19th century in Europe, the female figures became an allegory of the nation in the following ways. The artists, in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe, wanted to represent a country, as if it was a person. In other words, they wanted to personify the nation. Nations were represented as female figures. The female form did not belong to any particular woman in real life. It was an abstract idea, which gave the nation a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of a nation. In France, the female form was given the name of Marianne, which represented the nation. Her characteristics were red cap, the tricolour and the cockade, drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves because oak stands for heroism. Question 10. ‘The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the statement with arguments. Answer: The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe because: The first half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in population, all over Europe. There was scarcity of jobs and few employment opportunities. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities in search of jobs. They lived in overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine goods from England. In those parts of Europe where aristocracy was strong and enjoyed enormous powers, the peasants groaned under the burden of feudal dues and taxation. The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest, added to the miseries of the common man. Question 11. Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support the statement with examples. Answer: Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe in the following ways. Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments. Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the das volk. Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they favoured emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings. Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and the ban on Polish language, by using it in the Church gathering for all religious ceremonies and for religious instruction. The Polish language became a weapon of the nationalists. Two Germans, Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to promote the German spirit against the domination of the French. Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit. Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurki became national symbols. Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks] Question 12. Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. Answer: The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people were as follows. The idea of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the idea of united people enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of nation. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation. A centralised administrative system was put in practice and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. Question 13. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Analyse the statement with arguments. Answer: Napoleon declared himself the emperor of France and destroyed democracy. In the administrative field, he incorporated revolutionary principles, which were as follows. The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and gave the right to property. The code which was introduced in the regions under French control, like Italy, Germany, Switzerland, simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues, In towns guild restrictions came to an end. Uniform weights and measures were adopted. A common national currency helped in the movement of goods and capital from one region to another. Transport and communication systems were improved. Question 14. ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe’. Analyse the statement with examples. Answer: Towards the end of the 19th century, nationalism became a narrow belief with inadequate ends. This period saw nationalist groups becoming increasingly prejudiced of each other and ready to wage a war at the slightest of the pretext. Nationalism was now identified with increasing one’s sphere of influence, by establishing control over more territories. Balkan states became jealous of each other and entered into a conflict to establish more control and power in the region at the cost of others. The chief European authorities saw this as an opportunity and manipulated the nationalist desires of the subject peoples. ‘ European powers were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans. They did nothing serious to solve the Balkan issue rather watched the situation to turn fruitful for them.The most severe tensions emerge after 1871, leading to a series of wars and ultimately led to the First World War in 1914. 2015 Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] Question 15. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to French Revolution in Europe? Answer: Major political and constitutional change that occurred after the French Revolution of 1789 was the end of the rule of absolute monarch and transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. establishing a single unified Italy. He set up secret societies like Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne with like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states. Mazzini prepared the ground for Cavour to complete the process of unification. After a series of failures of Mazzini, King Victor Emmanuel II took to unifying Italy through wars. Cavour, the Chief Minister, through his tactful diplomatic alliance with France, defeated Austrian forces in 1859. Under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, armed volunteers marched into South Italy in 1860 along with the Kingdom of two Sicilies and won the support of local peasants and drove the Spanish away, thus unifying Italy in 1861. Victor Emmanuel II was made the King of united Italy. Question 24. Describe the process of unification of Britain. Answer: In Britain the formation of a nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval, revolution or national struggle but of a long drawn out parliamentary process. England had people of many ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish with their own cultural and political traditions. The English nation steadily grew in importance, wealth and power and extended her influence over other nations of the island. The British Parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at the centre, came to be forged. The Act of Union of 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain. Ireland, after a prolonged conflict between Irish Catholics and British Protestants, was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. The symbols of the new Britain—the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem and the English language—were actively promoted. Question 25. Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people. Answer: Refer to answer 12 Question 26. “The idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of nationalism in the first half of the nineteenth century became a narrow creed with limited ends.” Examine the statement. Answer: Refer to answer 14 2014 Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks] Question 27. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain. Answer: The reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. Although the economic reforms introduced by Napoleon were welcomed by businessmen and small producers of goods. Initially the French armies were welcomed in Holland, Switzerland and in cities like Brussels, as messenger of liberty, but they soon realised that administrative reforms did not go hand in hand with political freedom. The people reacted against increased taxation and censorship. Local people had to serve in the French army to conquer other parts of Europe, these all seemed to outweigh the advantages of administrative changes. Question 28. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe. Answer: The conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the 19th century in Europe were: There were many states imposed restrictions on the movement of goods, capital and people. Each confideration had its own system of weights and measures that involved time- consuming calculations. Because of countless principalities, there were many check posts where custom duties were paid by the merchants. It resulted in price rise and delay in supply. Question 29. What were Jacobin Clubs? How did their activities and campaigns help to spread the idea of nationalism abroad? Explain. Answer: Jacobin clubs were the political clubs that were set up by educated middle class in all over Europe to replace autocratic regimes in Europe with democratic governments. They were inspired by the events in France. The activities and campaigns of these clubs paved the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium and Switzerland and much of Italy in 1790. With the outbreak of revolutionary wars, the French armies carried the ideas of nationalism in foreign countries. Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks] Question 30. Explain any five social and administrative reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control. Answer: Refer to answer 13 Question 31. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815. Explain with examples. Answer: After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 when conservative regimes were restored to power, many liberal minded people went underground because of the fear of repression. Secret societies sprang up in European states to train the revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Many revolutionaries opposed monarchial rule and fought for liberty and freedom of their respective states. One such revolutionary was Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian patriot, was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He became the member of a secret society carbonari. He founded two underground socities, first Young Italy in Marseilles and the other Young Europe in Berne. The society had members from Poland, France, Italy, Germany, etc. The members believed in the formation of nation states and they were liberal minded people. Following the example of Italy, secret societies were set up in Germany, France Switzerland, Poland. Mazzini’s vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Question 32. “Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe.”Support the statement with examples. Answer: Refer to answer 11 2013 Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks] Question 33. Explain the process of unification of Italy. Answer: Refer to answer 23 Question 34. Explain the process of unification of Germany. Answer: Refer to answer 21 Question 35. How had Britain come into existence? Answer: Refer to answer 14 Question 36. Why was the decade of 1830s known as great economic hardships in Europe? Explain any three reasons. Answer: Refer to answer 10 Question 37. Name the female allegory, which was invented by artists in the 19th century to represent the nation of France. Explain any two features of it. Answer: The name of the allegory, to represent the nation of France was Marianne. The following were its features: It underlined the idea of a people’s nation. For them it was a firm belief that aristocratic monarchies of Europe would gain much from a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom. ‘ Question 48. Explain any four economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s. Answer: Refer to answer 10 Question 49. Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered. Answer: Refer to answer 13 Question 50. Explain the contribution of Otto von Bismarck in German unification. Answer: Otto von Bismarck was the chief architect of German unification. He carried out the process with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy. He helped in infusing nationalism in the mind of the masses. Three wars for over seven years were fought to seek the German nation and defeat of Austria, Denmark and France. Bismarck initiated in proclaiming the new German nation under Kaiser William I of Prussia, thus completing the process of German unification. Question 51. Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century. Answer: Polish people used their culture in a big way. They strived hard to keep their national identity. Nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the following ways: They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpinski raised the national struggle by staging his Polish operas and music. Traditional dance forms of Poland polonaise and mazurka became their national symbols. In the regions occupied by the Russia, Polish people used their language to develop nationalist feelings. It was used as a weapon of national resistance in Church gatherings and religious instructions. Question 52. Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871. Answer: The Balkans comprised of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia, and Montenegro. A large part of this region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. This was a region of great geographical and ethnic variation and its inhabitants were known as Slavs. The following were the main causes of the. conflict in the Balkan area after 1871: The feelings of nationalism of these countries were in conflict with one another. They were fiercely jealous of each other and struggle to define their identity. They were extremely intolerant of one another. The disintegration of Ottoman Empire which had throughout the 19th centuries tried to strengthen itself through modernisation and reforms. The breaking away of each of these nationalist group one by one from control of the Ottoman Empire was the another cause of conflict. They declared themselves as independent with political rights on the basis of the history. They proved that once they had been independent but were subsequently subjugated by foreign powers. Each of these counties attempted to gain more territory at the expense of the others. The Balkans became a scene of big power of rivalry. Major European pofter— Russia, Germany-England—Austro-Hungary—manipulated nationalist aspirants to complete their own aims. There was a rivalry between the European powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military superiority. There was a rivalry among the big powers to counter the hold of other powers over the Balkan region and extending their own control, {any three) Question 53. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. Answer: Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. The members of the society were drawn from Poland, France, Italy and the German states. Mazzini strongly believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’. Question 54. Explain in three points, how Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801. Answer: Ireland was incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801 in the following ways: Ireland was deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants to establish dominance over the largely Catholic country. Catholics revolted against this dominance but were suppressed. Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen led a revolt but failed. As the English nation grew in power and influence, Ireland’s distinctive culture and language was suppressed. The new symbols like British flag, national anthem and English language was promoted. Question 55. Explain any three features of the ‘Nation State’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth centuiy. Answer: The following were the features of the ‘Nation State’ that emerged in Europe in the twentieth century: This period witnessed intense rivalry and group were formed among nations over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might. Ottoman Empire had disintegrated and subject nationalities declared their independence. Colonies waged anti-colonial struggle which led to the independence of these nations. Question 56. Explain the process of unification of Germany. Answer: Refer to answer 21 Long Answer Type Questions [4\5 Marks] Question 57. Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic Answer: Liberal nationalists had the following ideas in the economic sphere: They wanted the freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. They argued for the creation of unified economic territory. Reduction of currency disparities and following of uniform weights and measures. Creation of infrastructure to stimulate mobility and harness economic interests to national unification. Question 58. Explain any four changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna(1815) Answer: Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by collective European powers i.e. Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The representatives of European powers drew up the Treaty of Vienna at a congress hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich with the objective of undoing the changes that had come about the Europe during the Napoleonic wars. Following changes were brought about in Europe by this treaty: The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution was restored. French lost the territories it has annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. The Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the north. Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers. Austria was given control of northern Italy. The German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was given part of Saxony. Monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe. 2010 Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] Question 59. Mention the proclamation of the French Revolution. Answer: The French Revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would constitute the nation 1. Who was Frederic sorrieu? (a) A Philosopher (b) A Painter (c) A Politician (d) A Revolutionaries Ans. (b) A Painter 2. Which of the following is true with reference to Romanticism? a) Concept of government by consent b) Freedom for the individual c) Cultural movement d) Freedom of markets Ans. c)Cultural movement 3. What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives? a) They opposed monarchial forms. b) They were the supporters of democracy c) They wanted to glorify folk art and vernacular language. d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs. Ans. d) They stressed the importance of tradition and established institutions and customs. 