Download Understanding the Muscular System: Functions, Types, and Contraction Mechanisms - Prof. Ch and more Study notes Human Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Updated Spring 2009 Summary & Objectives Chapter 6 – The (Skeletal) Muscular System Summary A. The functions of the muscular system are to produce movement, maintain posture, and produce heat. B. There are three types of muscle: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. All three muscle-types are excitable, contractible, extensible, and elastic. C. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone by tendons and exist in synergistic or antagonistic pairs. D. The sarcomere is the contractile unit of muscle and is made of smaller proteins called myosin filaments and actin filaments. E. Muscle contraction involves cyclic interactions between myosin and actin, is regulated by calcium, troponin, and tropomyosin, and uses ATP. F. Nerves stimulate muscle contraction. G. Muscles use ATP from three different metabolic pathways: creatine phosphate, anaerobic metabolism (fermentation), and aerobic metabolism (cellular respiration). H. Slow-twitch muscle cells and fast-twitch muscle cells differ in their cellular composition, rate of contraction, and amount of time they can be active. I. Aerobic exercise increases muscle endurance while resistance exercise builds muscle strength. Objectives 1. Identify the functions of skeletal muscle. 2. Differentiate between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle types. 3. Define synergistic and antagonistic muscle groups and identify a few examples that control everyday movement. 4. Identify the major proteins that make up a sarcomere and where they are located in a sarcomere. 5. Explain the sliding filament theory in your own words. 6. Explain how calcium is needed for muscle contraction. 7. List the main events that occur at a neuromuscular junction. 8. Describe the three sources for ATP in muscles. 9. Compare and contrast slow twitch and fast twitch muscles. 10. Compare the effects of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise on muscles. Highlighted Book terms: Tendon, origin, insertion, antagonistic pair, striated muscle, myofibril, myofilament, myosin filament, actin filament, sarcomere, sliding filament model, cross-bridge, troponin, tropomyosin, sacrcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubules, neuromuscular junction, motor unit, muscle twitch, summation, tetanus, oxygen debt, slow-twitch cells, fast-twitch cells Additional terms: Biceps brachii, triceps brachii, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, creatine phosphate, lactic acid, aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, resistance exercise, rigor mortis
