theories-of-entrepreneurship-.pdf, Lecture notes of Entrepreneurship

Download theories-of-entrepreneurship-.pdf and more Lecture notes Entrepreneurship in PDF only on Docsity! THEORIES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP 1 AGENDA 2  Classification  An economic theory  Risk bearing theory of Knight  Innovation theory of Schumpeter  Leibenstein X-efficiency theory  Harvard School theory  Theory of Market Equilibrium by Hayek  McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory  Theory of Change  Theory of Adjustment of Price  Theory of Entrepreneurial Supply  Theory of Personal Resourcefulness  Theory of Cultural Values  Conclusion Risk bearing theory of Knight 5  Prof. Knight’s theory is based on economic principles . According to Risk –Bearing theory 1. Entrepreneur earns profits because he undertakes risk 2. The main function of an entrepreneur is to act in anticipation of future events. 3. Uncertainty-bearing is essential to production; therefore it is factor of production and the reward for it is a part of normal cost of production. 4. Profit is a payment for the assumption of risks the entrepreneur undertake. Evaluation of Knights Theory 6  Entrepreneur has to cope with the various challenges which is at once unknown and unpredictable i.e there lies uncertainty. Innovation theory of Schumpeter(1949) 7 Entrepreneur is a man who sees opportunity for  Introducing new techniques or commodity  Improving organization.  Development resources.  Entrepreneur embarks upon new combination of factors of production resulting in new product--termed as innovator.  Entrepreneur is Dynamic Evaluation Schumpeter’s Theory 10  It lays that entrepreneur played central part in rise of modern capitalism.  Entrepreneur is prime mover of economic development. Leibenstein X-efficiency Theory 11 “When an input is not used effectively the difference between the actual output and the maximum output attributable to that input is measure of Degree of X—Efficiency.” Types of Entrepreneurship  Routine entrepreneurship  Innovational entrepreneurship Role of Entrepreneurship  Input completion  Gap filling Entrepreneurs must be able to perceive 1.buying and selling opportunities in different markets. 2.the possibility of transforming input into output 3.determine the profitable activities Evaluation of Leibenstein’s theory 12  It analyzes role of entrepreneur in terms of efficiency.  It tells us why growth rate is different in different countries.  This theory shows that a firm will achieve maximum efficiency when the firm minimizes cost. McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory 15  This is a psychological theory.  Developed by David Mc Clelland as an Achievement motivation theory. Mc Clelland proposed that there are three major needs or motives for personnel accomplishments. They are as follows: 1. The need for achievement(nAch) 2. The need for affiliation.(nAff) 3. The need for power.(nPow) Implications of Motives  Need for affiliation and need for power are driving force towards entrepreneurship.  High level of achievement makes an entrepreneur.  Dreams of entrepreneur appear to be not to ‘get rich’ but to ‘get big’. Tenets of McClelland’s theory 16 1. Economic developments depends on vigorous activities of a number of individuals who behave in an entrepreneurial fashion. 2. Entrepreneurs are motivated by strong need for achievement. 3. There is evidence is direct that this motivational complex has been in shorter supply in poor countries than in rich countries. 4. To improve the condition of poor countries entrepreneurs are to be increased. Evaluation of McClelland’s theory 17  It produced reason for difference in economic condition of rich and poor countries or developed and underdeveloped countries.  It called the nations leaders to build up ambition into the minds of the young people. Theory of Adjustment of Price 20 Given by Kirzner.  According to him entrepreneur has following characteristics  Adjustment of price is the main role of entrepreneur.  Alertness to disequilibrium.  Entrepreneurs are unpredictable. Evaluation  This theory lays stress on the behavior of the entrepreneurs and their quality of grabbing opportunities in the market. Theory of Entrepreneurial Supply 21  It was propounded by John Kunkal in 1965.  It is based upon experimental psychology and sociological variables.  This behaviouristic model concerned with the activities of individuals and their relations to both past, present and social structures and physical condition. Theory of Personal Resourcefulness 22 “Personal resourcefulness” is the belief in one’s own capability for initiating actions directed towards creation and growth of enterprise. Thus, it emphasize on initiative rather than reaction. 25 Grain in field has very low value Bulk grain from farmer has low value Intermediate steps in transformation Milled flour for baker has high value Bread at bakery for sale has high value Delivered baked bread is highest- value use Menger’s Model of Value-Added Transformation of Resources Priority 8 Priority 7 Priority 3 Priority 2 Priority 1 CONCLUSION 26  Every theorist has looked at the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship on the basis of his perception, and therefore ,can at best ,provide only a limited view of entrepreneurial phenomenon. No view is right or wrong or more or less . Thank you… 27 “Don't die without fulfilling your purpose.”