4. Who was count Cavour? a) The chief Minister of Italy b) Revolutionary of Germany Chapter-1 The Rise of Nationalism In Europe 1 marks Questions c) A catholic missionary d) The chancellor of Germany Ans. a) The chief Minister of Italy 5. Which of the following state lead the unification of Germany? (a) Bavaria (b) Prussia (c) Rhineland (d) Hanover Ans. (b) Prussia 6. Who hosted the congress of Vienna in 1815 (a) Cavour (b) King victor Emanuel (c) Bismarck (d) Duke Metternich Ans. (d) Duke Metternich 7. What was this main objective of the treaty of Vienna of 1815? (a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war. (b) To plan the unification of Germany (c) To restore the democracy in Europe. (d) To overthrow the Bourbon dynasty Ans. (a) To undo the changes brought about in Europe during Napoleonic war. 8. Which of the following treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation? (a) Treaty of Versailles (b) Treaty of Constantinople (c) Treaty of Frankfurt (d) Treaty of Vienna Ans. b) Treaty of Constantinople 9. At which of the following places was the Frankfurt assembly convened ? (a) At the palace of Prussia (b) At the half of Mirrors in palace of Versailles. (c) At the church of st peters (d) At the church of St panli Ans. (d) At the church of St panli 10. “The aim of the Zollverein is to bind the Germans economically in to a nation”. Who wrote these words? Ans. Friedrich List, Professor of Economics at the University of Tubingen in Germany. 11. Name the kings who had been restored to power after Vienna congress by the conservatives? Ans. Bourbon Kings 12. Name the secret societies founded by Giuseppe Mazzine? Ans. Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne 13. Potatoes were not known to people in Asia and Europe till the discovery of which great Island? Ans. Ireland 14. What was the major objective of the Vienna Congress of 1815? Ans. The objective of Vienna Congress was to undoing most of the changes that had come about in the Europe during the Napoleonic War. peopleof France. Ans. The ideas of the father land (la patrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag emphasized thenation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished. 33. Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna. Ans. The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on theboundaries of France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northernItaly, Russia was given part of Poland. 34. Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe? Ans. Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market,Bad condition of peasants. 35. Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan? Ans. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim ofindependence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intenseconflict, Mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became thescene of big power rivalry. 1. Describe the process by which Germany was unified. Ans. By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany.Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief ministerOtto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of seven years threewere fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 theprocess of unification of Germany was completed. The Prussian kind William I was proclaimedGerman Emperor. 2. Describe the process of unification of Italy. Ans. During 1830s. G. Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a societyyoung Italy After earlier failures king victory Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian statusthrough war and he got the whole hearted support of minister Cavour made a tactful alliancewith France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support ofGaribaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the states fromBourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II was proclaimed theking of united Italy. 3. Can you make a distinction between the revolution of 1830s and the revolution of 1848 in France? Ans. The revolution of 1830 The revolution 1848 1. This revolution was led by Liberal 1. This revolution was started by the 3 marks Questions nationalists belonging to the educated middle calls elites of France. unemployed poor peasants and workers. 2. By this revolution the kings of Bourbon dynasty restored to power by conservatives were overthrown by the liberal nationalists. 2. Through this revolution a republic was established on the bases of Universal Adult Franchise. 3. A constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head was established in France 3. Constitutional monarchy was abolished so the king Louis Philippe had fed away. 4. Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi? What was his contribution in the freedom Movement of Italy? Ans. 1. Giuseppe Garibaldi: Giuseppe Garibaldi is the most celebrated Italian freedomFighter. He came from a family engaged in Coastal trade and was a sailor in the merchant navy. 2. Contribution: In 1833 he met Mazzini and joined the young Italy movement and participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in 1834. The uprising was suppressed. Giuseppe Garibaldi had to flee to South America, where he lived in exile till 1848. In 1854, he supported Victor Emmanuel-II in his efforts to unify the Italian States. Giuseppe Garibaldi led the famous expedition of the thousand to South Italy. In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy. 5. How would you explain the fate of Ireland? Ans. 1. Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants. 2. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over largely Catholic country. 3. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. 4. After a failed revolt led by wolf Tone and his United Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly incorporated in to United Kingdome in 1801 12. Identify Napoleon, telling the part played by him in the France. Ans. 1. He was a great French general, who won many battles for the revolutionary France and raised his nation’s prestige. 2. In many parts of Europe like In the Dutch Republic in Switzerland, Italy and Germany, he simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from the serfdom and the manorial dues. 3.There was a time when he had become a terror for all the European monarchs. But in the end, his limited resources collapsed in the face of fourth coalition of the European nations. 