The Scholarship Jacket, Schemes and Mind Maps of English

Download The Scholarship Jacket and more Schemes and Mind Maps English in PDF only on Docsity! Grammar and Composition for standard X: textual activities made easy with adequate explanations The Scholarship Jacket (Activity 4, textbook page 122)
After receiving the scholarship jacket, Martha delivers a speech. In order to prepare a good and effective speech: • Identify the topic and understand the context. • Have a good beginning with an apt salutation. • Introduce the topic well in simple sentences. • Divide the topic logically and appropriately. • Develop the topic with supporting ideas. • Use famous quotes appropriately and relevantly. • Use words appropriate to the topic and tone of the speech. • Avoid abrupt ending and conclude the speech with suitable sentences summing up the topic. • Express thanks or wishes using suitable phrases. Speech Honourable principal, respected teachers and my dear friends; first of all, I would like to wish a very good morning to all of you. “Where there is a will, there is a way”, as the proverb says, today it has happened to me and that’s why I am standing in front of you now. It has been my dream to win the scholarship jacket ever since my sister won it, and the dream has now come true. My sister Rosie really inspired me from beginning and I should thank her first. I am a member of a poor Mexican farmer’s family having great difficulties to bear the expenses of my studies. When I was told to pay for the scholarship jacket which I deserve to win by my merit, I was really disappointed. My grandfather, with whom I am staying, was not ready to pay for the jacket. He told and taught me that honours are not to be bought by money. It should come our way by our efforts and achievements. Yes, finally it came in my way as he said. Also, many of our teachers have supported me greatly, especially the history teacher Mr.Schmidt. I should thankfully remember them all on this occasion. I believe that honours like this scholarship jacket are to inspire students in their studies. Merits should be the only consideration while bestowing such honours beyond any sort of discrimination. Let me conclude my words expressing my sincere gratitude to all you for supporting me to win this prestigious award. Thank you very much and wish you a good day!
(Activity 5, textbook page 122), The principal’s letter to the management. The Principal Texas School Texas, USA. 10 March 2018 The Manager Texas School Texas, USA. Subject: Change of policy regarding the Scholarship Jacket. Dear Sir, I would like to bring to your attention that the new decision taken by the management regarding the Scholarship Jacket is unfavorable. This decision puts me in a dilemma. The scholarship has so far been a prestigious award presented every year to the valedictorian student of our school free of cost. Now, to pay 15 dollars for it is unjustifiable. I believe that honours should be bestowed to students based on their merit not money. I hereby express my strong disagreement with the decision of the management for receiving money for honouring the award. statements) 6. Quotations: in direct speech what actually someone or witnesses said etc. Here is the specimen of a news report. Important: The newspaper headlines should be very catchy, concise and self-explanatory summing up the story. • Newspaper headlines have a special rule of grammar and written in a special style which are different from the ordinary English. • They are often not complete sentences – consist only noun phrases without any verbs. Normally no full-stop mark is used. (E.g. More price hikes again) • They often leave out articles the, a/an and verb be forms. (E.g. Woman walks on moon) • The simple present tense is used for both present and past events. (E.g. Mother abandons girl child at hospital) • To infinitive forms are used to refer to future. (E.g. Industrialists to hold global summit) • Auxiliary verbs are omitted from passive constructions leaving only past participles. (E.g. Man stabbed to death by friend)
Martha is awarded the scholarship jacket by the Vice Chancellor of the university. Prepare a news report that may appear in the newspaper, next day.
(Activity 4, textbook page 125) Martha wins Texas school Scholarship Jacket J.Peter, Staff reporter 10 March 2018, 10:30AM TEXAS: Martha, a 14 year old and eighth grade student of Texas school has won the scholarship jacket of the school this year. The scholarship jacket is a prestigious award every year the school awards to the winner as a tradition, during the eighth grade graduation. It is a very beautiful green and gold jacket awarded to the class valedictorian, the student who has maintained the highest grades for eight years. The jacket was awarded to Martha by the Vice Chancellor of the Texas University in the presence of the school principal, teachers and students. “It is like my dream has come true which, I thought, once slipped between the cup and the lip”, jubilant Martha said. Idiomatic Expressions Idiomatic expressions are informal English phrases that have a meaning different from the meanings of their individual words. Here are some common idiomatic expressions and their meanings. The first six are from the textbook. Idiomatic expressions in sentences Meaning 1. We can argue on the issue till the cows come home. For a very long time. 2. Oh! It is raining cats and dogs. Raining very heavily. 3. Radhika was tickled pink by the good news. Made very happy. 4. This dress costs an arm and a leg. Extremely expensive. 5. We all are in the same boat. In the same position. 6. I’ll clean the toilet when pigs fly. Never. 7. I have been feeling pretty down in the dumps lately. Sad or depressed. 8. I am feeling sick as a dog. Very sick. 9. This assignment is a piece of cake. Very easy. 10. He’s a bit of a loose cannon. Unpredictable. Idioms Meaning/situation A hot potato An issue widely discussed and usually disputed. Actions speak louder than words Actions show the intentions clearer than words Add insult to injury Worsen an unfavorable situation. Ball is in your court It is up to you to make the next decision. Barking up the wrong tree Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the wrong person. Beat around the bush Not speaking directly about the issue. Blessing in disguise Something good that isn't recognized at first. Burn the midnight oil Work late into the night Can't judge a book by its cover Can’t judge anything on appearance. Cry over spilt milk to waste time feeling sorry about an earlier mistake or problem that cannot be changed. Don't count your chickens (before the eggs have hatched) you should not make plans that depend on something good happening, because it might not Every cloud has a silver lining There is something good even in a situation that seems very sad or difficult. position No relative pronoun (omitted) When the relative pronoun defines the object of the clause Defining only Where Places When Time Why reason *Who can act as the subject or object of the relative clause in informal style. We can use ‘who’ as the complement of a preposition. E.g. The man who I saw told me to come back today. (‘Who’ refers to the man and is the object of ‘saw’ in the relative clause) The friend who I was talking to gave me this idea. (‘Who’ refers to the friend and is the complement of preposition ‘to’) Whole sentence Relative Pronoun Defining relative clause The man who told me this refused to give me his name. Who Who told me this Do you know the man who climbed the mountain yesterday? Who Who climbed the mountain yesterday. Can I have the pencil which I gave you today morning? which Which I gave you today morning. A notebook is a computer that can be carried around. That That can be carried around. I won’t eat in a restaurant which is not clean. Which Which is not clean. I want to live in a place where there are lots of shops. Where Where there are lots of shops. Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong. When When everything went wrong. He is a teacher who we all respect. He is a teacher whom we all respect. Who Whom (formal ) Who we all respect. Whom we all respect. He who never climbs never falls Who Who never climbs. Non-defining relative clauses We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about the person or thing. It is not necessary information. We don’t need it to understand who or what is being referred to. We always use a relative pronoun (who, which, whose or whom) to introduce a non-defining relative clause. We don’t use that to introduce a non-defining relative clause. In writing, we use commas to separate the non-defining clause from the rest of the sentence. Note: The information in a defining relative clause is essential, so we can’t leave out the relative clause. The information in a non-defining relative clause is extra information which isn’t essential, so we can leave out the relative clause. E.g. Allen, who scored three goals in the first game, was the only player to perform well. Her car, which was very old, broke down after just five miles. The clauses in the bold letters and separated by commas are non-defining clauses which give extra information about the subjects. Even without these information, the person or thing referred to is understood and clear. So, the non-defining clause is not an essential part of a sentence and can be omitted.
(Activity 3, textbook page 128) Tag Questions A tag or tail question, as the name shows, is a tag or tail attached to a sentence. A positive sentence will take a negative tag question and a negative sentence will take a positive tag question. Rules: A tag question contains an auxiliary verb and the contracted form n’t, if it is a negative tag and a subject pronoun followed by the question mark. If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, appropriate form of ‘do’ (do, does, did) is used in the tag question. • “aren’t” is used in tag question to mean “am not”. So, “I am on time, aren’t I?” is the correct usage. • Statements containing words like rarely, seldom, barely, hardly, never, scarcely are considered as negative and take a positive tag question. You scarcely ever came late, did you? • If the subject of the statement is anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, none, neither, everyone, somebody, someone, everybody etc., they is used as the subject of the tag question. Somebody helped you, didn’t they? • Will you? or won’t you? can be used as the tag question of command sentences. Will you is used for negative commands. Close the door, won’t you? Don’t open the door, will you? • Shall we? is the tag question for sentences beginning with Let’s. Let’s go for a walk now, shall we? Examples from the textbook: 1. He sometimes reads the newspaper, doesn’t he? 2. I think he is from Maldives, isn’t he?** 3. Don’t talk while I am teaching, will you? 4. Let’s go swimming, shall we? 5. Pass me the salt, won’t you? 6. He could have bought a new car, couldn’t he? 7. The girl won’t sing in the party, will she? 8. He went for a tour, didn’t he?
1. You are an Indian, aren’t you? 2. I’m late, aren’t I? (I am not late, am I?) 3. The boy is from Kottayam, isn’t he? 4. He’ll never know, will he? 5. Ann has cleaned the plate, hasn’t she? 6. Anu and Manu will arrive tomorrow, won’t they? 7. Vivek played football yesterday, didn’t he? 8. Dogs like meat, don’t they? Simple Past He said, “I wrote poems" Past Perfect He said that he had written poems. Present Perfect He said, "I have written poems". Past Perfect He said that he had written poems. Past Perfect He said, "I had written poems." Past Perfect He said that he had written poems. Past Progressive He said, “I was writing poems”. Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had been writing poems. Present Perfect Progressive He said, “I have been writing poems”. Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had been writing poems. Past Perfect Progressive He said, “I had been writing poems." Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had been writing poems. Future Simple (will+verb) He said, "I will write poems" Conditional (would+verb) He said that he would write poems. Modals Can/May/Will/Shall/Must Could/Might/Would/Should/Must or Had to
Demonstratives, Place and Time expressions will change as: Direct Speech Reported Speech Time Expressions today that day now then yesterday the day before … days ago … days before last week the week before next year the following year tomorrow the next day / the following day Place here there this that these those
Normally the conjunction ‘that ‘is used to connect the clauses together if they are statements. If the reported clause is a question-word question (wh-question), the same question-word is used as the conjunction. If it is a ‘yes/no’ answer question, “if” or “whether” is used as the connecting word. Question Word questions (Wh-questions) Direct speech Reported speech Why (question word as linker in reported speech) "Why did you come late?”, the teacher asked her. The teacher asked her why she had come late. What “What are you doing in America?”, he asked the man. He asked the man what he was doing in America. Where “Where is Grandpa?’, I asked Grandma. I asked Grandma where Grandpa was. Yes/No answer questions If or Whether as linker In reported speech “Have you met your friends?”, he asked her. He asked her whether she had met her friends. “Can you help me?”, she asked the boy. She asked the boy if he could help her.
Commands and requests are reported without a connecting word. The reporting verbs are changed appropriately and the verb of the reported clause is changed into a “to infinitive” form. Direct speech Reported speech “Students, speak always English”, said the principal The principal ordered the students to speak always English. He said to her, “please don’t touch it. He requested her not to touch it. “Watch him carefully”, she said to her mother. She told her mother to watch him carefully.