4. He was defeated in the battle of Waterloo in 1815 A.D. and was sent as a prisoner to spend his last days at the small island of St. Helena where he died in the year 1821 A.D. 13. How did nationalism and the idea of nation states emerge? Explain. Ans. 1. The nationalism and the idea of nation states emerged among the culturally diverse and regional- social groups of European continent. 2. With the formation of European society, due to industrialization, the new middle class emerged. It comprised labour, working class population, industrialization, businessmen, professionals etc. 3. The educated and liberal population among the middle class thought to unite the culturally compatible sections of European society. Hence they thought of nationalism and this led to the emergence of the idea of nation states. 14. Which three issues were visualized by Frederic Sorrieu? Ans. Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dreams of a world. 1. The first print of the series shows the people of Europe and America of the ages and social classes marching in a long train. They are offering homage to the statue of liberty as they pass by it. 2. His second vision named Utopian vision, the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identify through their flags and national costume. 3. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. His work shows his dream on democratic and social republics. 15. Can you explain the factors responsible for economic hardships faced by European people during 1830s? Ans. 1. The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe. 2. During the first half of the Nineteenth Century there was an immense increase in population all over the Europe. Due to which the supply of workers increased and the demand was very less. Problem of unemployment was faced by Europeans. 3. Small producers and manufacturers of towns face a stiff competition from imports of cheap machine made products. 4. In those regions of Europe where aristocracy still enjoyed powers, Peasants struggled under the Burdon of Feudal dues and obligations. 16. “Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments. Ans. Following were the reforms brought by Napoleon in the administrative system: 1. The civil Code of 1804, usually known as the Napoleonic Code, did away with all privilege based on birth. 2. It established equality before law and secured the right to property. 3. Napoleon simplified administrative division, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. 4. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. 5. Transportation and communication system was improved. 17. Name the female allegory that represents France. Describe her main characteristics. Ans. 1. Those of liberty and republic. 2. These were the red cap, the tricolor, the cocade. 3. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares. 4. Her images were marked on coins and stamps of 1850s. 18. What were the impacts of Treaty of Vienna on European people? Ans. Representatives of the European power, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed treaty of Vienna in 1815. Following are its impact on European people: 1. Deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Future expansion of French was prevented. 2. Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontier, while Austria was given control of the Northern Italy. 3. In the east Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. 4. The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to restore Monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order in Europe. 19. How Europe was closely allied to the ideology of Liberalism? Ans. The efforts of the complaint against the seller. In Europe the educated, liberal middle class spearheaded the nationalist movement. They stood for the freedom of individual and equality of all before the low. Following were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals. Ans. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 European government were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that: 1. Established traditional institution of state and society like monarchy, church, social hierarchy, property and family should be preserved. 2. Most conservatives believed that they should not return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. 3. They believed that modernization could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like monarchy. It could make the state power more effective and strong. 25. Explain any three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th and 19th century. Ans. 1. They used music to keep their unity and identity. Karol Kurpiniski kept up the national struggle by staging his polish operas and music. 2. The Polish people used dances like polonaise and mazurka making them into nationalist symbols. 3. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. In 1831, there was a Polish armed rebellion against Russian rule but the rebellion was crushed. 26. What were the main symbols of independent nations? Ans. The main symbols of an independent nation are: 1. The national Flag 2. The national Anthem 3. The national language 4. The national Seal Every country is identified through these symbols which are distinct from others. 27. How did Romanticism seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments during 18th century? Ans. A Romanticism refers to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiments. B Romanticism artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, institutions and mystical feeling. C Their efforts was to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common culture of past, as the basis of nation. D Some German Romantics believed that through folk songs, the true sprit of the nation can be popularized. German culture was to be discovered among common people. 28. How did the growth of industrialization change the social and political equation of Europe? Ans. Industrialization in its wake brought considerable change in socio-political sphere. Western and central parts of Europe witnessed rapid growth of industrialization leading to the growth of towns and cities and a strong commercial class whose existence was based on production for the market. 1. This industrialization also resulted in the emergence of working class population and a new middle class comprising industrialist, businessmen and professionals. 2. It was among these educated, liberal, middle classes that the ideas of national unity and abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. All these changes had great impact on the society and political life of the people. 1. How did the Journalist Wilhelm Wolff describe the revolt led by the Silesia weavers against contractors in 1845? Ans. In 1845, weavers of Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw materials. They gave them order for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments. 1. The workers were living in extreme poverty and misery. 2. The desperate need for has been taken advantage of by the contractors to reduce the prices of the goods they order. 3. On 4 June at 2 P.M. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages. 4. They were treated with scorn and threats alternately. 5. A group of weavers entered in to a house of a contractor. They smashed the window panes, furniture and porcelain. They entered the storehouse and tore to shreds the supplies of cloth. 6. The contractor fled away with his family to a neighboring village and came back after 24 hours with army. 2. “The use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance”. Justify the statement. Ans. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was 5 marks Questions 6. How would you justify that the Act of union was a major setback to the Scottish Identity? Ans. 1. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘united Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant in effect that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. 2. The British Parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. 3. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. 4. Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. 5. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic Language or wear their national dress, and large number were forcibly driven out their homelands. 7. Mention the obstacles in the way of the Italian Unification. Ans. 1. Division of Italy into so many states: The division of Italy into many states and their mutual quarrels rendered Italy quite weak. 2. Foreign Rules: Foreign countries like France and Austria established their control over a large part of Italy. Napoleon the French emperor had conquered the whole of Italy. Thus the foreign rule was a big hurdle in the way of the Italian Unification. 3. Congress Of Vienna: After the downfall of Napoleon the congress of Vienna once again divided Italy into small states and thus played a great havoc with the task of Italian unification. 4. The Pope of Rome: The pope of Rome was keeping Rome and its adjoining territories under his dominance as such he was also proving a great hurdle in the way of the Italian unification. 5. Reactionary rulers: Reactionary rulers in most of the Italian states were also proving a great hurdle in the way of Italian Unification. 8. Explain the different factors which led to the rise of nationalism in Europe. Ans. Following are the factors which led to the rise of Nationalism in Europe: 1. Decline of Feudalism: Feudal lords were a great tumbling bloc in the way of the rise of the nationalism feelings among the people. But their mutual warfare and crusades weakened them. 2. Weakness of Papacy and the Roman Empire: The renaissance and reformation movements led to awakening among the people and weakened the aythrority of the pope and the Holy Roman Empire. Consequently, national churches and national states were established in many countries. 3. Foreign Rule: in certain countries foreign rule also played an important part in the growth of nationalism. 4. Reaction against Injustice: Sometimes reaction against the arbitrary rule of unjust monarchs also gave birth to the feeling of nationalism. 5. Contribution of Great writers: The writings of great poets, politicians and philosophers like Machiavelli, J.S. Mill, Fitch, Mazzini, Garibaldi etc. went a long way in rousing political consciousness and national sprit among the people. 9. Describe the dissimilarities between the process of unification of Italy and Germany. Ans. Unification of German Unification of Italy 1. The German Unification was not supported by armed volunteers. 1. In Italian unification, Garibaldi had won the support of local peasants to drive out the Spanish rulers. 2. No secret societies were formed so as to achieve the goal of unification of Germany. 2. In Italy Mazzini formed Young Italy. 3. German in its unification had to fight against France and Austria. 3. In Italian unification Cavour had a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and Austria. 4. Bismarck follows the policy of Blood and Iron for German Unification. 4. Cavour used his excellent diplomatic skills in Italian unification. 5. The process of unification completed with Prussian Victory in 1871, when Kaiser William-I was declared the head of the state. 5. In 1861, Vector Emmanuel-II was proclaimed the king of united Italy. 10. How did the Balkan issue become one of the major factors responsible for the First world War? A. Balkans was a region of geographical and ethical variations comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as slaves. B. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkan together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. C. As the different Slavic nationalism struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became as area of intense conflict. D. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of other. Balkans also became as area of big power rivalry. E. Each European power such as Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungry was keen on countering the hold of other powers over Balkans and this led to a series of wars eventually the First World War. Short Answers Questions Q.1 Explain the concept of a national state. Ans. Most of its citizens developed a common identity. They shared history. This commonness came as a result of great struggle by the leaders and the common people. Q.2 Explain the measures and practices creating sense of collective identity among the people of France. Ans. The ideas of the father land (la patrie le citioyen (la citizen) a new French flag emphasized the nation of a united community. A new French flag, New hymns were composed, A centralized administrative was set up, Internal customs duties were abolished. Q.3 Explain the decision of the congress of Vienna. Ans. The bourbon dynasty was restored in France, A number of states were set up on the boundaries of France Prussia was given important new territories, Austria got control) of northern Italy, Russia was given part of Poland. Q.4 Why the 1830s was the year of great economic hardship in Europe? Ans Increase in population, unemployment migration, price rise, stiff competition in the market, Bad condition of peasants. Q.5 Why did national tensions emerge in the Balkan? Ans. Ethnic variation spread of nationalism Disintegration of Ottoman Empire, claim of independence by using history to prove that they had once been independent. Area of intense conflict, Mutual jealousy matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Long Answer questions Q.1 Describe the process by which Germany was unified. Ans- By 1848, the popular effort failed to succeed in installing constitutional monarch in Germany.Their after the task for unification of Germany was taken over by Prussia and its chief minister Otto von Bismarck who followed a policy of "blood and Iron" within a period of seven years three were fought with demark Austria and France. These states were defeated. In January 1871 the process of unification of Germany was completed. The Prussian kind William I was proclaimed German Emperor. Q.2 Describe the process of unification of Italy Ans. 2 during 1830s. G. Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and formed a society young Italy After earlier failures king victory Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian status through war and he got the whole hearted support of minister Cavour made a tactful alliancem with France and defeated Austrians forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support of Garibaldi. In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to south Italy and freed the states from Bourbon rulers in 1861 before the completion of unification victor Emanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy. Extra Questions Q.1 Describe the political condition of Europe in mid 18th century. Q.2 Explain any three characteristics of the term Liberalism Q.3 Explain the role of Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini in freedom struggle of Italy. Q.4 Describe the result of the revolutions of the liberals in 1848 in Europe. Q.5. Why was Giuseppe Mazzini described as the most dangerous enemy of our social orders? Q.6 what was Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? CBSE Test Paper - 01 Chapter - 01 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 1. What territories did the Habsburg Empire rule over? (1) a. Hungary b. Austria c. Both Austria and Hungary d. Romania 2. What was the objective of drawing up Treaty of Vienna? (1) a. For bringing out peace among the countries b. For Sustainable development c. To form Constituent assembly d. Undoing the effects of Napoleonic wars. 3. Which of the quote is said by Metternich? (1) a. Little by little, the old world crumbled, and not once did the king imagine that some of the pieces might fall on him. b. ‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’ c. Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death; - the last, much the easiest to bestow, O Guillotine! d. Giuseppe Mazzini is ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’ 4. _______ between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ (1) a. The Napoleonic Code b. The Treaty of Vienna c. The Act of Union d. The civil code 5. Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified ___ as a female figure. (1) ii. The abolition of the state-imposed restructures on the movement of capital and goods. 10. During the mid-eighteenth century, a landed aristocracy was dominant class in Europe both politically and socially. i. The members of this landed aristocracy were united by a common way of life that cut across regional division. ii. They owned huge properties both in rural and urban areas. iii. Their families were tied together by matrimonial relations and they wielded much power in their respective countries. 11. Representatives of the European power, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed treaty of Vienna in 1815. Following were its impact on the European people: i. Deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Future expansion of French was prevented. ii. Prussia was given new important territories on its Western frontier, while Austria was given control of the Northern Italy. iii. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. iv. The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to restore Monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order in Europe. 12. At the very beginning, the French Armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty and fraternity. But the initial enthusiasm soon gave way to hostility. This is because people soon understood that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. The four factors which outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes are: i. Taxation on people at an increased rate. ii. Strict censoring of printing media and books. iii. Conscription on a forced basis into the French Armies to satisfy its imperialist ambition. iv. Restriction on individual Freedom. 13. The steps are taken to create a sense of collective identity amongst French people by the French revolutionaries included: i. The ideas of fatherland (la patrie) and citizen (le citoyen) were spread to bring the notion of a united community having equal rights and protected by a constitution. ii. A new flag was chosen of tricolour to represent the nation and the royal standard was removed. iii. New hymns, oaths and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation. iv. The Estates General became the National Assembly and its members were elected by a body of active citizens. v. Uniform system of weights, measures were adopted and the abolition of internal customs. vi. Promoting French as a common language of the nation. 14. Following were the obstacles viewed by the new commercial classes, to the economic exchange and growth during the nineteenth century Europe: i. There was enormous increase in population all over the Europe. ii. Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums and could not afford to fulfill the basic needs. iii. Increase in unemployment. In most countries, there were more job-seekers than employment. iv. Cheap machine-made goods from England were giving stiff competition to small producers of European towns. v. The price of food inflated many folds due to bad harvest. It led to a widespread pauperism in European towns. 15. The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was brought up with the objective of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the rule of Napoleonic wars. Objectives of the Treaty of Vienna: i. Undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during Napoleonic wars. ii. The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution was restored. French lost the territories it has annexed under Napoleon. iii. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. iv. Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. v. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. vi. Monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe. CBSE Test Paper - 02 Chapter - 01 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe 1. Why was the Treaty of Vienna drawn up in 1815? (1) a. To divide the German Confederation of 39 states b. To restore the monarchies c. To abolish tariff barriers d. None of these 2. What do the saints, angels and Christ symbolise in the utopian vision? (1) a. Resentment against nations b. Equality among people c. Freedom of nations d. Fraternity among nations 3. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of __ . (1) a. Liberalism b. Conservatism c. Radicalism d. Nationalism 4. Who believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved? (1) a. Conservatives b. Communalist c. Moderates d. Liberals 5. Identify this famous personality from the information given below. (1) i. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. Democratic and Social Republics-The Pact between Nations’. 8. The Freedom of Press was one of the foremost issues addressed by the liberal nationalists. 9. The French Revolution resulted in the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy under King Louis XVI of the Bourbon monarchy to a body of French citizens, thus turning the nation into a Republic. 10. Napoleon incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field to make the whole system more rational and effective. His civil code of 1804 was known as Napoleonic Code. i. It did away with all the privileges based on birth. ii. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property. iii. It simplified administrative divisions and abolished feudal system. It freed peasants from serfdom and manorial duties. iv. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen found new-found freedom as guild restrictions were removed in towns also. 11. Economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiment. Economically, liberalism stood for: i. Freedom of markets. ii. End of restrictions on state borders on movement of capital and goods. iii. In 1834, a Zollverein or customs union was formed by Prussia. This was joined by many German states. iv. This union lowered the number of currencies to two from over thirty and abolished the existing tariff barriers. v. A network of railways led to great mobility. This also gave an impetus to national unity. 12. Romanticism refers to a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of national sentiments. It aroused the nationalist sentiments in the following ways: i. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, institutions and mystical feeling. ii. Their efforts was to create a sense of shared and collective heritage, a common culture of past, as the basis of nation. iii. Some German Romantics believed that through folk songs, the true sprit of the nation can be popularized. German culture was to be discovered among the common people. 13. The effects of revolutionary upheaval in France in 1830 were as follows: i. The Bourbon dynasty which was restored in 1815 was overthrown by the liberal revolutionaries. ii. Louis Philippe became the head of the constitutional monarchy that was installed. iii. Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands following an uprising in Brussels. 14. Revolutionaries spread the idea in Europe after 1815 in the following ways: i. The autocratic rule after 1815 had caused fear of repression so the liberal- nationalists started to work underground. ii. They established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. iii. They opposed monarchical forms of governments that were established after the Vienna Congress. iv. They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation-state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom. v. Being a revolutionary was a commitment to struggle for liberty and freedom and they considered nation states necessary for it to happen. vi. They formed secret societies to spread ideas and train revolutionaries. For eg, Giuseppe Mazzini founded secret societies like Young Italy and Young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy. vii. Following Mazzini’s model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. viii. Liberalism and nationalism brought revolution in many regions of Europe like the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland besides Italy and Germany. 15. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field, he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Revolutionary principles of administration by Napoleon are as follows: i. The Napoleonic Code of 1804 removed privileges by birth. Everyone was equal before the law and got the right to property. The code was used in regions under French control. ii. Simplified administrative divisions. iii. Feudal system was abolished and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. iv. Guild restrictions were removed in towns. Artisan, peasants, businessmen, and workers found new freedom for doing their work. v. Uniform laws, standardized weights, and measures along with a common currency made exchange and movement of goods far easier. vi. Transport and communication systems were improved.